Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
5 Sections of the Vertebral column and how many
|
C 1-7, T 1-12, L 1-5, S 1-5, Coccyx 4
|
Climb Tall Ladders Slowly, Coccyx
|
|
|
Attributes of vertebral column
|
has a body, is the spinal canal, larger at the lower portions to support pressure
|
3 things
|
|
|
Primary curvature
|
born with it, thoracic and sacral
|
born in fetal position
|
|
|
Secondary curvature
|
develops as we walk, cervical and lumbar
|
standing position
|
|
|
Kyphosis
|
from osteoporosis, thoracic hump, usually found in the elderly
|
hunchback of notre dame
|
|
|
Lordosis
|
increased lumbar curvature, usually from pregnancy and beer bellies
|
Lord, don't drink while you're preggo!
|
|
|
Scoliosis
|
spine is curved to the side
|
|
|
|
Most frequently injured vertebrae
|
L4 & L5
|
don't hurt my lazy 4 guys and my lovely 5 girls!
|
|
|
Vertebrae are what type of joint?
|
diarthrodial, irregular/plane
|
same as GH joint
|
|
|
Actions of cervical region?
|
flexion, extension, rotating R&L, lateral flexion and extension
|
think of neck movements
|
|
|
Lumbar region movements
|
flex, extend, rotate R&L, laterally flex and extend, same as cervical
|
same as cervical
|
|
|
Thoracic region movements
|
least mobile due to overlapping spinous processes
|
strongest region
|
|
|
Sacral region movement
|
least mobile, fused bones
|
tailbone
|
|
|
Coccyx movements
|
no musculature
|
end of tailbone
|
|
|
Functions of the vertebrae
|
1. support head and girdle
2. protects spinal cord 3. base of support and stability for appendages 4. provides attachment sites for musculature |
4 functions -- sally plays alex's anthem
|
|
|
Where is stability better and why?
|
Better in thoracic because of overlapping spinous processes & ribs
|
|
|
|
Two parts of discs
|
Annulus fibrosis (fibrous circle) and Nucleus pulposa (jello-like inside)
|
eat your fiber and then your jello
|
|
|
Sciatica
|
discs put pressure on the sciatic nerves and cause pain
|
think of mom
|
|
|
4 types of back muscles
|
1. very deep
2. not so very deep 3. erector spinae 4. quadratus lumborum |
|
|
|
Very deep muscles
|
- close to the bone
- span one vertebrae - share the same actions |
smallest and shortest
|
|
|
Movement of very deep muscles
|
- if one side acts alone, you laterally flex to that side
- when one side contracts, you can rotate to the opposite side |
you get VD if you go to the opposite side
|
|
|
Not so very deep muscles
|
- superior to VD muscles
- span 3-5 vertebrae - longer and larger |
bigger
|
|
|
Movement of very deep muscles
|
- if one side acts alone, you laterally flex to that side
- when one side contracts, you can rotate to the opposite |
same as VD's
|
|
|
Erector Spinae
|
- hold the spine erect (duh)
|
duh.
|
|
|
Movement of Erector Spinae
|
- contract symmetrically to extend
- flex to side when one side contracts - rotate to side that contracts |
Every Song is the same
|
|
|
Quadratus Lumborum
|
- quadratus muscle
- located in lumbar vertebrae - has most frequently injured discs (L4 & L5) - originates at iliac crest - easy to spasm, frequent lower back pain - raises hips in paralyzed person |
lumborum.. lumbar.
|
|
|
Movement of Quadratus Lumborum muscles
|
- laterally flexes to same side
|
only one action
|
|
|
Muscles of the abdomen
|
Rectus Abdominius, External & Internal Obliques
|
king & inside outside
|
|
|
Rectus abdominius
|
- most superficial
- most midline - one muscle fiber, inserts on pubic bone - fascial sheaths - flexes trunk, NOT HIP |
your 6 pack is not hip!
|
|
|
External Obliques
|
- attaches at lower 8 ribs
- flexion of the trunk - lateral sides of the abdomen - laterally flexes to same side, rotates to opposite |
When you're outside, you're opposite.
|
|
|
Internal Obliques
|
- lie deep to the external
- progrsses to costal cartilages - laterally flexes and rotate to same side |
When you're inside the circle, you're the same as every one else.
|
|
|
Bones of the Pelvis
|
- sacrum (5)
- ischium (2) - ileum (2) - pubis (2) |
5 silly idiots itched (their) pox
|
|
|
Pubic symphysis
|
cartilaginous articulation
|
|
|
|
Sacroiliac joint
|
- not fused
- cartilaginous - no movement - widens in females, not males |
babymaking time.
|
|
|
Motions of the hip
|
- anterior tilt
- posterior tilt - lateral tilt - rotation |
dance class
|
|
|
Femorus Capitus (teres femorus)
|
ligament which attaches fovia to acetabulum
|
blood supply, Bo Jackson
|
|
|
Acetabular Glenoid Labrum
|
lining of the inside of the acetabulum
|
inside the "C"
|
|
|
Stability factors of hip joint
|
same as GH, except no fascia and skin
|
|
|
|
What causes the acetabulum to form?
|
pressure
|
|
|
|
What type of joint is the hip and how many axes?
|
ball & socket - 3 axes
- flexion & extension - ab & ad - circumduction |
same as GH
|
|
|
Lumbosacral plexus
|
T12- S3
- goes under the spinous process - gives rise to many nerves |
|
|
|
Femoral Nerve
|
L2,3,4
- supply muscles on from of the thigh (quads, sartorius) - not often injured - if injured, pain will stop at knee - mixed nerve |
femur?
|
|
|
Obturator Nerve
|
L2,3,4
- rarely injured - supplies the adductors & gracilus |
|
|
|
Gluteal Nerves
|
L4,5 S1,2
- two parts (superior & inferior) - supply gluteus maximus, medius and minimus, and tensor fascia lata |
butt supplier
|
|
|
Sciatic nerve
|
L4,5 S1,2,3
- lowest on the plexus - most commonly injured by lifting and pregnancy - supplies all the way to the ankle and foot - supplies the hamstrings and everything under the knee |
bottom half of leg
|
|
|
Gluteus Maximus
|
- most superficial
- begins at sacrum and goes across hip bones - articulates into the greater trochanter - easy to palpate - supplied by gluteal nerves |
|
|
|
Actions of the Gluteus Maximus
|
- Extends ONLY against body weight (climbing stairs, rising from a chair)
- externally rotates - abduction of leg |
turn foot out and kick it to the side
|
|
|
Gluteus Medius
|
- origin on outside of the iliac crest
- good sized, smaller than max - inserts on great. troch. - innervated by the GN |
|
|
|
Actions of the Gluteus Medius
|
- Internally rotates hip
- abduction - STABILIZES THE PELVIS |
turn foot in and pull legs together
|
|
|
Trenelenburg Sign/Gait
|
when hip slams into trochanter, medius is unable to stabilize
|
|
|
|
Gluteus Minimus
|
- too small to stabilize the pelvis
|
|
|
|
Actions of the Gluteus Minimus
|
- internally rotate
- abduction |
|
|
|
Rotator Cuff of the lower extremity
|
6 deep lateral rotators that go superiorly down from the GTroch
|
|
|
|
Hamstring Muscles
|
- begin at the ischial tuberosity
- extend the hip - act on the knee - innervated by sciatic nerve |
|
|
|
Biceps Femorus
|
- on the back of the femur
- inserts into lower knee - extends the hip |
|
|
|
Semitendonosus and Semimebranosus
|
- inserts behind the knee
- extends the hip |
|
|
|
Linea Aspera
|
the line down the middle of the femur
|
linea= line
|
|
|
tensor fascia lata
|
- named after fascial sheath on the side of the leg
- tenses the fascia, pulls it up to make it tighter - is for stability of the lateral aspect of the knee |
named after what?
tenses what? stability for what? |
|
|
What is the fascia of the leg called?
|
Iliotibial Band (IT BAND)
|
where do you work?
|
|
|
what does the tensor fascia lata do?
|
abducts, flexes, internally rotates
|
abby falls into radiators
|
|
|
adductor group
|
originates at the pubic ramus
brevis, longus, magnus, gracilus innvervated by the obturator nerve |
beau loves many girls
|
|
|
iliopsoas
|
protective
psoas takes nerves from vertebrea iliacus innervated by femoral nerve flexor, but also externally rotates and abducts |
the word iliopsoas is funny, but also raunchy and awesome!
|
|
|
pectineus
|
comes from pubic ramus
inserts on the lesser trochanter supplied by the femoral nerve adductor & flexor |
ally and fletcher has nice pecs!
|
|
|
sartorius
|
flexion, abduction, and external rotation
crosses the front of the thigh (indian style) |
sartorius is also funny, but also awesome and extra raunchy!
|
|
|
rectus femorus
|
king!
supplied by the femoral nerve flexes the hip |
femorus, flexes
|
|
|
flexors of the hip
|
iliopsoas
rectus femorus sartorius pectinius |
|
|
|
extensors of the hip
|
hamstrings
gluteus max when against body weight |
|
|
|
adductors of the hip
|
adductor longus
adductor brevis adductor magnus adductor gracilis |
|
|
|
external rotators of the hip
|
6 deep little lateral muscles
sartorius |
|
|
|
internal rotators
|
gluetus minimus
gluteus medius |
|
|
|
when the hip flexes...
|
the pelvis posteriorly tilts
|
|
|
|
when the hip extends..
|
the pelvis anteriorly tilts
|
|
|
|
what type of joint is the knee?
|
complicated hingle with one axis
|
|
|
|
what are menisci of the knee?
|
fibrocartiligenous circular recepticles that revieve the condyles of the femur
|
|
|
|
what are the ligaments of the knee?
|
anterior, posterior, collateral, oblique popliteal, patellar, cruciate
|
|
|
|
what is the ligament that encapsulates the patella?
|
patellar ligament, which protects the anterior aspect of the knee
|
|
|
|
what does the oblique popliteal ligament do?
|
covers the posterior aspect of the knee
|
|
|
|
what are the 2 collateral ligaments?
|
medial and lateral
|
|
|
|
medial collateral ligament does what?
|
attaches on the tibia
checks extension to keep femur from sliding back |
|
|
|
lateral collateral ligament does what?
|
attaches femur to fibula
checks extension, prevents movement to side |
|
|
|
cruciate ligaments do what?
|
are intracapsular
cross (cruciate) there are anterior and posterior prevents hyperextension |
|
|
|
three things that attachs to medial aspect are? - unhappy triad
|
anterior cruciate ligament
medial collateral ligament medial meniscus |
|
|
|
important things about the knee...
|
many bursae
fat pad behind the patella patella and fibula are not part of the knee joint |
|
|
|
what are the chunky bones of the ankle?
|
talus & calcaneus
|
|
|
|
what part of the quadricepts acts at the hips?
|
rectus femorus
|
|
|
|
hamstrings
|
acts on hips and knees
supplied by the sciatic nerve |
|
|
|
rotation of the knee
|
femur condyles roll forward and laterally to block space between knee joint
biceps femorus assist with lateral rotation |
|
|
|
three hamstrings are?
|
biceps femorus, semitendonous, semimembranous
|
|
|
|
gastrocs
|
most prominent part of the calf
inserts on calcaneous flexes the knee supplied by medial popliteal nerve prevents overextension heel spurs & heel cord. |
|
|
|
quadriceps
|
rectus femorus
vastus lateralus vastus medialus vastus intermedialus |
|
|
|
proper ankle is what type of joint?
|
hinge - 1 axis
|
|
|
|
intertarsals are what type of joint?
|
irregular/plane - modified ball and socket - 0/3
|
|
|
|
tarsal metatarsals are what type of joint?
|
irregular/plane 0
|
|
|
|
metatarsal phalangeal is what type of joint?
|
ellipsoid - 2 axes
|
|
|
|
proximal and distal interphalangeal joints are what type?
|
hinge - 1 axis
|
|
|
|
three tarsals to know are?
|
calcaneus
talus navicular |
|
|
|
proper ankle does what?
|
flexion/extension
|
|
|
|
intertarsals (it's) do what?
|
dorsi & plantar flexion, ab & adduction, inversion & eversion
|
|
|
|
tarsalmetatarsals (tmt's) do what?
|
glide
|
|
|
|
metatarsalphalangeal do what?
|
ab & adduction
|
|
|
|
PIP & DIP do what?
|
flexion & extension
|
|
|
|
stability factors of the ankle are?
|
ligaments stretch, but don't contract
no fascia/skin talus slips out easily deltoid ligament holds talus in |
|
|
|
arches of the ankle
|
lateral arch begins at calcaneus, ends at MTP head
distributes weight, shock absorber |
|
|
|
plantar fascia is what?
|
the primary support of the arch
|
|
|
|
spring ligaments do what?
|
have yellow elastic fibers
called plantar calcaneal navicular ligament pulls the arch together ligament allows for small amount of spread and elastic spring back |
|
|
|
what is plantar fascitis?
|
inflammation of plantar fascia on the base of the calcaneus
|
|
|
|
plantar flexors of the ankle?
|
gastrocnemius
soleus plantaris |
|
|
|
what does the gastroc do for the foot?
|
plantar flexor
supplied by the sciatic nerve top of calf |
|
|
|
soleus is what?
|
under the gastrocs
3 heads of attachment only flexes the ankle |
|
|
|
plantaris is what?
|
plantar flexes the ankle
easy to rupture size of a pinkey |
|
|
|
medial malleolus is made up of?
|
tibialis anterior
flexor digitorum longus flexor hallicus longus |
|
|
|
lateral malleolus is made up of?
|
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis |
|
|
|
what is the flexor digitorum longus?
|
splits into 4 tendons
covered by specialized synovial sheaths has a flexor retinaculum acts on distal joints |
|
|
|
Dorsiflexors of the proper ankle?
|
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus extensor hallicus longus |
Tom, Dick, and Harry
|
|
|
Plantar flexors of the proper ankle?
|
gastrocs
soleus plantaris tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus |
|
|
|
intertarsal flexors
|
tibialis anterior
ex. digitorum longus ex. hallicus longus |
Tom, Dick, and Harry
|
|
|
intertarsal extensors
|
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus |
|
|
|
intertarsal everters
|
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis |
|
|
|
intertarsal intervers
|
tibialis anterior & posterior
|
|
|
|
tarsal metatarsal flexors
|
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus extensor hallicus longus |
same as IT's
|
|
|
tarsal metatarsal extensors
|
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus |
same as IT's
|
|
|
tarsal metatarsal everters
|
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis |
same as IT's
|
|
|
tarsal metatarsal inverters
|
tibialis anterior & posterior
|
same as IT's
|
|
|
metatarsal phalangeal flexors
|
flex. digitorum longus
flex. hallicus longus |
|
|
|
metatarsal phalangeal extensors
|
ex. digitorum longus
ex. hallicus longus |
|
|
|
interphalangeal flexion
|
flex. digitorum longus
flex. hallicus longus |
same as MTP's
|
|
|
interphalangeal extension
|
ex. digitorum longus
ex. hallicus longus |
same as MTP's
|
