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317 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The CNS interprets incoming _________ information and issues instructions on past experience.
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sensory
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The PNS consists of the ____ and _____ nerves, ganglia, and sensory receptors.
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cranial
spinal |
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The PNS has 2 divisions the sensory and ______
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motor
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Sensory = toward CNS and motor= +++++CNS
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away from
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The motor PNS is separated into the somatic or _______ and the visceral or autonomic or involuntary
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voluntary
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The most superior part of the brain is
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cerebral hemispheres
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The cerebral hemispheres are divided by a single deep ________ or the longitudinal _________
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fissure
fissure |
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The central sulcus divides the _________ and _________ lobes.
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frontal
parietal |
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The lateral sulcus divides the ________ and _________ lobes.
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temporal
parietal |
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The parieto-occipital sulcus on the medial surface of each hemisphere divides the ________ lobe from _______ lobe.
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occipital
parietal |
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A fifth lobe, insula is buried deep within the
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lateral sulcus
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The primary somatosensory area is located in the _________ and posterior to it is the ________________
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postcentral gyrus
somatosensory association area |
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The primary _____ area is located in the precentral gyrus of the ______
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motor
frontal |
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Broca's area is a _____ _____ area at the base of the precentral gyrus above the ________ sulcus.
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motor speech
lateral |
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Anterior portions of _____lobe
are the prefrontal lobe and involve personality and ______ _____ |
frontal
complex reasoning |
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The spinal cord from the foramen magnum to the lower margin of L1 lumbar vertebrae and
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conus medullaris
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Nerves in Spinal cord called
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tracts
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Spinal cord: Posterior Projections are dorsal or
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posterior horns
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Spinal Cord:The two anterior projections of are _____horns. The horns are in the _____ matter.
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anterior
gray |
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Spinal Cord: The ______ _____of the gray matter is in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the cord.
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lateral horn
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The central area of gray matter connecting the two vertical regions is the _____ _____
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gray commissure
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The opaque white forms bulk of fibrous outter avascular protective layer of eye
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schlera
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EYE The anterior most part of the fibrous outter layer is the modified structurally to form the transparent
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cornea
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The middle layer around eye is the vascular layer called
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uvvea
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The most posterior part of the uvea, the middle vascular layer is the
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choroid
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The choroid is a ______ rich nutrative region that contains a ______ pigment that prevents light from scattering in the eye
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blood
dark |
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Anteriorly, the choroid is modified to form the _______ _______ which is composed of _______ mucles importatnt in lens shape and cillary processes.
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cilliary body
cilliary |
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Cillary processes secrete aqueous _____
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humor
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EYE The most anterior part of the uvea is the pigmented
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iris
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The iris is incomplete and has a rounded opening or _________ thru which light passes.
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lens
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EYE Iris composed of ________ muscle and regulates the amoutn of light entering eye.
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smooth
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The lateral rectus moves eye __________
Nerve _____ |
laterally
V abducens |
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Medial rectus moves eye _________
Nerve ________ |
Medially
iii Oculormotor |
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Medial Rectus moves eye _____
Nerve |
medially
Oculomotor III |
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Inferior Rectus depresses eye and turns_______
Nerve |
medially
Oculomotor III |
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Inferior Oblique elevates eye and turns _______
Nerve |
laterally
Oculomotor III |
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Superior Oblique depresses eye and turns +++++++
Nerve |
laterally
trochlear IV |
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Fluid filling the anterior segment of the eye
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aqueous humor
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Medial Rectus moves eye _____
Nerve |
medially
Oculomotor III |
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Inferior Rectus depresses eye and turns_______
Nerve |
medially
Oculomotor III |
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Inferior Oblique elevates eye and turns _______
Nerve |
laterally
Oculomotor III |
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Superior Oblique depresses eye and turns +++++++
Nerve |
laterally
trochlear IV |
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Fluid filling the anterior segment of the eye
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aqueous humor
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The transparent neural layer extends anteriorly to the ciliary body and contains the _____ and _____
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rods and cones
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The rods and cones are the ++++++ cells found in the ______ layer or retina.
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photoreceptor
neural |
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The rods and cones are distributed over the entire retina except where the ______ _____ leaves the eyeball. This area called ______ ______.
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optic nerve
optic disc or blind spot |
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Lateral to each optic disc is the high cone intensity ______ _______
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macula lutea
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The center of the macula lutea is the ______ ______ which contains mostly cones and is the area of greatest visual acuity and discriminative vision.
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Fovea Centralis
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The white of the eye
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Schlera
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Part of the retina that lacks photoreceptors
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Optic disc
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Modification of the choroid that controls the shape of the crystalline lens and contains the cilliary muscle
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cilliary body
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Layer contains rods and cones
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Neural layer of retina
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the correct path of light entering the human eye. 1. cornea
2. lens 3. conjunctiva 4. vitreous humor What is 5, 6, and 7? |
5. aqueous humor
6. pupil 7. retina |
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A flexible crystalline structure held vertically in the eye's interior zone
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lens
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Lens held in the eye's interior zone by suspensory ligament or _______ _____ attached to the cilliary body.
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Cilliary Zonule
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Activity of cilliary muscle changes lens thickness to allow light to be properly focused on ______
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retina
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Anterior segment anterior to lens contains clear fluid called
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aqueous humor
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The posterior segment is behind the lens and filled with a gel like fluid or +++++ _____ or vitreous body
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vitreous humor
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The aqueous humor is continuously formed by the capillaries of the +++++ _____
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cilliary processes
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The anterior segment is further divided into the anterior and _____ chambers.
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posterior
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the aqeous humor proveds nutrients for the avascular lens and the _______
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cornea
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The aqueous humor is reabsorbed into the _______ ______ _______
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scleral venous sinus or canal of Schlemm
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The posterior segment is behind the lens and filled with a gel like fluid or +++++ _____ or vitreous body
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vitreous humor
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The aqueous humor is continuously formed by the capillaries of the +++++ _____
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cilliary processes
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The anterior segment is further divided into the anterior and _____ chambers.
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posterior
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the aqeous humor provides nutrients for the avascular lens and the _______
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cornea
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The aqueous humor is reabsorbed into the _______ ______ _______
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scleral venous sinus or canal of Schlemm
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The posterior segment is behind the lens and filled with a gel like fluid or +++++ _____ or vitreous body
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vitreous humor
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The aqueous humor is continuously formed by the capillaries of the +++++ _____
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cilliary processes
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The anterior segment is further divided into the anterior and _____ chambers.
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posterior
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the aqeous humor proveds nutrients for the avascular lens and the _______
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cornea
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The aqueous humor is reabsorbed into the _______ ______ _______
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scleral venous sinus or canal of Schlemm
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The inner neural layer of the eye, from outer to inner, has 3 neuronal populations: photoreceptors (rods and cones), -_______-, and ganglion cells.
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bipolar cells
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Rods are specialized receptors for _____ light.
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Dim light gray tones
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Cones are _____receptors
that permit high levels of visual acutity. |
color
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Most cones found in the _____ _____ and they decrease as retinal periphery approaches.
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fovea centralis
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EYE Rods are numerous in the periphery but not in _____ or fovea centralis
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macula
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Light passes thru the photoreceptors cells, then bipolar cells which stimulate the ______ cells.
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ganglion
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The ganglion cells leave the retina in a tight bundle of fibers known as the ______ ____
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optic nerve
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At the optic _____, the fibers from from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side. The fiber tracts formed are called ++++++
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chiasm
optic tracts |
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Light passes thru the photoreceptors cells, then bipolar cells which stimulate the ______ cells.
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ganglion
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The optic tract fibers synapse with neurons in the lateral geniculate body of the ______
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thalamus
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The ganglion cells leave the retina in a tight bundle of fibers known as the ______ ____
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tracts of optic nerve
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The lateral geniculate body axons form the ______ ____that terminates in the occipital lobe visual cortex.
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optic radiation
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Light passes thru the photoreceptors cells, then bipolar cells which stimulate the ______ cells.
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ganglion
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At the optic _____, the fibers from from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side. The fiber tracts formed are called ++++++
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chiasm
optic tracts |
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The ganglion cells leave the retina in a tight bundle of fibers known as the ______ ____
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optic nerve
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The optic tract fibers synapse with neurons in the lateral geniculate body of the ______
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thalamus
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At the optic _____, the fibers from from the medial side of each eye cross over to the opposite side. The fiber tracts formed are called ++++++
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chiasm
optic tracts |
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The lateral geniculate body axons form the ______ ____that terminates in the occipital lobe visual cortex.
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optic radiation
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The optic tract fibers synapse with neurons in the lateral geniculate body of the ______
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thalamus
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The lateral geniculate body axons form the ______ ____that terminates in the occipital lobe visual cortex.
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optic radiation
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Olfactory Nerve I or Olfactory Bulb?
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Carries afferent impulses associated with smell
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Olfactory Nerve I or Olfactory Bulb?
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Carries afferent impulses associated with smell
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Olfactory Nerve I or Olfactory Bulb?
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Carries afferent impulses associated with smell
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Optic Nerve?
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Carries afferent impulses associated with vision
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Oculomotor III
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Somatic motor fibers to inferior oblique, superior oblique, and medial rectus which direct eyeball. to Levator Palpabrae of eyebrow. Parapsympathetic fibers to iris and smooth muscle shaping lens to varying light and focus for near vision
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Trigeminal V
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From Pons and 3 divisions. Sensory Nerve for face. Impulses from face, nose,mouth and eye surface. Motor fibers that innervate muscles of mastication and muscles of floor of mouth
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Trigeminal V
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Sensory motor from facial skin, mouth, nose, eye surface, and muscles of mastication and floor of mouth
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Abducens VI
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Motor fibers to Lateral Rectus muscle of eye
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Abducens VI
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Carries motor fibers to lateral rectus muscle of eye
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Facial VII
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Mixed Supplies somatic motor fibers to muscles of facial expression and parasympathethic motor fibers to lacrimal and salivary glands. Carries sensory fibers form taste receptors and tongue
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Vestibulocochlear VIII
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Only sensory. Vestibular branch sends impulses associated with sense of equilibrium from vestibular and semicircular canals. Cochlear branch transmits impulses associated with hearing.
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Glossopharyngeal IX
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Mixed. Somatic motor fibers serve pharyngeal muscles. Parasympathetic fibers serve salivary glands. Sensory fibers carry impulses from pharynx, tonsils, posterior tongue, and from pressure and chemoreceptors.
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Black pigmented body that appears to be a halo encircling the lens
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cilliary body
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Biconvex structure that is opaque in preserved specimens
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Lens
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Anterior continuation of the cillary body penetrated by the pupil
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Iris
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More convex anterior most portion of the sclera normally transparent but cloudy in preserved specimens
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Cornea
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The neural layer of the ____ is delicate tan crumpled membrane that separates easily from the pigmented choroid
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Retina
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EYE The optic ++++ tract fibers synapse with neurons in the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus whose axons form the _____ ))______
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tract
optic radiation |
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The optic radiation formed by the axons of the lateral geniculate body of thalamus terminate in the ______ _____
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visual cortex
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Drains the aqueous humor from the eye
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Schlera Venous Sinus
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Forms bulk of heavily pigmented vascular layer of eye
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choroid
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Smooth muscle structures
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Cilliary body
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Forms by filtration the aqueous humor
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cilliary body
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Occupying the posterior segment
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vitreous humor
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EAR The external ear is primarily composed of the auricle or _____ and the external ____ _____
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pinna
extermal acoustic meatus |
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The _______ _______ _____or external auditory canal is a short narrow chamber carved into the temporal bone.
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external acoustic meatus
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The external acoustic meatus has skin=lined walls with wax- secreting glands called
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cereminous glands
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Sound waves that enver the external acoustic meatus encounter the eardrum or _______ _______
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tympanic membrane
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The ______ membrane vibrates at exactly the same frequency as the sound waves entering.
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tympanic
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EAR The middle ear is a small chamber or the tympanic cavity spanned by 3 small bones called the ++++++
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ossicles
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The ossicles are called the malleus, incus, and _______
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stapes
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The ossicles or malleus, incus, and stapes articulate to form a lever system the vibration of the eardrum fluids to the fluids of the inner ear thru the ______ ______
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oval window
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Connecting the middle ear chamber with nasopharynx is the pharyngotympanic or ______ ______
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auditory tube
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Normally the eustachian or pharyngotympanic can be opened by ______ or yawning to equalize the pressure of the middle ear cavity
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swallowing
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The mucosal membranes of the middle ear cavity and nasopharynx are continuous thru the pharynxgotympanic. Therefore inflammation of the middle ear or
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otitis media
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The internal ear consists of a system of bony labyrith filled with perilymph or
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aqeous fluid
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Suspended in the perilymph is the system that follows the contours of the osseous labyrith or
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membraneous labyrith
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EAR The membraneous labyrith is filled with a more viscous fluid called
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endolymph
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The 3 subdivisions of the bony labyrith are: cochlea, the vestibule, and the ______ ______.
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semicircular canals.
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The vestibule is situated between the cochlea and the semicircular canals. The vestible and semicircular canals are involved with ++++++
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equilibrium
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The snail=like cochlea contain the sensory receptors for _____
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hearing
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The cohlear mebraneous or the cochlear _____ is a soft wormlike tube that winds thru the turns of the cochlea and separtes the perilymph containing ______ _____into upper and lower chambers.
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duct
cochlear cavity |
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The upper and lower chambers of the cochlear cavity are called the scala vestibuli and the _____ _____
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scala tympani
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The scali vestibuli terminates at the ______ _____which seats the foot plate of the stirrup on the tympanic cavity.
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oval window
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The scala tympani is bounded by a membraneous area called the
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round window
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The cochlear duct supports the spiral _____ ____ ____, which contains the receptors for hearing, the sensory _____ _____and nerve endings of the ______ nerve VIII.
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organ of corti
hair cells cochlear |
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Vagus Nerve X
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Mixed fibers carry somatic motor impulses to the pharynx and larynx and sensory fibers from same structure. Parasympathethic and motor fibers to the heart and smooth abdominal muscles of viscera. Transmits sensory impulses from the viscera
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Accessory Nerve XI
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Mixed but primarily motor. Provides somatic motor fibers to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles and to muscles of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx.
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Hypoglossal XII
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Mixed but primarily motor in function. Carries somatic motor fibers to muscles of tongue.
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Spinal cord Ventral Rami form Cervical Plexus at
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C3
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Ventral Rami form brachial plexus at
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C8
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No plexus formed intercostal nerves
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at thoracic region
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Ventral Rami form lumbar plexus between L2 and
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L3
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Ventral Rami form sacral plexus at
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S1
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When light rays pass from one medium to another their velocity, or speed of transmission, changes, and teh rays are bent or
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refracted
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The refractive index or bending power of the cornea and vitreous humor are constant, but making the lens more or less ++++++ will cause light to converge properly on the retina
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convex
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The greater the lens convexity, or bulge, the more the light will be _____and the stronger the lens.
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bent
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Light from a distant source approaches as _____ rays and no change in lens convexity is necessay.
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parallel
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Light from a close source tends to diverge and the convexity of the lens must _____ to make close vision possible.
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increase
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A lens capable of bringing a close object into sharp focus is stronger or more ______ than a lens focusing on a more distant object.
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convex
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The ability of the eye to focus differentially for objects of near vision is called
|
accomodation
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The image formed on the retina as a result of the refractory activity of the lens is a _____ ____ or reversed from left to right, inverted and smaller than the object.
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real image
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The internal ear consiists of a system of chambers called the
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bony labyrith
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The bony labyrith is filled with aqueous fluid called
|
perilymph
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In the ++++++, the membraneous labyrinth is a system that follows the contours of the osseous labyrith.
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perilymph
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EAR The membraneous labyrith is filled with ________.
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endolymph
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The 3 sudivisions of the bony labyrith are: _______, vestibule, and semicircular canals.
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cochlea
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The vestibule is located between the cochlea and ++++++ _______
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semicircular canals
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The vestible and the semicircular canals are involved with
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eqquilibrium
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The cochlea contains receptors for
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hearing
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The cochlear membraneous labyrith is the ______ ______
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cochlear duct
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The perilymph containing cochlear cavity is divided into upper and lower chambers which are the scala vestibuli and the ++++++ _______
|
scala tympani
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The scala vestibuli ends at the oval ______
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window
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The vestible and the semicircular canals are involved with
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eqquilibrium
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The vestible and the semicircular canals are involved with
|
eqquilibrium
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The cochlea contains receptors for
|
hearing
|
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The cochlea contains receptors for
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hearing
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The cochlear membraneous labyrith is the ______ ______
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cochlear duct
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The cochlear membraneous labyrith is the ______ ______
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cochlear duct
|
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The perilymph containing cochlear cavity is divided into upper and lower chambers which are the scala vestibuli and the ++++++ _______
|
scala tympani
|
|
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The perilymph containing cochlear cavity is divided into upper and lower chambers which are the scala vestibuli and the ++++++ _______
|
scala tympani
|
|
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The scala vestibuli ends at the oval ______
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window
|
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The scala vestibuli ends at the oval ______
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window
|
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The vestible and the semicircular canals are involved with
|
eqquilibrium
|
|
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The cochlea contains receptors for
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hearing
|
|
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The cochlear membraneous labyrith is the ______ ______
|
cochlear duct
|
|
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The perilymph containing cochlear cavity is divided into upper and lower chambers which are the scala vestibuli and the ++++++ _______
|
scala tympani
|
|
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The scala vestibuli ends at the oval ______
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window
|
|
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The scala tympani ends the round _____
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window
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The spiral organ of corti contains the receptors for hearing, the sensory hair cellls and nerve endings of the ++++++ ++++++
|
cochlear nerve
|
|
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The cochlear nerve is a division of the _-_______nerve VIII
|
vestibulocochlear
|
|
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structures composing the external ear
|
external auditory canal, pinna (auricle), tympanic membrane
|
|
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The scala tympani ends the round _____
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window
|
|
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The spiral organ of corti contains the receptors for hearing, the sensory hair cellls and nerve endings of the ++++++ ++++++
|
cochlear nerve
|
|
|
structures composing the internal ear
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cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule
|
|
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The cochlear nerve is a division of the _-_______nerve VIII
|
vestibulocochlear
|
|
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structures composing the external ear
|
external auditory canal, pinna (auricle), tympanic membrane
|
|
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structures composing the internal ear
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cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule
|
|
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collectively called the ossicles
|
incus (anvil); malleus (hammer); stapes (stirrup)
|
|
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involved in equalizing the pressure in the middle ear with atmospheric pressure; passage between the throat and the tymanic cavity
|
pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube
|
|
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vibrates at the same frequency as sound waves hitting it; transmits the vibrations to the ossicles
|
tympanic membrane
|
|
|
EAR contain receptors for the sense of balance
|
semicircular canals, vestibule
|
|
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transmits the vibratory motion of the stirrup to the fluid in the scala vestibule of the inner ear
|
oval window
|
|
|
acts as a pressure relief valve for the increased fluid pressure in the scala tympani; bulges into the tympanic cavity
|
round window
|
|
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fluid contained within the membranous labyrinth
|
endolymph
|
|
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fluid contained within the osseous labyrinth and bathing the membranous labyrinth
|
perilymph
|
|
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EAR sacs found within the vestibule; sites of the maculae
|
saccule, utricle
|
|
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contains the spiral organ of Corti
|
cochlear duct
|
|
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positioned in all spatial planes
|
semicircular ducts
|
|
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hair cells of spiral organ of Corti rest on this membrane
|
basilar membrane
|
|
|
gelatinous membrane overlying the hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti
|
tectorial membrane
|
|
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contains the crista ampullaris
|
ampulla
|
|
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function in static equilibrium
|
otoliths, saccule, utricle, vestibular nerve
|
|
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positioned in all spatial planes
|
semicircular ducts
|
|
|
hair cells of spiral organ of Corti rest on this membrane
|
basilar membrane
|
|
|
positioned in all spatial planes
|
semicircular ducts
|
|
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gelatinous membrane overlying the hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti
|
tectorial membrane
|
|
|
contains the crista ampullaris
|
ampulla
|
|
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hair cells of spiral organ of Corti rest on this membrane
|
basilar membrane
|
|
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EAR function in static equilibrium
|
otoliths, saccule, utricle, vestibular nerve
|
|
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gelatinous membrane overlying the hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti
|
tectorial membrane
|
|
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contains the crista ampullaris
|
ampulla
|
|
|
function in static equilibrium
|
otoliths, saccule, utricle, vestibular nerve
|
|
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function in dynamic equilibrium
|
ampulla, cupula, semicircular ducts, vestibular nerve
|
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carries auditory information to the brain
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cochlear duct
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gelatinous cap overlying hair cells of the crista ampullaris
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cupula
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grains of calcium carbonate in the maculae
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otoliths
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The outer ear is essentially a funnel for conducting vibrations to the _________ _____
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tympanic membrane
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The auricle of pinna on the side of the head is shaped and supported by elastic ++++++
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cartilage
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The auditory canal is the passage leading thru the temporal bone to the ________ _________
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tympanic membrane
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The external opening of the auditory tube is the ________ ++++++ ________
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exteranl acoustic meatus
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The auditory CANAL has ceremonious and sebacious glands that form
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cerum or earwax
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The middle ear is located in the ______ ______ of the temporal bone.
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tympanic cavity
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SWALLOWING OR YAWNING EQUALIZES AIR PRESSURE ON BOTH SIDES OF _______ ______
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AUDITORY TUBE
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Swallowing or yawning equalizes air pressure on both sides of _______ _______
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tympanic membrane
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The tympanic cavity is a small space between the outter and ______ ears.
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inner
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The tympanic cavity contains the ______ ______
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auditory ossicles
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The first of the auditory ossicles is the _______
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malleus
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The second ossicle is the ________
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incus
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The third ossicle is the _____
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stapes
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The footplate is help by a ligament in an opening called the ++_+++++ ++++++
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oval window
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the inner ear is housed in a maze of temporal bone passageways called the ______ ________
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osseous labyrith
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The osseous labyrith is lined by a system of fleshy tubes called the ________ _______
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membraneous labyrith
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Between the osseous and membraneous labyrith is a cushion of fluid called the
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perilymph, similar to CSF
|
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Within the membraneous labyrith is a fluid called
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endolymph, similar to ICF
|
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The labyriths begin with a chamber called the
|
vestibule
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The organ of hearing is the _________ which arises from the anterior side of the vestibule
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cochlea
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The cochlea has 3 fluid filled chambers separated by a membrane. The superior chamber is the ++++++ ______
|
scala vestibuli
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The cochlea have 3 fluid filled chambers: by membranes. Ther superior one is the scala vestubuli and the inferior one is the ______ _______
|
scala tympani
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The scala tympani and the scala vestubuli are filled with
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perilymph
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The scala vestubi begins near the oval window and the scala tympani ends at the _____ _____
|
round window
|
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The round window is covered by a membrane called the
|
secondary tympanic membrane
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The middle chamber of the cochlea is teh triangular space, the _______ ______
|
cochlear duct
|
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The cochlear duct and the scala vestubuli are separated by the thin
|
vestibular membrane
|
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|
The cochlear duct is separated from the scala tympani by the thicker
|
basilar membrane
|
|
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The cochlear duct is filled with
|
endolymph
|
|
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The vestibular membrane separates the endolymph from the _______ and helps to maintain a chemical difference between them.
|
perilymph
|
|
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Within the cochlear duct, supported on the basilar membrane is the spiral organ as the _____ ___ ______
|
organ of corti
|
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The organ of corti converts vibrations into _____ _____
|
nerve impulses
|
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The spiral organ of corti has epithelium composed of _____and supporting cells.
|
hair
|
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The hair cells are called ________
|
stereocilia
|
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Resting on top of the stereocilia is the gelatinous _______ ______
|
techtorial membrane
|
|
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The ossicles serve at times to lessen the transfer of energy to the +++++ ear.
|
inner
|
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This tympanic reflex muffles the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the ______ ______
|
oval window
|
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1. The inward movement of the tympanic membrane pushes the middle ear ossicles inward. The stapes then pushes on the perilymph in the _____ _____
|
scala vestibuli
|
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2 Perilymph flows from the Stapes. The resulting pressure in the Scala Vestubuli pushes the _______membrane down.
|
vestibular
|
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3 Pushing the vestibular membrane down, pushes endolymph in the cochlear duct. Then the seconday tympanic membrane bulges outward to ______ pressure.
|
relieve
|
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4. Then the Stapes pulls back from the ______ window. Process can be reversed.
|
oval
|
|
|
The stapes goes in and out. 4The secondary tympanic membrane goes in and out. The Basilar Membrane goes ____________
|
dwon up down.
|
|
|
5There is an exceptionally strong electrochemical gradient from the ________to the hair cell cytoplasm.
|
endolymph
|
|
|
6Ions flood into the techtorial membrane. Cell becomes hyperpolarized. Each depolarization generates ______ ______ in the cells. Each signal generated in cochlear nerve transmitted to brain.
|
action potentials
|
|
|
The sensory nerve fibers at the base of hair cells are bipolar sensory
|
neurons
|
|
|
Each ear sends nerve fibers to both sides of the pons. They end in cochlear nuclei and synapse with second order nuclei that ascend to the ______ _______ ______ of the pons
|
superior olive nucleus
|
|
|
Other fibers form the cochlear nuclei ascend to the _______colliculus, which locates a sound in space and processes pitch.
|
inferior
|
|
|
Then fourth order neurons go to auditory ______ cortex.
|
association
|
|
|
The apparatus for static equilibrium are the vestibular and its 2 chambers: the anterior saccule and the posterior ______ and the semicircular ducts.
|
utricle
|
|
|
Static equilibrium is the orientation of the head when the body is
|
stationary
|
|
|
Dynamic equilibrium is the perception of motion or
|
acceleration
|
|
|
The saccule and the utricle are responsible for static equilibrium and linear acceleration. The simicircular ducts detect _________ _____, a change in the rate of rotation.
|
angular rotation
|
|
|
The otolitic membrane is gelatinous and weighted with _______ _______ protein granules.
|
calcium carbonate
|
|
|
The semicircular ducts detect changes in dynamic _______
|
equilibrium
|
|
|
The semicircular ducts have a dilated sac at one end called an ++++++Within the ampulla, is a mound of hair cells and supporting cells called
|
ampulla
crista ampullaris |
|
|
The +++++ is a gelatinous cap that extends from the crista ampullaris to the roof of the ampulla.
|
cupula
|
|
|
The __________ is a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior surface of the eyeball.
|
conjunctiva
|
|
|
The lacrimal apparatus is the lacrimal gland and a series of ducts that drain the tears into the ______ +++++++
|
nasal cavity
|
|
|
the function of the ______gland is to cleanse and lubricate the eye surface deliver oxygen and nutrients to the conjunctiva and prevent infection.
|
lacrimal
|
|
|
The _______eye muscles include superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, lateral rectus, superior oblique and inferior oblique.
|
extrinsic
|
|
|
The aqueous humor is a serous fluid secreted by the _____ _____ into a space between the iris and the lens called the psterior chamber.
|
cilliary body
|
|
|
The aqueous humor flows thru the pupil into the +++++++chamber between the iris and the cornea.
|
anterior
|
|
|
The aqueous humor is reabsorbed by the ______venous sinus.
|
scheral
|
|
|
The _____ is composed of flattened tightly compressed transparent cells called lens fibers.
|
lens
|
|
|
The lens is suspended behind the pupil by a ring of fibers called the
|
suspensory ligament
|
|
|
The vitreous humor is a transparent jelly that fills a large space called the vitreous chamber behind the _____
|
lens
|
|
|
the optic disc is where the ______ _____ leaves the eye
|
optic nerve
|
|
|
Posterior to the center of the lens is a patch of cells called
|
macula lutea
|
|
|
The fovea centralis is in the center of the ______ ____
|
macula lutea
|
|
|
The optic disc contains no receptor cells so it produces a ______ _____ in the visual field of each eye
|
blind spot
|
|
|
Image formation depends upon the bending of light rays or
|
refraction
|
|
|
emmetropic eye light rays parallel and rays are focused on retina. No +++++ _____ needed.
|
corrective lens
|
|
|
convergence of eyes - double vision or ____ can result
|
diplopia
|
|
|
constriction of pupil to constrict the _____ and adjust to brightness
|
focus
|
|
|
accomodation is a change in the _______ of the lens. The closest an object can be and still be seen ______
|
curvature
near point of vision |
|
|
astigmatism inabiliy to simultaneously focus light rays that enter the eye on different ))))))))
|
planes
|
|
|
presbyopia reduced ability to accomodate near vision with ____
|
age
|
|
|
Myoipia nearsighted and hyperopia
|
farsighted
|
|
|
Rods produce images only in shades of _____ and are responsible for night vision
|
gray
|
|
|
Cones are responsible for day vision as well as ______
|
color
|
|
|
Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells, the first order neurons of the _____ pathway
|
visual
|
|
|
Ganglion cells receive input from the _____neurons and ganglion cells form the optic nerve.
|
bipolar
|
|
|
Rods and cones synapse with bipolar cells, the first order neurons of the _____ pathway
|
visual
|
|
|
Ganglion cells detect no image, but do detect ______intensity.
|
light
|
|
|
Ganglion cells receive input from the _____neurons and ganglion cells form the optic nerve.
|
bipolar
|
|
|
Ganglion cells detect no image, but do detect ______intensity.
|
light
|
|
|
no sensitity and resolution at same type= need more than ___ receptor
|
one
|
|
|
no sensitity and resolution at same type= need more than ___ receptor
|
one
|
|
|
stereoscoptic vision or ____ perception
|
depth
|
|
|
stereoscoptic vision or ____ perception
|
depth
|
|
|
The optic nerve converses to form the optic chiasm inferior to the hypothalmus and anterior to the pituitary. Beyond this the fibers continue as pairs of ____ ____
|
optic tracts
|
|
|
Hemidecussation= Half of the fibers from each side of the optic nerve cross over to opposite side of ++++
|
brain
|
|
|
the right cerebral hemisphere sees objects in left visual field because objects fall on left half of )))))) and left cerebral hemisphere in right visual field
|
retina
|
|
|
The optic tract axons end in the lateral +++++ nucleus of thalamus. Third order neurons arise here and form optic _____ that project to visual cortex.
|
geniuculate
radiations |
|
|
The optic nerve converses to form the optic chiasm inferior to the hypothalmus and anterior to the pituitary. Beyond this the fibers continue as pairs of ____ ____
|
optic tracts
|
|
|
Hemidecussation= Half of the fibers from each side of the optic nerve cross over to opposite side of ++++
|
brain
|
|
|
the right cerebral hemisphere sees objects in left visual field because objects fall on left half of )))))) and left cerebral hemisphere in right visual field
|
retina
|
|
|
The optic tract axons end in the lateral +++++ nucleus of thalamus. Third order neurons arise here and form optic _____ that project to visual cortex.
|
geniuculate
radiations |
