Lab Exam 3 Bio Ii

Front 1

Endocrine System

Back 1

Plays a big role in maintaining homeostasis

-The organs of this system are the endocrine glands that secrete messengers called hormones directly in to the bloodstream and then carried to their target organ, tissues or cells

Front 2

Hypersecretion

Back 2

if a gland secretes too much hormone--target will overreact

Front 3

Hyposecretion

Back 3

The gland secretes too little hormone--target will not be active

Front 4

Organs of Endocrine System

Back 4

Front 5

Pituitary Gland

Back 5

-also known as the hypophysis is located inferior to the hypothalamus and is connected to the hypothalamus by a narrow stalk of tissue called the infundibulum

-It is divided into two lobes: the anterior and posterior

-These lobes function independently of one another

-Called the master gland because of its role of regulating other endocrine glands

Front 6

The following are hormones secreted by Pituitary Gland:

Back 6

none

Front 7

From the Anterior Pituitary:

GH

Back 7

TARGET: Bones, muscles, and other tissues

ACTION: Stimulates Cell Growth and division

Front 8

ACTH

Back 8

TARGET: Adrenal Cortex

ACTION: Stimulates release of Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Front 9

TSH

Back 9

TARGET: Thyroid Gland

ACTION: Stimulates release of Thyroid Hormones

Front 10

FSH

Back 10

TARGET: Gonads

ACTION: Stimulates development of ova and sperm

Front 11

LH

Back 11

TARGET: Gonads

ACTION: Stimulates secretion of sex hormones

Front 12

PRL

Back 12

TARGET: Mammary Glands

ACTION: Stimulates milk production

Front 13

MSH

Back 13

TARGET: Melanocytes

ACTION: Stimulates Melanin production

Front 14

Posterior Pituitary:

ADH

Back 14

TARGET: Renal Tubules

ACTION:Stimulates water reabsorption

Front 15

OXT

Back 15

Target: Uterus and Mammery Glands

ACTION: Stimulates Uterine contractions during labor and delivery and the release of milk

Front 16

Posterior Lobe:

Back 16

Also called the neurohypophysis and composed of neurons that originate in the hypothalamus

PARS NERVOSA

Front 17

Anterior Lobe

Back 17

Also called the Adenohypophysis

Composed of granular tissue and regulated by the hypothalamus

PARS DISTALIS

Front 18

Thyroid

Back 18

Function Independently of one another

Hormones:

T4 and T3: Secreted by Follicle Cells

Target: essentially every cell of the body

Action: Work together to regulated oxygen utilization and rate of metabolism of the cells

CT: Secreted by parafollicular cells

Target: bone and kidneys

Front 19

Parathyroid:

Back 19

There are Four Pea Like thyroid glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland however they are completely independent of the thyroid--they are parathyroid glands composed of chief cells and oxyphil cell

The chief cells secrete the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH):

Target: Bone and Kidneys

Action:Raises blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be removed from bone and reabsorbed by the kidney

Front 20

THYROID SLIDE

Back 20

Parathyroid Slide

Front 21

Adrenal Glands

Back 21

Located above each kidney--function independently of the kidney

-Is subdivided into two regions with different functions: the outer cortex and the inner medulla.

It produces many steroid hormones called corticosteroid hormones.

From the Cortex:

Mineralcorticoids:

Target: Kidney

Action: Increases renal absorption of sodium

Glucocorticoids:

Target: Most cells

Action: affects rate of glucose metabolism

Front 22

Capsule

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasciculata

Zona Reticularlis

Adrenal Medulla--secretes epinephrine and nonepinephrine

Back 22

none

Front 23

Pancreas

Back 23

The pancreas is unique in that it is both an exocrine and endocrine gland. The exocrine cells are arranged into pancreatic acini. They secrete digestive enzymes and buffers into the pancreatic duct that carries them into duodenum to aid in the digestion of food in the intestine. The endocrine cells are visible clumps of cells scattered throughout the pancreas called pancreatic islets

Front 24

Outer-Exocrine pancreatic acini

Inner- Endocrine Pancreatic Islets

Along with Alpha and Beta Cells

Back 24

Hormones :

Insulin:

Target-essentially every cell of the body

Action: lowers blood glucose levels by stimulating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream by the cells of the body

Glucagen:

Targets: Liver

Action: Raises blood glucose level by stimulating liver to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the bloodstream.

Front 25

Thymus Gland

Back 25

Is located in the superior mediastinum of the thoracic cavity posterior to the sternum. It is large in infants and children and virtually disappears as an adult. Secrets Thymosin which plays a role in the maturation in the T Lymphocytes

Front 26

Pineal Gland

Back 26

Located on the posterior wall of the Thalamus

-Secrete Melatonin, which regulates the body's 24 hour clock

Front 27

Testes

Back 27

Male Gonads and produce male gametes or sperm along with testosterone

Front 28

Ovaries

Back 28

Female Gonads which produce female gametes or ova.

-Secrete estrogen and progesterone

Front 29

Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone

Back 29

Gigantism-bones grow too fast

Front 30

Hyposecretion of Growth Hormone

Back 30

Dwarfism

Front 31

Hyposecretion of Antidiurtec Hormone

Back 31

Diabetes Insipidus- the kidneys are not able to reabsorb water when the body needs to conserve water

Front 32

Hyposecretion of Parathyroid Hormone

Back 32

Tetany- low blood level of calcium, leading to muscle and nerve irritability

Front 33

Hypersecretion of Parathyroid Hormone

Back 33

Recklinghausen's Disease- the bones lose calcium and blood calcium level is too high

Front 34

Hyposecretion of Insulin

Back 34

Diabetes Mellitus- There are high levels of glucose in the bloodstream

Front 35

Hypersecretion of Epinephrine

Back 35

Pheochromocytoma- increased heart rate and blood pressure

Front 36

Hypersecretion of Androgens

Back 36

Virilism-The appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics in a female

Front 37

Hyposecretion of T3 and T4

Back 37

Hashimoto's Disease- low metabolic rate, weakness, mental and physical sluggishness

Front 38

Hypersecretion of Insulin

Back 38

Hypoglycemia-low levels of glucose in the bloodstream, producing fatigue and fainting

Front 39

Cardiovascular Physiology

Back 39

In order to pump blood, the heart alternates between relaxation phase DIASTOLE during which the heart chambers FILL up with blood. And a contraction phase SYSTOLE during which the heart EJECTS blood.

Front 40

Cardiac Cycle

Back 40

The alternation between diastole and systole.

Each heart beat lasts one cardiac cycle.

As the surge of blood that has been ejected from the heart moves through the blood vessels it can be palpated as the pulse in arteries

Front 41

Heart Valves

Back 41

One pair of valves- the Antrioventicular valves--the TRICUSPID on the right side and the MITRAL valve on the left) are found between the atria and the ventricles. They prevent blood in the ventricles from flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract.

The second pair of valves are SEMILUNAR with the PULMONARY valve on the right and the AORTIC on the left) these prevent blood that has just been ejected into the great arteries from flowing back into the ventricles when they relax.

The two sounds LUB (longer and louder) AND DUB (shorter and shaper) occur when these valves close

Front 42

Blood Pressure

Back 42

Is the pressure exerted by blood against the walls of the blood vessels.

-Blood pressure rises and falls as the heart contracts and relaxes. So it is necessary to report it as two numbers such as 120/70

The higher number represents SYSTOLIC -produced by the left ventricle contracts to eject a fresh bolus of blood into the Aorta. The lower number represents the DIASTOLIC Pressure or when the ventricles and fill with blood

Front 43

Conduction System

Back 43

is a network of modified, autorhythmic heart muscles cells that are ableto stimulate a heartbeat.

Front 44

1. SA NODE

Back 44

The pacemaker of the heart

-Contractile cells that initiate stimulus that results in heart contraction

-Stimulates internodal pathway

Front 45

2. Internodal Pathway

Back 45

-Conductile Cells

-receives stimulus from the SA Node

-distributes stimulus throughout atria

-Stimulates atrial contraction and AV node

Front 46

3. AV Node

Back 46

-Receives stimulus from internodal pathway

-Stimulates AV Bundle

-contractile cells may initiate stimulus if SA Node

does not

Front 47

4. Right Bundle Branch

Back 47

-Conductile cells that carry stimulus to apex of the right ventricle

-Stimulates Purkinje fibers

Front 48

5. Purkinje Fibers

Back 48

-network in each ventricle wall

-carry stimulus to ventricular cardiac muscle cells

Front 49

6. Left Bundle Branch

Back 49

-Conductile cells that carry stimulus to apex of left ventricle

Front 50

AV Bundle

Back 50

Located in Atrioventicular Septum

-receives stimulus from AV NODE

-Conductile cells carry stimulus to bundle branches

-Also called bundle of His

Front 51

QRS Complex

Back 51

Q-small downward deflection

R-Very Tall upward deflection

S-small to medium downward deflection

Represents: Ventricular Depolarization

Followed By: Ventricular Systole

Front 52

P Wave

Back 52

A small, upward deflection

Represents: Atrial Depolarization

Followed by: Atrial Systole

Front 53

T Wave

Back 53

Medium, Upward deflection

Represents: Ventricular Repolarization

Followed By: Ventricular Diastole

Front 54

Arrythmias

Back 54

Is a general term that refers to a change in the rhythm of the heartbeat

Front 55

Bradycardia

Back 55

The ECG wave is normal, but the heart rate is usually less than 60 bpm. This occurs when the SA Node does not initiate the wave of stimulation often enough

Front 56

Ventricular Tachycardia

Back 56

The ECG shows multiple QRS complexes without visible P or T waves. This rhythm indicates damage to the ventricles.

Front 57

Atrial Flutter

Back 57

-The atria are being stimulated at a very fast rate. This results in a quivering in the atrial heart muscle. The ECG shows several small P waves before each QRS

Front 58

Ventricular Fibrillation

Back 58

There is no organized wave of stimulation.

-Since there is no organized contraction of th ventricles blood is not effectively ejected from the heart

Front 59

Respiratory System

Ventilation

Back 59

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs

Front 60

Inhalation

Back 60

Brings fresh air into the AVEOLI of the lungs where OXYGEN is loaded onto the red blood cells for delivery to the cells of the body.

Front 61

Exhalation

Back 61

Expels stale air containing CARBON DIOXIDE that was removed from the blood stream

Front 62

Inhalation and exhalation are the processes by which the body brings in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide. The breathing process is aided by a large dome-shaped muscle under the lungs called the diaphragm.

When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts downward, creating a vacuum that causes a rush of fresh air into the lungs.

The opposite occurs with exhalation, where the diaphragm relaxes upwards, pushing on the lungs, allowing them to deflate.

Back 62

none

Front 63

VT

TIDAL VOLUME

Back 63

Volume of Air moving into or our of lungs during quiet breath

Front 64

IRV

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Back 64

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

Front 65

ERV

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Back 65

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled below tidal volume

Front 66

RV

Residual Volume

Back 66

Volume of Air that remains in respiratory system after maximal exhilaration

Front 67

IC

Inspiratory Capacity

Back 67

VT + IRV

Front 68

FRC

Functional Residual Capacity

Back 68

ERV + RV

Front 69

VC

Vidal Capacity

Back 69

IRV + VT + ERV

Front 70

TLC

Total Lung Capacity

Back 70

IRV + VT + ERV +RV

Front 71

Hyperventilation

Back 71

Breathing Faster and Deeper increases the amount of Carbon Dioxide expelled from the body

Front 72

Rebreathing

Back 72

Increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in inhaled air

Front 73

Exercising

Back 73

Increases the rate of cellular respiration, for powering muscle, thereby increasing the amount of carbon dioxide waste produced