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190 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The natural philosophy of Aristotle and his colleagues was

mechanistic

A person who believes that the universe is at least partially controlled by supernatural powers can be best described as a

vitalist

The first step of the scientific method is to

observe carefully

In an experiment, the subjects or items being investigated are divided into the experimental group and

control group

The variables that investigators try to keep the same for both the experimental and the control groups are

controlled

Variables that are always different between the experimental and the control groups are

independent

The results of an experiment

should be repeatable by the investigator and other investigators

The detailed report of an experiment is usually published in a

scientific journal

Bioassays can be used to

test new drugs, determine the effectiveness of new fertilizers and herbicides and measure the effects their waste discharges have on aquatic organisms.

How does the modern scientific method differ from the natural philosophy of the ancient Greeks?

Natural philosophy was accepted as absolute truth, while the modern scientific method does not accept that. The scientific method rules on repetitive results.

The six steps of the scientific method

Observe, Question, Hypothesize, Predict, Experiment and Conclude

What is tested by an experiment?

The prediction and hypothesis are tested.

What is an independent variable?

The independent variable is being studied

What is the dependent variable?

The dependent variable is what is being measured when results are gathered.

What is the controlled variable?

The controlled variable is kept the same for comparison purposes.

Is the statement, "In most biology experiments, the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable can best be described as cause and effect," true or false?

False. In scientific experimenting, cause and effect is rarely proven even if the results are repeatable. There is more accuracy in saying the independent and dependent variables correlated.

Is a scientific principle taken as absolutely true?

A scientific principle cannot be taken as absolutely true because it is constantly changing as new discoveries are made.

What is the function of research in scientific journals?

Research articles allow other scientists to repeat the experiment as well as see results.

Define the design and structure of a bioassay.

The bioassay includes a title, author, exposition and in-depth information with charts, pictures, and captions that function to illustrate the information.

The metric system is the measurement system of choice for

scientists, most countries in the world and most people of the world

A kilowatt, a unit of electrical power, is

1000 watts

A millicurie, a unit of radioactivity, is

a thousandth of a curie

Length is the measurement of

a line, extending from one point to another.

Volume is the measurement of

the space an object occupies

Mass is the measurement of

the quantity of matter present in an object

If 1 cc of a substance has a mass of 1.5g, its density is

1.5

If your mass is 70 kg on Earth, how much is your mass on the Moon?

70kg


Above zero degrees, the actual number of degrees Celsius for any given temperature is ______ the degrees Fahrenheit.

lower than

A thermometer measures

the degree of hot and cold and temperature

What is the importance of measurement to science?



Numerical results are much more precise than written results.

Magnification

is the amount that an object's image is enlarged

Resolving power

is the extent to which detail in an image is preserved during the magnifying process

A lens

focuses light rays emanating from an object to produce an image

Contrast

is the degree to which image details stand our against their background

The maximum useful magnification for a light microscope is about

1000x

The two image-forming lenses of a compound light microscope are

the objective and ocular

Dyes are usually added to sections of biological specimens to increase

contrast

If the magnification of the two image-forming lenses are both 10x, the total magnification of the image will be

100x

The distance through which a microscopic specimen can be moved and still have it remain in focus is called the

depth of field

Electron microscopes differ from light microscopes in that

electrons are used instead of light, magnetic lenses replace glass lenses and the electron path has to be maintained in a high vaccuum

What is the function of the condenser lens?

focuses light onto the specimen

What is the function of the iris diaphragm?

controls the amount of light reaching the specimen

What is the function of the objective?

controls the magnification of the specimen

What is the function of the ocular?

it's what the viewer looks through to see the specimen.

List the lenses in the light path between a specimen viewed with the compound light microscope and its image on the retina of the eye.

1. specimen; 2. objective lens; 3. scope; 4. ocular; 5. eye

What happens to contrast and resolving power when the aperture of the condenser of a compound light microscope is decreased?

The resolving power decreases and contrast increases when the aperture decreases.

What happens to the field of view in a compound light microscope when the total magnification is increased?

It decreases the field of view which will cover a smaller area in a higher level of detail as details become better.

Describe the importance of magnification.

Magnification allows us to see smaller objects better.

Describe the importance of resolving power.

Resolving power is the level of detail that can be observed most important.

Describe the importance of contrast.

Contrast adds distinction to the image bringing it out from its background.

Which photomicrograph of unstained cotton fibers was taken with the iris diaphragm closed?

A.

Describe how you would care for and put away your compound light microscope at the end of the lab.

A compound light microscope should have the slides removed from the stage; be held under the base and neck for preparation for storage.

Describe how to make a wet mount.

Add a sliced specimen onto a slide; place a coverslip on top after adding a drop of water; make sure the coverslip completely covers the specimen.

A camera mounted on a _______ microscope took this photo of a cut piece of cork.

Scanning Electron


A carbohydrate consists of

one or more sugars

A protein is made up of

amino acid units

Benedict's solution is commonly used to test for the presence of

certain carbohydrates

Glycogen is

a polysaccharide; a storage carbohydrate; and found in human tissues

To test for the presence of starch, one would use

Lugol's solution

Rich sources of stored energy that are dissolvable in organic solvents are

lipids

Rubbing a substance on uncoated paper should reveal if it contains

lipid

Proteins consist of

amino acid units

Biuret reagent will indicate the presence of

peptide bonds; proteins; and amino acid units linked together

The largest number of food servings in your daily diet should be from

vegetables and fruits

How could you perform a test to gain an indication of whether or not you have diabetes?

The presence of glucose can be seen by using Benedict's solution. Glucose reacts positively to the solution by turning a reddish orange color. This test can be performed to gain an indication of diabetes within the urine.

The person who first used the term cell was

Hooke

All cells contain

DNA, plasma membrane and cytoplasm

Prokaryotic cells lack

a true nucleus

The word eukaryotic refers specifically to a cell containing

a true nucleus

A bacterium is an example of a

prokaryotic cell

Methylene blue

is a biological stain use to increase contrast of transparent cells.

Components typical of plant cells but NOT of animal cells are

cell walls

A central vacuole

is found only plant cells, may take up between 50% -90% of the cell's interior and regulates water balances.

The intercellular spaces between plant cells

contain air

An envelope

surrounds the nucleus, surrounds mitochondria, and consists of two membranes.

Did all living cells that you saw in lab contain mitochondria? If not, explain.

No. Prokaryotic cells do not contain mitochondria.

Is it possible for a cell to contain more than one nucleus?

Yes. Some nucleus cells are multi-nucleated.

Identify the indicated structures.

A. membrane


B. nucleus

Looking at the photomicrograph to the right, which was taken with a technique that gives a 3D impression. Identify the structures labeled A, B and C.

A. chloroplasts


B. nucleus


C. cell wall

Describe one function for each structure you identified.

Chloroplast: involved in photosynthesis


Nucleus: contains proteins


Cell Wall: supports and protects the cell



Identify the labeled structures in the photo.

A. nucleus


B. mitochondria


C. nucleolus

If one were to identify the most important compound for sustenance of life, it would probably be

water

A solvent is

the substance in which solutes are dissolved.

Diffusion

is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

Cellular membranes

consist of a phospholipid bilayer containing embedded proteins, control the movement of substances into and out of cells and are selectively permeable.

An example of a solute is

NaCl and sucrose

Dialysis membrane

is selectively permeable, is used in these experiments to simulate cellular membranes and has pores that allow passage to specific-sized molecules.

Specifically, osmosis

is diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

When the cytoplasm of a RBC has lost water to its surroundings, the cell is said to be

crenate

When the cytoplasm of a plant cell is pressed against the cell wall, the cell is said to be

turgid

Cholera is a disease whose main symptom is

rapid dehydration

If a 10% sugar solution is separated from a 20% sugar solution by a selectively permeable membrane, in which direction will there be a net movement of water?

Water will move from 20% sugar solution to 10% because of diffusion. Water will move from higher concentration to a lower.

Based on your observations in this exercise, do your think that dialysis membrane is permeable to sucrose?

Sucrose is too large to make it through the bag.

How does osmosis differ from diffusion?

Osmosis happens when different concentrations are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. Diffusion is the movement of solutes from higher concentration to lower.

Explain, using the terminology of tonicity and membrane function, why disaster would result if a patient were given intravenous dH2O rather than 0.9% "physiological saline" solution?

The cell will become hypotonic then move to hemolysis causing it to burst.

A human lost at sea without fresh drinking water is effectively lost in an osmotic desert. Why is drinking salt water harmful?

It makes the solute water move out.

Explain why a person who intestinal lining cells continuously "leak" chloride ions into the intestinal lumen experiences dehydration.

Sodium ions follow chloride ions and water will follow the sodium.

Describe in your own words how oral rehydration solution acts to prevent death of cholera.

Sugar helps to absorb the water and salt.

Reproduction in prokaryotes occurs primarily through the process known as

fission

The genetic material of eukaryotes is organized into

chromosomes

The process of cytoplasmic division is known as

cytokinesis

The product of chromosome replication is

two sister chromatids

The correct sequence of stages in mitosis is

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

During prophase, duplicated chromosomes

consist of chromatids, contain centromeres, and consist of nucleoproteins.

During the S period of interphase,

synthesis of the nucleoproteins takes place.

Chromatids separate during

anaphase

Cell plate forming

occurs in plant cells but not in animal cells, usually begins during telophase and is a result of fusion of Golgi vesicles.

Centrioles and a starburst cluster of spindle fibers would be found in

only animal cells.

Distinguish among interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.

Interphase consists of G1, S and G2 phases; Mitosis is the production of two nuclei with identical chromosomes; Cytokinesis ensures that each new cell contains all the metabolic machinery.

Distinguish between the structure of a duplicated chromosome before mitosis and the chromosome produced by separation of two chromatids during mitosis.

Before mitosis, each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids. During anaphase, the chromatids separate so each chromosome has a single chromatid.

If the chromosome number of a typical broad bean root tip cell is 12 before mitosis, what is the chromosome number of each newly formed nucleus after mitosis has taken place?

12

In plants, what name is given to a region where mitosis occurs most frequently?

Meristem: apical in the shoots and roots of a plant increase length and lateral beneath the bark of a woody plant increases girth or width.

In meiosis, the number of chromosomes _____, while in mitosis, it _____.

is halved/is doubled

The term "2n" means

the diploid chromosome number is present and chromosomes within a single nucleus exist in homologous pairs.

In higher animals, including humans, meiosis results in the production of

egg cells, gametes and sperm cells

Recombination of alleles on nonsister chromatids occurs during

meiosis 2

Alternative forms of genes are called

alleles

If both homologous chromosomes of each pair exist in the same nucleus is

diploid

DNA duplication occurs during

interphase

Nondisjuction

results in gametes with abnormal chromosome numbers, occurs at anaphase and results when homologues fail to separate properly in meiosis.

The daughter nuclei produced by meiosis are

haploid

Meiosis differs mitosis in that meiosis

requires two cycles of division for completion and produces spores in plants by gametes in animals.

If a cell of an organism has 46 chromosomes before meiosis, how many chromosomes will exist in each nucleus after meiosis?

23

What basic difference exists between the life cycles of higher plants and higher animals?

In higher animals, ova and sperm cells are created to form a zygote. In higher plants, gametophytes and sporophytes form spores.

In animals, meiosis results directly in gamete production, while in plants spores are produced. How are the gametes produced in the life cycle of a plant?

Sporophyte produces "n" spores through meiosis. The spores undergo mitosis and become male and female gametophytes which will turn into gametes.

How would you argue that meiosis is the basis for sexual reproduction in plants, even though the direct result is a spore rather than a gamete?

Two different body parts: 1. production of gametes and 2. sporophytes produce haploid spores and produce more cells and grow into gametophytes.

Steps of meiosis

The name "human" is an example of a

common name

Current scientific thought places organisms in one of ______ kingdoms.

six

The scientific name for the ruffed grouse is Bonasa umbellus. Bonasa is

the genus

A binomial is always a

two-part name

The science of classifying and naming organisms is known as

taxonomy

Which scientific name for the wolf is presented correctly?

Canis lupus

A road that dichotomizes is

a road that forks into two roads

Most scientific names are derived from

Latin

One problem with using common names is that

many organisms may have the same common name, many common names may exist for the same organism and the common name may not be familiar to an individual not speaking the language of common name.

Phylogeny is the apparent

ancestry of an organism.

Simple leafed plants

Simple leafed alternating plants

Palmately compound leafed plants

Pinnately compound leaf plants

Simple opposite leafed plants

Some members of the Domain Bacteria have

photosynthetic abilities

A pathogen is

an organism that causes a disease

Gram stain is used to distinguish between different

bacteria

Organisms capable of nitrogen fixation

include some bacteria, cyanobacteria and may live as symbionts with other organisms.

Those organisms that are covered by numerous, tiny locomotory structures belong to the phylum

Alveolata

Which organisms cause "red tides?"

dinoflagellates

If you found a fish floating on the water covered with a white fuzzy material and tiny dark spheres you would suspect that the fish has been infected by a

water mold

A vector is

an organism that transits a disease causing organism

The organism that causes malaria is

a pathogen, Plasmodium vivax, and carried by a mosquito.

The cell wall component algin is

found in the brown algae and used in production of ice cream.

What major characteristic distinguishes bacteria from protists?

Bacteria are prokaryotic - DNA is free in the cell and there are no organelles. Protists are eukaryotic - DNA is in a membrane bound nucleus and the cells contain membrane bound organelles.

Agar is derived from

red algae

Which is the correct plural form of the word for the organisms studied in this exercise?

algae

Phycobilins are

photosynthetic pigments, found in the red algae and blue and red pigments

Specifically, female sex organs are known as

oogonia

A reagent that stains the stored food of a green alga black is

I2KI

The starch production center within many algal cells is the

pyrenoid

The phylum of organisms most closely linked to the evolution of land plants is the

Chlorophyta

Gametangia are

sex organs

Which of the following terms does not apply to organisms in the phylum amoeboza?

Chlorophyll

Amoebic dysentery is cause by

entamoeba

An organism that grows specifically on nonliving organic material is called

a saprophyte

Taxonomic separation into fungal phyla is based on

sexual reproduciton, or lack thereof

Fungi is to fungus as _______ is to _______

sporangia/ sporangium

Which statement is not true of the zygospore-forming fungi?

Ascospores are found in an ascus

Which structures would you find in a sac fungus?

ascogonia, asci, ascocarps and ascospores

The club fungi are placed in the phylum Basidiomycota

because they form basidia

Which statement is not true of the imperfect fungi?

They reproduce sexually by means of conidia, form an ascocarp and sex organs are present in the form of oogonia and antheridia

A relationship between two organisms in which both members benefit is said to be

mutualistic

An organism that is made up of a fungus and an associated green alga or cyanobacterium is known as a

lichen

A mutualistic association between a plant root and a fungus is known as a

mycorrhizal root

Distinguish between a hypha and a mycelium.

Hypha is the fine strands that make up a mycelium. Mycelium is a collection of hyphae.


Distinguish between ascus, ascospore and ascocarp.

Ascus is the sac that contains ascospores. Ascospores are the dark circles within the ascus. Ascocarp is the fruiting body that consists of ascospores found within asci.

Rhizopus/Mycelium

Lichen

Chytridiomycota

Endomycorrhizal root

Basidiospores

Ectomycorrhizal root

Sporangia

Explain the name "Imperfect fungi."

Imperfect fungi consists of a group of fungi for which no sexual stage is known. In order for life to be "perfect", sex was necessary.

Interphase

Back (Definition)

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Back (Definition)

Metaphase

Anaphase

Back (Definition)

Telophase

Back (Definition)