Kingdom Monera

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Two groups of Monera

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Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

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Characteristics of Monera

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Prokariotic-with NO membrane bound organelles
Unicellular
Single Chromosome
Most reproduce by Binary Fission (asexual)
Great metabolic diversity

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Archaebacteria

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Earth's most extreme loving prokaryotic micro-organism
Have special lipid structures allowing cells to survive extreme hot or cold
Thought to be one of life's first organisms

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Methanogens

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Methane-producing

Live in Oxygen free environments (swamps, marshes)
Use chemicals as energy
Produce methane as waster

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Halophiles

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Salt loving
Live in salt pools (up to 15% seawater only 3.5)

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Thermacidophiles

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Heat and acid loving
Exremely hot and acidic environments (ex. Hot springs, volcanoes, temp +80 degrees C)

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Eubacteria

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largest number of organisms on the planet

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Eubacteria- classification- by shape:
Cocci

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Round
Resist drying
(chocolate cookie)

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Eubacteria- classification- by shape:
Bacilli

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Rod shaped
large surface area for absorbing nutrients
(twinkie)

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Eubacteria- classification- by shape:
Spirilli

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Spiral shape
move through fluids with less resistance
(DNA shape)

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Eubacteria: Growth Patterns: Coccus

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Arranged singularly

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Eubacteria: Growth Patterns: Diplo (diplococci)

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Arranged in pairs

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Eubacteria: Growth Patterns: Strepto (Streptococci)

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Arrainged in a chain

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Eubacteria: Growth Patterns: Staphylo (staphylococci)

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Arranged in clusters

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Cell wall Structure: Gram Positive

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-very thick protien layer on cell wall
-# of membranes: 1
-Color of stain: Purple
-Flagella (if present): 2 support rings

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Cell wall structure:Gram Negative

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-thin protein layer on cell wall
-# of membranes: 2 (inner and outer)
-Color of stain: pink
-Fagella (if present): 4 support rings

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Resperation: Obligate Aerobes

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Need oxygen

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Resperation: Obligate Anaerobes

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NO oxygen
-use fermentation to convert sugar into alcohol and CO2
-some also produce lactic acid, acetic acid and methane

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Resperation: Facultative Anaerobes

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Can survive and grow with or without Oxygen
-use fermentation to convert sugar into alcohol and CO2
-some also produce lactic acid, acetic acid and methane

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Nutrition:

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-How bacteria get their energy
-Most heterotrophic (get food from other organisms)
-Parasites- diease causing bacteria that get their food from living organisms
-Saprophytes-food from dead and decomposing organic matter
-Some are autotrophic (make their own foo) by:
-Photosynthesis: Converts CO2 and water into sugar using the sun's energy
-Chemosynthesis: use energy from chemicals to make energy (deep sea vent bacteria)

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Reproduction

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Some produce asexually (binary fission)
Some produce sexually (Conjugation, Plasmids)
Endospore

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Reproduction: Binary Fission

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-"split in two"
-copy DNA, elongate, septum and cell wall form, cells sperate into two identical cells

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Reproduction: Conjungation

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-cells link and form a bridge
-one bacterium transfers part or all of chromo to other, then undergoes binary fission

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Reproduction: Plasmids

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-small loops of DNA seperate and transfer from one cell to other
-used in gen engineering (recombinant DNA)

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Reproduction: Endospore

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Spore formation:
-allows bacteria to survive unfavourable conditions
-spore is dormant stage, when conditions improve, bacteria loses endospore coat and begin to devide normally

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Bacteria and diseases

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Bacteria can cause many human diseases: ex:
-Tuberculosis, tetanus, cholera, Bubonic plague, Rocky Mountain, Spotted Fever, Lyme Dieses, Leprocy, ect.

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STI's: Sexually Transmitted Infections

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-many of these are caused by moneran's
-transmitted mostly by sex
Ex:
-Gonorrhea-coccus bacteria, can cause sterility and be transmitted by mother to baby at birth through eyes, antibiotics can cure, but rapidly developing resistance
-Syphillis, spirochete, 3 stage infection : sore  rash on body  weeks/months later  tumours, insanity, death, antibiotics can cure if treated at 1st or 2nd stage
-Chlamydia - NGU(Non Gonococcol Urethritis) most common STD in North America

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Body Defences against bacteria:

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-skin - sweat, mucus membranes help kill bacteria
-antibodies - proteins made by body deactivate bacteria
-phagocytes - engulf bacteria
-antitoxins - chemicals made by the body to deactivate bacterial toxins
-fever - boosts immune system and slows growth of bacteria