Lab Exam 2 Unit 5 Gram Stains, Acid-Fast Stain, Endospore Stain

Front 1

What is the differential step and Gram staining?

Back 1

Decolorizer or iodine

Front 2

What does grams iodine do for the stain?

Back 2

Fixes the crystal violet color to the outer layer of peptidoglycan

Front 3

What color are gram-positive cells at the end of the stain?

Back 3

Purple

Front 4

What color are gram-negative cells at the end of stain?

Back 4

Pink

Front 5

What color was human cells be at the end of the stain?

Back 5

Pink

Front 6

You decide to Gram stain some of your own cheek cells. Are they gram-positive or gram-negative? Why?

Back 6

Gram-negative; they do not have a peptidoglycan cell wall

Front 7

Describe how you do positive controls for your Gram stain, eliminating all variables.

Back 7

Do three smears on a single slide, including a known positive, unknown, and known negative.

Front 8

Acid fast cells: choose all that apply:

- contain acid in their cell walls 30

–contain acid in their cytoplasm

- Are not human pathogens

- turn pink

- turn green or blue

Back 8

- turn pink

- contain acid in there cell walls

Front 9

The decolorizer used in the Gram stain, and the decolorizer use any acid fast stain, are the same, true or false?

Back 9

False

Front 10

It is okay to give baby cookies containing honey because they have been baked, true or false?

Back 10

false

Front 11

Anthrax will test positive in the endospore stain, true or false?

Back 11

True

Front 12

The Gram stain is a ______ stain. That means that some bacteria will stay in one color, while other bacteria will stain a different color

Back 12

differential

Front 13

Grams iodine is a "_____," a fixer of color

Back 13

mordant

Front 14

The gram-positive cell has a thick layer of peptidoglycan on the surface, the crystal violet– iodine complex binds tightly to it, and is/is not removed by the decolorizer.

Back 14

Is not

Front 15

Why does the iodine not bind to the crystal violet sufficiently in a grand negative cell?

Back 15

Because the gram-negative cell has a thinner layer of peptidoglycan protected by a lipid bilayer. This allows the decolorizer to be able to pull the crystal violet away from the cell, leaving it clear.

Front 16

It is very important to remember that as a sales age and begin to die, they stop building their ________. This means that cultures that are too old (older than 48 hours, but sometimes older than 24 hours) will not sustain Graham positive, even though they are Graham positive if you stain them when they are 12 hours old.

Back 16

Peptidoglycan layer

Front 17

What is the proper way to do a Gram stain in order to eliminate variables in the staining, so that you know your results are reliable? What kind of control is this?

Back 17

Include a known gram positive and known gram-negative on the same slide; positive

Front 18

Crystal violet and safranin are both "basic stains" that can be used as simple stains, and will stain all cells. How can they be used here, then, in a different stain technique?

Back 18

By including a differential step/wash

Front 19

The term "fast stain" does not refer to the speed of the stain, but rather the fact that some bacteria have ________ in their _________. These acids hold fast to a _______ stain, and do not let the stain wash off the cell when washed with an ________ wash.

Back 19

Mycolic acids; cell walls; carbolfuchsin; acid-alcohol

Front 20

Acid fast stains are clinically important because two important human pathogens are caused by mycobacteria. What are they?

In addition, _______ are also acid-fast.

Back 20

Tuberculosis, leprosy; cryptosporidia

Front 21

What are the names of the two common methods for doing acid fast stains?

Back 21

Ziehl-Neelson method; Kinyoun method

Front 22

The Ziehl-Neelson method uses _______ to drive the ________ into the _______.

The Kinyoun Method uses a more concentrated solution of ________ to achieve the same result without ______.

Back 22

steam; carbolfuchsin; cell wall

carbolfuchsin; steam

Front 23

Of the two common message for acid fast stains, which uses steam?

Back 23

Ziehl-Neelson

Front 24

What is the differential step during the acid fast stain experiment?

Back 24

Acid-alcohol decolorizer

Front 25

By either of the two common methods for doing acid fast stains, carbolfuchsin is what color?

Back 25

pink

Front 26

When you are doing an acid fast stain, you are looking for bacteria that contain _______ acid in their cell walls. To find these kind of bacteria, you use the stain ______, because cells containing this kind of acid do not let this stain wash off the cell wall when it washed with an acid-alcohol wash.

Back 26

mycolic; carbolfuchsin

Front 27

My colic acid positive cells are what color? The counter stains are usually _______ or ________, which stain the negative cells

Back 27

pink;

Brilliant green, methylene blue

Front 28

What color would a mycolic acid negative cell be?

Back 28

Either blue or green

Front 29

Note to that in an acid fast stain, ______ is positive for mycolic acid, and ________ is negative for mycolic acid. (colors)

Back 29

pink; green or blue

Front 30

Some bacteria are able to form _______, a protected, dormant form of bacteria that contains the genetic information and are able to survive unfavorable conditions, such as dryness. As these are being made, they exist with the parent bacteria, and are called _______.

Back 30

Spores; endospores

Front 31

Some bacteria are able to form spores, a protected, dormant form of bacteria that contains the __________ and are able to survive unfavorable conditions, such as dryness. As these are being made, they exist with the _________, and are called endospores.

Back 31

genetic information; parent bacteria

Front 32

What is the name of the protein that protects the spores?

Back 32

Keratin

Front 33

Kratin and is resistant to staining, so the endospore stain must use either _______ or a ________ to achieve results

Back 33

steam; long incubation time

Front 34

When performing an endospore stain, you are searching for a bacteria that contains ______. These a protected by a protein, _______, which is resistant to staining. To detect these, you use the stain ________, which binds to the protein coat, and then decolorize to identify

Back 34

spores; keratin; malachite green.

Front 35

What is the name of the common stain used for endospore staining? How does it work?

Back 35

Malachite green; binds to the protein coat of the endospore

Front 36

Endospire stains can be useful clinically because _____, bacteria which causes anthrax, can form spores. In addition, so can _______ and ________.

Back 36

bacillus anthracis; clostridium botulinum; clostridium tetani

Front 37

It is very important not to give babies under a year old honey, because?

Back 37

Honey contains clostridium botulinum spires, which are not killed by pasteurization or by cooking. The acidity of an adult stomach, however, is enough to destroy the spores