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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does an animal cell contain?
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Cytoplasm Cell membrane Mitrochondria Ribosomes |
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What does a plant cell contain? |
Cytoplasm Cell wall Cell membrane Chloroplasts Mitochondria Vacuole |
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How are red blood cells specialise?
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They are small to easily flow through blood vessels |
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How are white blood cells specialised?
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They are small so they can easily flow between cells |
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How are muscle cells specialised? |
They have muscle fibre so they can stretch and relax again |
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How are gamete cells specialised?
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What two types of DNA are in bacterial cells?
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Chromosomal Plasmid |
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What is the function of the cell membrane? |
It controls the movement of substances such as oxygen, glucose and carbon dioxide into and out of the cell |
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How are carbohydrates digested? |
Starch Carbohydrase Amylase |
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How are proteins digested? |
Protein Protease Pepsin |
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How are fats digested? |
Glycerol, fatty acid Lipids Lipases |
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What does a catalyst do? |
Speeds up the rate of a reaction |
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What is diffusion? |
When molecules move from a place of high concentration to low concentration down a concentration gradient |
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How do materials move against the concentration gradient? |
Picks up molecule specific to it Energy is used to open carrier protein, change the shape and release molecule into cell |
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What are atoms made up of? |
Protons and neutrons found in nucleus, electrons on the outer shells Same number of protons and electrons |
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What is a chemical reaction? |
Changes how atoms are bonded together |
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What are the states of matter? |
melting --> evaporation ICE WATER STEAM freezing <-- condensation <-- deposition <-- Solid --> sublimation --> gas |
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Give examples of two ways mixtures can be separated?
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Filtration - rock salt Chromatography - ink |
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How is the RF value calculated? |
distance moved by the solvent |
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What is the process of producing drinking water?
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Filtration - removes small particles of sand or gravel Chlorination - removes bacteria |
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What are the qualities of pure substances?
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Can't be changed Cannot be separated by physical means Fixed melting points |
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What is an isotope? |
Have equal amounts of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
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Speed =
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Distance divided by time |
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Acceleration = |
Change in speed divided by time taken |
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Weight = |
Mass x gravity |
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What forces act on an object? |
Upthrust Friction Thrust Weight Air resistance Gravity |
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Newton's first law? |
If the forces on an object are balanced, it will continue what is was already doing |
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What is terminal velocity? |
When the object reaches a velocity of 0 |
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Newton's second law?
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The speed and direction of motion can change |
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Stopping distance = |
Breaking distance |
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What are the stages of mitosis? |
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis |
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What is differentiation?
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The process by which cells become specialised |
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How do plants grow? |
Both mitosis and meiosis take place |
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Change in percentage = |
Final value - Start value Start value x100 |
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What are the benefits and risks of stem cells?
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Replace damaged or diseased cells Used for testing new drugs |
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What are the jobs of the three neurones? |
Relay in the spine transfers the message Motor carries message to the effector |
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What are reactions?
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Automatic actions in response to a stimulus which skip your CNS and brain |
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How does neurotransmission work?
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Impulse reaches axon terminal Travels along relay neurone Released into synapse Detected by dendrite |
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How was Mendeleev's periodic table arranged? |
In order of atomic mass He swapped some according to chemical properties Spaces were left for undiscovered elements |
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What are the main features of the periodic table?
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Symbol Atomic number |
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What does electronic configuration tell you?
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Periods show number of shells Groups show number of electrons |
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What are molecules? |
Groups of atoms joined by covalent bonds |
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What are allotropes? |
Structure and bonding affects properties and uses |
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What are fullerenes? |
Simple molecules formed by covalently bonded carbon atoms |
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What are the properties of fullerenes? |
Low melting point Weak and slippery Molecules strong due to covalent bonding |
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What are the properties of giant covalent structures? |
Strong covalent bonds High melting points |
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What are the properties of metals?
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Shiny Malleable High density Good conductors |
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What are the properties of non metals? |
Not shiny Brittle Poor conductor |
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What makes a good conductor? |
When a voltage is applied, electrons low towards the positive terminal The flow of electrons transfers energy and forms an electrical current |
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What are the different bonding models? |
Simple covalent Giant molecular Metallic |
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What are the four types of energy? |
Thermal - hot objects Chemical - stored in food, fuel and batteries Strain/elastic potential - stretched/squashed etc materials |
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What is energy efficiency?
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Efficiency = |
Useful energy divided by total energy input
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How can unwanted energy transfers be reduced?
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Build walls with radiation, space to create a vacuum which traps heat |
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How do fossils provide evidence for human evolution?
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Fossils can be traced back to the time they were left so we know what people were like in which time period |
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What two fossils were discovered? |
Lucy - 3.2 million years old |
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What are the steps of evolution?
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Overproduction Struggle for survival Survival Advantageous characteristics Reproduction Gradual change |
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What is the process of genetic engineering? |
Restriction enzyme cuts out gene for insulin Lysosome enz. cuts plasmid from bacterial cell Restriction enzyme cuts DNA from plasmid Insert gene for insulin into plasmid Ligase enzyme joins ends of DNA Put plasmid with insulin in bacterial cell Leave to divide bacteria, produces insulin Remove and purify insulin |
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How are pathogens spread?
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Insects Airborne droplets Contact Water Food |
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What do white blood cells do? |
Two types combine to seek and destroy disease causing organisms |
