Lab Practical

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monohybrid cross

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cross of single trait (Xx)

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dihybrid cross

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cross of two traits (XxYy)

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Homozygous

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has 2 identical alleles for a given trait

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Heterozygous

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has 2 alleles, each received from a a different parent

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Dominant

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only one allele needs to be expressed

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recessive

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two alleles must be present for a recessive trait to be expressed

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F1 generation

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hybrid offspring of the P generation

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F2

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offspring of 2 F1 generations

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Law of Segregation

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allele pairs seperate during the formation of gametes (monohybrid)

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Law of Independent Assortment

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traits segregate and pairs of alleles assort themselves independently of other pairs of alleles (dihybrid,tri,etc)

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Sex Linkage

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traits located on the sex chromosomes

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Recombinant DNA technology

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introducing specific genes from one organism to another

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transgenic organism

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an organism with a gene from another species

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restriction enzymes

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cut DNA molecules at specific sites

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

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enables scientists to make many copies of isolated DNA

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mapping

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cutting DNA and separating the fragments

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Restriction endonucleases

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restriction enzymes that manipulate dna molecules

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Restricting

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Cutting

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Palindromic

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sequencings of the DNA complimentary strands read the same backward and forward

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Plasmid

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Small, extrachromosomal circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria and yeasts

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Genomics

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mapping and sequencing genomes of organisms

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Cell Differientiation

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cells, tissues and organs become specialized for a particular function

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morphogenesis

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development of the animal's shape and organization

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gametogenesis

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production of gametes

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fertilization

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the union of male and female gametes

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cleavage and blastulation

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the production of a multicellular blastula

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gastrulation

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the formation of the 3 germ layers

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neurulation

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the formation of the nervous system

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organogenesis

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the development of organs from the 3 germ layers

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yolk

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food reserves in egg composed of protein and fat

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zygote

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diploid cell from egg and sperm

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blastula

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stage after zygote - multicellular ball

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blastomeres

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cells of the blastula

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blastocoel

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a cavity within the blastula

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isolecithal eggs

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eggs with small amounts of evenly distributed yolk

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telolecithal eggs

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eggs with yolk concentrated at one end

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centrolecithal eggs

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eggs with yolk in the center of the egg

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alecithal eggs

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eggs with no significant yolk reserves

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active cytoplasm

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in telolecithal eggs, the nucleus of the egg is surrounded by this and is relatively devoid of yolk

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blastodisc

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the nuclear-cytoplasmic region in the egg

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animal pole

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pole where the blastodisc is located

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animal hemisphere

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half of egg associated with the animal pole

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vegetal hemisphere

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half of egg where the yolk is concentrated

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vegetal pole

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where the yolk is concentrated

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holoblastic

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cleavage where cell divisions pass through the entire egg (usually isolecithal)

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meroblastic

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cleavage that divides the active cytoplasm only (telolecithal)

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blastoderm

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a cap of cells formed in meroblastic cleavage

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gastrula

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made up of three embyronic germ layers

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involution

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surface cells migrate towards the interior of the embryo

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archenteron

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a new internal cavity form by involuted cells

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endoderm

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the germ layer that forms the digestive tract

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blastopore

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opening in gastrula that forms the anus

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ectoderm

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germ layer that is on the surface of the gastrula

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mesoderm

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the middle germ layer

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neural plate

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flattened ectodermal cells form this

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neural groove

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when the center of the neural plate sinks

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neural folds

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when the edges of the neural plate become elevated

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neural tube

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when the neural folds fuse and form the hollow___

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oocytes

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immature eggs

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ovulation

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release of oocytes into a single oviduct