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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The natural philosophy of Aristotle and his colleagues was |
mechanistic |
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A person who believes that the universe is at least partially controlled by supernatural powers can be best described as a |
vitalist |
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The first step of the scientific method is to |
observe carefully |
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In an experiment, the subjects or items being investigated are divided into the experimental group and |
control group |
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The variables that investigators try to keep the same for both the experimental and the control groups are |
controlled |
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Variables that are always different between the experimental and the control groups are |
independent |
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The results of an experiment |
should be repeatable by the investigator and other investigators |
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The detailed report of an experiment is usually published in a |
scientific journal |
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Bioassays can be used to |
test new drugs, determine the effectiveness of new fertilizers and herbicides and measure the effects their waste discharges have on aquatic organisms. |
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How does the modern scientific method differ from the natural philosophy of the ancient Greeks? |
Natural philosophy was accepted as absolute truth, while the modern scientific method does not accept that. The scientific method rules on repetitive results. |
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The six steps of the scientific method |
Observe, Question, Hypothesize, Predict, Experiment and Conclude |
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What is tested by an experiment? |
The prediction and hypothesis are tested. |
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What is an independent variable? |
The independent variable is being studied |
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What is the dependent variable? |
The dependent variable is what is being measured when results are gathered. |
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What is the controlled variable? |
The controlled variable is kept the same for comparison purposes. |
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Is the statement, "In most biology experiments, the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable can best be described as cause and effect," true or false? |
False. In scientific experimenting, cause and effect is rarely proven even if the results are repeatable. There is more accuracy in saying the independent and dependent variables correlated. |
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Is a scientific principle taken as absolutely true? |
A scientific principle cannot be taken as absolutely true because it is constantly changing as new discoveries are made. |
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What is the function of research in scientific journals? |
Research articles allow other scientists to repeat the experiment as well as see results. |
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Define the design and structure of a bioassay. |
The bioassay includes a title, author, exposition and in-depth information with charts, pictures, and captions that function to illustrate the information. |
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The metric system is the measurement system of choice for |
scientists, most countries in the world and most people of the world |
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A kilowatt, a unit of electrical power, is |
1000 watts |
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A millicurie, a unit of radioactivity, is |
a thousandth of a curie |
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Length is the measurement of |
a line, extending from one point to another. |
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Volume is the measurement of |
the space an object occupies |
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Mass is the measurement of |
the quantity of matter present in an object |
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If 1 cc of a substance has a mass of 1.5g, its density is |
1.5 |
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If your mass is 70 kg on Earth, how much is your mass on the Moon? |
70kg
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Above zero degrees, the actual number of degrees Celsius for any given temperature is ______ the degrees Fahrenheit. |
lower than |
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A thermometer measures |
the degree of hot and cold and temperature |
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What is the importance of measurement to science?
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Numerical results are much more precise than written results. |
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Magnification |
is the amount that an object's image is enlarged |
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Resolving power |
is the extent to which detail in an image is preserved during the magnifying process |
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A lens |
focuses light rays emanating from an object to produce an image |
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Contrast |
is the degree to which image details stand our against their background |
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The maximum useful magnification for a light microscope is about |
1000x |
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The two image-forming lenses of a compound light microscope are |
the objective and ocular |
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Dyes are usually added to sections of biological specimens to increase |
contrast |
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If the magnification of the two image-forming lenses are both 10x, the total magnification of the image will be |
100x |
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The distance through which a microscopic specimen can be moved and still have it remain in focus is called the |
depth of field |
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Electron microscopes differ from light microscopes in that |
electrons are used instead of light, magnetic lenses replace glass lenses and the electron path has to be maintained in a high vaccuum |
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What is the function of the condenser lens? |
focuses light onto the specimen |
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What is the function of the iris diaphragm? |
controls the amount of light reaching the specimen |
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What is the function of the objective? |
controls the magnification of the specimen |
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What is the function of the ocular? |
it's what the viewer looks through to see the specimen. |
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List the lenses in the light path between a specimen viewed with the compound light microscope and its image on the retina of the eye. |
1. specimen; 2. objective lens; 3. scope; 4. ocular; 5. eye |
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What happens to contrast and resolving power when the aperture of the condenser of a compound light microscope is decreased? |
The resolving power decreases and contrast increases when the aperture decreases. |
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What happens to the field of view in a compound light microscope when the total magnification is increased? |
It decreases the field of view which will cover a smaller area in a higher level of detail as details become better. |
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Describe the importance of magnification. |
Magnification allows us to see smaller objects better. |
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Describe the importance of resolving power. |
Resolving power is the level of detail that can be observed most important. |
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Describe the importance of contrast. |
Contrast adds distinction to the image bringing it out from its background.
|
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Which photomicrograph of unstained cotton fibers was taken with the iris diaphragm closed? |
A. |
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Describe how you would care for and put away your compound light microscope at the end of the lab. |
A compound light microscope should have the slides removed from the stage; be held under the base and neck for preparation for storage. |
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Describe how to make a wet mount. |
Add a sliced specimen onto a slide; place a coverslip on top after adding a drop of water; make sure the coverslip completely covers the specimen. |
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A camera mounted on a _______ microscope took this photo of a cut piece of cork. |
Scanning Electron
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A carbohydrate consists of |
one or more sugars |
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A protein is made up of |
amino acid units |
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Benedict's solution is commonly used to test for the presence of |
certain carbohydrates |
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Glycogen is |
a polysaccharide; a storage carbohydrate; and found in human tissues |
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To test for the presence of starch, one would use |
Lugol's solution |
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Rich sources of stored energy that are dissolvable in organic solvents are |
lipids |
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Rubbing a substance on uncoated paper should reveal if it contains |
lipid |
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Proteins consist of |
amino acid units |
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Biuret reagent will indicate the presence of |
peptide bonds; proteins; and amino acid units linked together |
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The largest number of food servings in your daily diet should be from |
vegetables and fruits |
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How could you perform a test to gain an indication of whether or not you have diabetes? |
The presence of glucose can be seen by using Benedict's solution. Glucose reacts positively to the solution by turning a reddish orange color. This test can be performed to gain an indication of diabetes within the urine. |
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The person who first used the term cell was |
Hooke |
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All cells contain |
DNA, plasma membrane and cytoplasm |
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Prokaryotic cells lack |
a true nucleus |
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The word eukaryotic refers specifically to a cell containing |
a true nucleus |
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A bacterium is an example of a |
prokaryotic cell |
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Methylene blue |
is a biological stain use to increase contrast of transparent cells. |
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Components typical of plant cells but NOT of animal cells are |
cell walls |
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A central vacuole |
is found only plant cells, may take up between 50% -90% of the cell's interior and regulates water balances. |
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The intercellular spaces between plant cells |
contain air |
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An envelope |
surrounds the nucleus, surrounds mitochondria, and consists of two membranes. |
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Did all living cells that you saw in lab contain mitochondria? If not, explain. |
No. Prokaryotic cells do not contain mitochondria. |
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Is it possible for a cell to contain more than one nucleus? |
Yes. Some nucleus cells are multi-nucleated. |
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Identify the indicated structures. |
A. membrane B. nucleus |
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Looking at the photomicrograph to the right, which was taken with a technique that gives a 3D impression. Identify the structures labeled A, B and C. |
A. chloroplasts B. nucleus C. cell wall |
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Describe one function for each structure you identified. |
Chloroplast: involved in photosynthesis Nucleus: contains proteins Cell Wall: supports and protects the cell |
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Identify the labeled structures in the photo. |
A. nucleus B. mitochondria C. nucleolus |
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If one were to identify the most important compound for sustenance of life, it would probably be |
water |
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A solvent is |
the substance in which solutes are dissolved. |
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Diffusion |
is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration |
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Cellular membranes |
consist of a phospholipid bilayer containing embedded proteins, control the movement of substances into and out of cells and are selectively permeable. |
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An example of a solute is |
NaCl and sucrose |
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Dialysis membrane |
is selectively permeable, is used in these experiments to simulate cellular membranes and has pores that allow passage to specific-sized molecules. |
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Specifically, osmosis |
is diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
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When the cytoplasm of a RBC has lost water to its surroundings, the cell is said to be |
crenate |
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When the cytoplasm of a plant cell is pressed against the cell wall, the cell is said to be |
turgid |
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Cholera is a disease whose main symptom is |
rapid dehydration |
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If a 10% sugar solution is separated from a 20% sugar solution by a selectively permeable membrane, in which direction will there be a net movement of water? |
Water will move from 20% sugar solution to 10% because of diffusion. Water will move from higher concentration to a lower. |
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Based on your observations in this exercise, do your think that dialysis membrane is permeable to sucrose? |
Sucrose is too large to make it through the bag. |
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How does osmosis differ from diffusion? |
Osmosis happens when different concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion is the movement of solutes from higher concentration to lower.
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Explain, using the terminology of tonicity and membrane function, why disaster would result if a patient were given intravenous dH2O rather than 0.9% "physiological saline" solution? |
The cell will become hypotonic then move to hemolysis causing it to burst. |
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A human lost at sea without fresh drinking water is effectively lost in an osmotic desert. Why is drinking salt water harmful? |
It makes the solute water move out. |
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Explain why a person who intestinal lining cells continuously "leak" chloride ions into the intestinal lumen experiences dehydration. |
Sodium ions follow chloride ions and water will follow the sodium. |
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Describe in your own words how oral rehydration solution acts to prevent death of cholera. |
Sugar helps to absorb the water and salt. |
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Reproduction in prokaryotes occurs primarily through the process known as |
fission |
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The genetic material of eukaryotes is organized into |
chromosomes |
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The process of cytoplasmic division is known as |
cytokinesis |
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The product of chromosome replication is |
two sister chromatids |
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The correct sequence of stages in mitosis is |
prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase |
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During prophase, duplicated chromosomes |
consist of chromatids, contain centromeres, and consist of nucleoproteins. |
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During the S period of interphase, |
synthesis of the nucleoproteins takes place. |
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Chromatids separate during |
anaphase |
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Cell plate forming |
occurs in plant cells but not in animal cells, usually begins during telophase and is a result of fusion of Golgi vesicles. |
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Centrioles and a starburst cluster of spindle fibers would be found in |
only animal cells. |
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Distinguish among interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. |
Interphase consists of G1, S and G2 phases; Mitosis is the production of two nuclei with identical chromosomes; Cytokinesis ensures that each new cell contains all the metabolic machinery. |
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Distinguish between the structure of a duplicated chromosome before mitosis and the chromosome produced by separation of two chromatids during mitosis. |
Before mitosis, each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids. During anaphase, the chromatids separate so each chromosome has a single chromatid. |
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If the chromosome number of a typical broad bean root tip cell is 12 before mitosis, what is the chromosome number of each newly formed nucleus after mitosis has taken place? |
12 |
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In plants, what name is given to a region where mitosis occurs most frequently? |
Meristem: apical in the shoots and roots of a plant increase length and lateral beneath the bark of a woody plant increases girth or width. |
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In meiosis, the number of chromosomes _____, while in mitosis, it _____. |
is halved/is doubled |
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The term "2n" means |
the diploid chromosome number is present and chromosomes within a single nucleus exist in homologous pairs. |
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In higher animals, including humans, meiosis results in the production of |
egg cells, gametes and sperm cells |
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Recombination of alleles on nonsister chromatids occurs during |
meiosis 2 |
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Alternative forms of genes are called |
alleles |
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If both homologous chromosomes of each pair exist in the same nucleus is |
diploid |
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DNA duplication occurs during |
interphase
|
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Nondisjuction |
results in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers, occurs at anaphase and results when homologues fail to separate properly in meiosis. |
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The daughter nuclei produced by meiosis are |
haploid |
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Meiosis differs mitosis in that meiosis |
requires two cycles of division for completion and produces spores in plants by gametes in animals. |
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If a cell of an organism has 46 chromosomes before meiosis, how many chromosomes will exist in each nucleus after meiosis? |
23 |
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What basic difference exists between the life cycles of higher plants and higher animals? |
In higher animals, ova and sperm cells are created to form a zygote. In higher plants, gametophytes and sporophytes form spores. |
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In animals, meiosis results directly in gamete production, while in plants spores are produced. How are the gametes produced in the life cycle of a plant? |
Sporophyte produces "n" spores through meiosis. The spores undergo mitosis and become male and female gametophytes which will turn into gametes. |
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How would you argue that meiosis is the basis for sexual reproduction in plants, even though the direct result is a spore rather than a gamete? |
Two different body parts: 1. production of gametes and 2. sporophytes produce haploid spores and produce more cells and grow into gametophytes. |
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Steps of meiosis |
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The name "human" is an example of a |
common name |
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Current scientific thought places organisms in one of ______ kingdoms. |
six |
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The scientific name for the ruffed grouse is Bonasa umbellus. Bonasa is |
the genus |
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A binomial is always a |
two-part name |
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The science of classifying and naming organisms is known as |
taxonomy |
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Which scientific name for the wolf is presented correctly? |
Canis lupus |
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A road that dichotomizes is |
a road that forks into two roads |
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Most scientific names are derived from |
Latin |
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One problem with using common names is that |
many organisms may have the same common name, many common names may exist for the same organism and the common name may not be familiar to an individual not speaking the language of common name. |
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Phylogeny is the apparent |
ancestry of an organism. |
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Simple leafed plants |
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Simple leafed alternating plants |
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Palmately compound leafed plants |
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Pinnately compound leaf plants |
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Simple opposite leafed plants |
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Some members of the Domain Bacteria have |
photosynthetic abilities |
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A pathogen is |
an organism that causes a disease |
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Gram stain is used to distinguish between different |
bacteria |
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Organisms capable of nitrogen fixation |
include some bacteria, cyanobacteria and may live as symbionts with other organisms. |
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Those organisms that are covered by numerous, tiny locomotory structures belong to the phylum |
Alveolata |
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Which organisms cause "red tides?" |
dinoflagellates |
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If you found a fish floating on the water covered with a white fuzzy material and tiny dark spheres you would suspect that the fish has been infected by a |
water mold |
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A vector is |
an organism that transits a disease causing organism |
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The organism that causes malaria is |
a pathogen, Plasmodium vivax, and carried by a mosquito. |
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The cell wall component algin is |
found in the brown algae and used in production of ice cream. |
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What major characteristic distinguishes bacteria from protists? |
Bacteria are prokaryotic - DNA is free in the cell and there are no organelles. Protists are eukaryotic - DNA is in a membrane bound nucleus and the cells contain membrane bound organelles. |
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Agar is derived from |
red algae |
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Which is the correct plural form of the word for the organisms studied in this exercise? |
algae |
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Phycobilins are |
photosynthetic pigments, found in the red algae and blue and red pigments |
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Specifically, female sex organs are known as |
oogonia |
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A reagent that stains the stored food of a green alga black is |
I2KI |
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The starch production center within many algal cells is the |
pyrenoid |
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The phylum of organisms most closely linked to the evolution of land plants is the |
Chlorophyta |
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Gametangia are |
sex organs |
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Which of the following terms does not apply to organisms in the phylum amoeboza? |
Chlorophyll |
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Amoebic dysentery is cause by |
entamoeba |
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An organism that grows specifically on nonliving organic material is called |
a saprophyte |
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Taxonomic separation into fungal phyla is based on |
sexual reproduciton, or lack thereof |
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Fungi is to fungus as _______ is to _______ |
sporangia/ sporangium |
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Which statement is not true of the zygospore-forming fungi? |
Ascospores are found in an ascus |
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Which structures would you find in a sac fungus? |
ascogonia, asci, ascocarps and ascospores |
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The club fungi are placed in the phylum Basidiomycota |
because they form basidia |
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Which statement is not true of the imperfect fungi? |
They reproduce sexually by means of conidia, form an ascocarp and sex organs are present in the form of oogonia and antheridia |
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A relationship between two organisms in which both members benefit is said to be |
mutualistic |
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An organism that is made up of a fungus and an associated green alga or cyanobacterium is known as a |
lichen |
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A mutualistic association between a plant root and a fungus is known as a |
mycorrhizal root |
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Distinguish between a hypha and a mycelium. |
Hypha is the fine strands that make up a mycelium. Mycelium is a collection of hyphae.
|
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Distinguish between ascus, ascospore and ascocarp. |
Ascus is the sac that contains ascospores. Ascospores are the dark circles within the ascus. Ascocarp is the fruiting body that consists of ascospores found within asci. |
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Rhizopus/Mycelium |
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Lichen |
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Chytridiomycota |
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Endomycorrhizal root |
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Basidiospores |
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Ectomycorrhizal root |
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Sporangia |
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Explain the name "Imperfect fungi." |
Imperfect fungi consists of a group of fungi for which no sexual stage is known. In order for life to be "perfect", sex was necessary. |
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Interphase |
Back (Definition) |
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Interphase |
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Prophase |
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Metaphase |
Back (Definition) |
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Metaphase |
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Anaphase |
Back (Definition) |
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Telophase |
Back (Definition) |