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279 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Define Kinesiology
the study of human movement
What does KINESIOLOGY blend together?
-physics, math, biomechanics, anatomy, and physiology
What is anatomical position?
-where the feet are forward and slightly together, palms are forward, head is straight

What is fundamental position?
-where the feet are forward and slightly together, palms are facing the body, head is straight
Define superior

-toward the head


-above another body structure

Define inferior

-toward the feet


-below another body structure

Define anterior

-toward the front of the body
Define posterior
-toward the back of the body
Define medial
-closer to the midline of the body or medial structure

Define lateral
-farther away from the midline of the body or structure
Define proximal
-closer to the trunk of the body or point of origin
Define distal
-farther away fro the trunk of the body or point of origin
Define superficial
-closer to the surface
Define deep
-farther away from the surface

Define flexor surface

-anterior surface of the body for upper extremities


-posterior surface of the body for the lower extremities

Define extensor surface

-anterior surface of the body for lower extremities


-posterior surface of the body for the upper extremities

Define palmar surface
-palm of the hand

Define dorsum

-posterior surface of the hand


-superior surface of the foot

Define plantar surface
-inferior surface of the foot
Define interior
-structure inside or internal

Define exterior
-a structure outside or external

Define ipsilateral
-a structure relative to another structure on the same side of the body

Define contralateral
-a structure relative to another location on the opposite side of the body
Define bilateral
-on both sides of the body, both sides of a body part, or has two sides or two parts
What are the planes of the body?

-Sagittal


-Frontal


-Horizontal

What is the sagittal plane?
-an imaginary plane that passes through the body front to back and divides the body into right and left components

What are the two types of sagittal planes?

-midsagittal


-parasagittal

What is midsagittal?

-in the middle of the body

What is parasagittal?
-any right and left division of the body that is not right in the middle
What is the coronal (frontal) plane?
-passes through the body from left to right and divides the body into a front and back component
What is the transverse (horizontal) plane?
-passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into an upper and lower component

What is a cardinal plane?
-the midline of all the planes that divides the body into equal parts
What is the center of gravity?

-where all things are balanced


-where the three cardinal planes intersect at slightly anterior to S2

What in an Axis?

-a point that runs through the center of a joint around which a part rotates

What are the types of axis?

-sagittal


-frontal


-vertical

What is the sagittal axis?
-point that runs through the center of the joint front to back

What is the frontal axis?
-point that runs through the center of the joint from side to side

What is the vertical axis?
-a point that runs through the center of the joint from top to bottom or longitudinally
Define flexion

-bending a joint


-decrease an angle between two parts


-bringing two body surfaces closer together


-occurs in a sagittal plane and a coronal axis

Define extension

-increasing an angle between two parts


-usually returning the body to anatomical position


-occurs in a sagittal plane and a coronal axis

Define hyperextension
-continuation of extension beyond anatomical position
Define abduction

-away from the body


-away from the midline of the body


-occurs in the coronal plane and the sagittal axis

Define adduction

-toward the midline of the body


-occurs in the coronal plane and the sagittal axis

Define lateral flexion

-segment that is moving as part of the midline of the body goes to either side


-lateral bending, side bending, side flexion

Define circumduction

-combination of adduction and abduction and flexion and extension


-the distal extremity makes a big circle and the proximal extremity makes a small circle

Define rotation
-motion of the body segment of the transverse plane

Define medial (internal) rotation

-rotation of the anterior surface of the body part moving toward the midline

Define lateral (external) rotation
-rotation of the anterior surface of the body part moving away from the midline of the body
Define protraction
-movement parallel to the ground and away from the midline
Define retraction
-movement parallel to the ground and toward the midline
Define elevation
-lifting a body part moving superiorly

Define depression
-lifting a body part moving inferiorly

Define supination

-(forearm) palm faces anteriorly


-like holding soup

Define pronation
-(forearm) palm faces posteriorly

Define inversion

-commonly used for supination


-plantar surface of the foot turns inward

Define eversion
-plantar surface of the foot faces outward

Define dorsiflexion
-foot moves superiorly at the ankle joint

Define plantarflexion
-foot moves inferiorly at the ankle joint
Define radial deviation

-occurs at the wrist


-hand moves toward the thumb side

Define ulnar deviation

-occurs at the wrist


-hand moves toward the pinky side

Define horizontal adduction
-shoulder is flexed at 90 degrees and the shoulder moves away from the midline
Define mechanics

-branch of physics that deals with the study of forces and the motion that is produced by their actions


-the motion of material objects

Define Mass

-the amount of matter in an object


-weight of an object

Define gravity
-the attraction of the mass of the earth for the mass of other objects
Define friction

-its the resistance to relative motion


-can be optimal, excessive, or inadequate


-potentially exists anytime you have two objects in contact with one another

Define force

-a push or pull that one object exerts on another object


-an action or influence that moves or attempts to move an object


-has both magnitude and direction

What are the types of motions that occur in the human body?

-linear


-rectilinear


-curvilinear


-rotary

Define linear motion

-translatory motion


-motion occurs in a straight line from one location to another


-all parts move in the same direction, same distance, and moves at the same time


-two types: rectilinear and curvilinear

Define rectilinear motion
-motion truly occurring in a straight line
Define curvilinear motion
-movement takes place along a curved path
Define rotary motion

-something rotating


-movement of an object about a fixed point


-all parts move in through the same angle, at the same time and in the same direction but they don't all move the same distance

Define linear force

-results when two or more forces are acting along the same line

Define Parallel force

-occurs in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction but has a counter force going in the opposite direction


-ex: brace, see-saw

Define concurrent forces
-occur when two or more forces act from a common point but pull in different directions
Define resultant force

-somewhere in between the two concurrent forces, drawn as an arrowed line in a parallelogram


-the net effect of those two other forces

Define force couple

-two forces act in an equal but opposite direction resulting in a turning effect


-ex: opening a jar

Define torque

-the ability of force to produce rotation around an axis


-ex: wrench to tighten bolt

What are the factors that impact a stable equilibrium?

-the lower the center of gravity the more stable


-COG needs to be over the center of the object to remain stable


-stability increases as the base of support widens


-the greater the mass of an object the greater the stability


-the greater the friction b/w the supporting surface and the base of support the more stable


-focus on a stable object when moving

What are Newtons three laws of motion?

-The law of inertia


-the law of acceleration


-the law of action-reaction

What is the law of inertia?
-an object at rest tends to stay at rest, an object in motion tends to stay in motion, until an outside force acts on it
What is the law of acceleration?

-the amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to an object


-acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of an object

What is the law of action-reaction?

-anytime an object applies a force to another object there is an equal and opposite force back on the original object


-for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

What are the two types of forces that will cause the body to move or stop moving?

-internal forces


-external forces

What are internal forces?
-muscle contractions, ligamentous restraint, bony restraint
What are external forces?
-gravity, externally applied resistance in the form of weights, friction
Define intertia
-a property of matter that causes it to resist any changes of its motion in either speed or direction
What is compressive stress?

-pressure


-occurs when two externally applied forces are equal and they act in a line toward each other in opposite sides of each other

What is tensile stress?

-stretching


-occurs when two externally applied forces are equal and act along the same line and in opposite directions

Define biomechanics

-mechanical principals that relate directly to the human body, a living system


-two sections: static and dynamic

What are the two sections in the dynamic category of biomechanics?

-kinetics


-kinematics

Define kinetics

-branch of biomechanics (dynamic)


-forces causing movements

Define kinematics

-branch of biomechanics (dynamic)


-deal with aspects of time, space, and mass


-divided into two sections: osteokinematics and arthrokinematics

Define osteokinematics

-bone


-deals with how the bones move in space without regard to joint surfaces

Define arthrokinematics

-joints


-joint surface move in relationship to one another


-deals with the manner in which adjoining bones move in the joint (same direction or opposite direction)

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

-gives support and shape to the body


-protects vital organs such as the brain and heart


-assists in movement by providing a ridged structure for muscle attachment and leverage


-manufactures blood cells in various locations


-bones store mineral salts, to maintain the rigidity of the bones

What is the axial skeleton?

-more towards the center of the body


-head, thorax, and trunk


-80 bones in all

What is the appendicular skeleton?

-extremities


-arms and legs


-126 bones in all

What are the various tissue types in bone?

-fibrous tissue


-cartilaginous tissue


-osseous tissue


-nervous system tissue


-vascular tissue

What is fibrous tissue?
-connective tissue, mainly of fibers
What is cartilaginous tissue?

-cartilage, dense, strong connective tissue


-cells are embedded in a matrix

What is osseous tissue?

-true bone tissue


-connective tissue impregnated with phosphate and carbonate of calcium

How much of organic living material and inorganic material does bone have?

-1/3 organic living material


-2/3 inorganic material

What is compact bone?

-forms dense hard outer shell of all bones


-thicker along shaft of bone and thinner at the ends

What is cancellous bone?

-spongy bone


-more towards the end of long bones, not as strong or think


-honeycomb spaces filled with bone marrow


-composed of thin plates that meet other plates at various angles called trabeculae

What is the epiphysis?

-end of long bone


-osseous tissue


-made of cartilage in younger people

What is the epiphyseal plate/line?
-cartilage turned into bone and fused with the bone
What is the diaphysis?

-long shaft of bone


-primarily of compact bone


-medullary canal contains bone marrow

What is the endosteum?
-membrane lining the medullary canal
What is the metaphysis?

-area at the end of the diaphysis where the bone flares and between the epiphysis


-primarily cancellous bone tissue

What is the periosteum?
-membrane on outside of the bone, provides nutrition and area of attachment
What is articular cartilage?

-hyaline cartilage


-any place where there would be an articulation with another bone


-a joint

What are the types of bones?

-long bones


-short bones


-flat bones


-irregular bones


-sesamoid bones

What are long bones?

-longer than it is wide


-EX: clavicle, humerus, phalanges, femur, tibia

What are short bones?

-has more equal dimensions, has more a cuboidal shape


-tends to have more of an articular surface, generally articulate with 2 or more bones, has narrow cavity in the middle


-EX: carpals, tarsals

What are flat bones?

-have a relatively broad surface, not necessarily thick


-tend to have a curve surface than being flat


-EX: scapula, hip

What are irregular bones?

-have a variety of shapes


-EX: vertebrae, mandible, coccyx

What are sesamoid bones?

-encased in a tendon, resembles shape of seed


-EX: patella, bone in thumb and foot

Define joint

-an articulation


-a union between one bone and another

What is the function of a joint?

-provide an ability to move


-motion and stability

What are the types of joints?

-fibrous joint


-cartilaginous joint


-synovial joints

What is a fibrous joint?

-thin layer of fibrous periosteum between two bones


-ends of bones are shaped to interlock with each other


-synarthrodial joint=very little movement


-purpose= strength and stability

What is an example of a fibrous joint?
-sutures of the head
What is a cartilaginous joint?

-has hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, or elastic cartilage between bones


-amphiarthrodial joint=small amount of movement provide a great deal of stability

What is an example of a cartilaginous joint that has hyaline cartilage?
-1st sternocostal joint
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint that has fibrocartilage?
-intervertebral discs
What is an example of a cartilaginous joint that has elastic cartilage?
-pubic symphysis
What is a synovial joint?

-there is no direct union between the bone ends, there is a space/cavity there


-not connected by cartilage or fibrous tissue, there is a lot more movement allowed there


-sleeve like capsule around the joint, inside the synovial tissue that secretes synovial fluid which baths the bones


-diarthrodial joint=allows for free movement

Describe hyaline cartilage

-articular cartilage, covers the ends of long bones, in synovial joints


-relatively void of nerve or blood supply

Describe fibrocartilage
-acts as shock absorber, intervertebral dis or menisci in knee or labrum in shoulder
Describe elastic cartilage

-designed to allow for a certain type of motion


-larynx and pubic symphysis

What are the types of synovial joints?

-plane


-hinge


-pivot


-condyloid


-saddle


-ball and socket

Describe a plane joint

-nonaxial joints


-two articulating surfaces that are almost flat and allow for a gliding movement only


-linear movement, a motion that occurs secondary to another movement


-ex: intercarpals

Describe a hinge joint

-uniaxial, flexion and extension


-EX: knee and elbow

Describe a pivot joint

-uniaxial


-one bone rotates within a fibro-osseous ring


-EX: C1 moving on C2, radius and ulna

Describe a condyloid joint

-modified ball and socket


-biaxial


-flexion/extension and adduction/abduction


-strong capsular joint that prevents rotation


-EX: MCP joints

Describe a saddle joint

-sellar joint


-biaxial joint allows for flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation


-both joint surfaces are concave


-EX: thumb

Describe a ball and socket joint

-triaxial joint allows for flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and rotation


-on articular surface is convex the other concave


-has three degrees of movement


-EX: shoulder and hip

Define arthokinematics
-looking at the shape of joint surfaces and the movements of joints directed by the shape of those surfaces
Describe the concave-convex law

-a convex joint surface moves in the opposite direction of the joint movement


-a concave joint surface moves in the same direction of the joint movement

What are the three ways a joint surface can move?

-glide


-roll


-spin

Describe what a glide is
-linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining surface
Describe what a roll is
-rotation of joint surface about a moving mechanical axis
Describe what a spin is
-rotation of joint surface about a fixed mechanical axis
Define joint play/accessory movement
- capsule elasticity that allows movement of the joint surface but not under volitional control but is absolutely necessary for normal voluntary movement
Define joint traction
-when the joint surfaces are pulled apart
Define joint approximation
-when the joint surfaces are pushed together
Define end feel
-a subjective assessment of the quality of the feel when a slight overpressure is applied at the end of the available range
What are the types of normal end feel?

-bony end feel


-capsular end feel


-soft tissue approximation

Describe bony end feel

-characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to joint movement


-EX: elbow

Describe capsular end feel

-firm limitation of motion with a slight give


-EX: shoulder

Describe soft tissue approximation
-muscle bulk prevents further movement
What are the three types of muscle tissue in the human body?

-skeletal


-smooth


-cardiac

Describe what a sarcolemma is
-outer covering of a muscle fiber
Describe what myofibrils are

-elongated thread like structures


-makes up muscle fiber


-made up of two filaments

What are the two filaments that make up a myofibril?

-actin- thin protein


-myosin- thick protein

What is the A-BAND?
-where both filaments overlap each other
What is the I-BAND?

-where only the thin filament is


-ACTIN filament

What is the H-BAND?

-where only the thick filament is


-MYOSIN filament

What is the Z-LINE?
-separate sarcomeres
What is the epimysium?
-connective tissue covering that surrounds the entire muscle
What is a fasciculi?
-longitudinal bundles of muscle fibers
Describe a cross-bridge
-where actin and myosin connect/join together. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium causing the cross bridge to pull together, shortening the sarcomere.
What is the origin of a muscle?

-attachment of a muscle to a more stationary bone


-tends to be proximal

What is the insertion of a muscle?

-attachment of a muscle to a more moveable bone


-tends to be distal

What is the reversal of muscle action?
-when a typical origin is actually moving and the typical insertion is actually stationary
What do muscle names tell us about the muscle?

-about its location


-about its shape


-about its action


-number of heads/divisions


-about its origins and insertions/attachments


-direction of fibers


-the size

Describe parallel muscle fiber arrangement

-fibers run parallel the muscle tends to be longer


-greater potential for range of motion

Describe oblique muscle fiber arrangement

-fibers run oblique the muscle tends to be smaller, shorter


-built for strength rather than range of motion

Define irritability
-ability of muscle to respond to a stimulus
Define contractility
-ability to shorten or contract
Define extensibility
-ability to stretch or lengthen
Define elasticity
-ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when a stretching force is removed
Define tension

-force that is built up within a muscle that is necessary for a muscle to contract or recoil


-muscle tension builds up when the muscle is stretched and is released when the muscle shortens

Define tone
-slight tension that is present in a normal muscle at all times
How much is a muscle capable of shortening?
-1/2 its original length
How much is a muscle capable of lengthening?
-1/2 times its normal resting length
Define prime mover (agonist)
-muscle that is carrying out an action
Define antagonist
-a muscle that has an action that is opposite the agonist
Define synergist

-muscle that contracts at the same time as the prime mover


-works together with prime mover

Define active insufficiency
-when a muscle reaches a point where it cannot shorten any more
Define passive insufficiency
-when a muscle has lengthened as much as it can and cannot lengthen any more without damage to the fibers
Define isometric contraction

-same length


-muscle is contracting, generates force but has no angular movement

Define isotonic contraction

-muscle contracts or lengthens


-muscle gets longer or shorter, does have angular movement

Define concentric muscle contraction

-muscle shortens


- either contracting against gravity or some kind of resistance

Define eccentric muscle contraction

-muscle lengthens (longer)


-gravity is assisting in that movement and person has to control that movement

Define isokinetic muscle contraction

-can only be done if done with an isokinetic machine


-resistance to the body varies but the speed or velocity remains the same

What is a closed kinetic chain?

-the distal segment is closed or fixed and the proximal segment is moving or open


-helps more with stability

What is an open kinetic chain?

-the distal segment is open or moving and the proximal segment is closed or stationary


-helps more with control, movement, strengthening

Define force couple
-when two forces act in opposite directions and rotates
What are the components of a lever system?

-lever


-fulcrum


-force/effort


-resistance

Define lever

-ridged bar that can rotate about a fixed point when a force is applied to it that can overcome some kind of resistance


-ex: bones

Define fulcrum

-axis


-fixed point about which a lever rotates, causes the lever to move


-ex: joint

Define force/effort in a lever

-causes the lever to move


-ex: muscles

Define resistance in a lever

-what we need to overcome in order to move


-ex: weight of body part or external resistance applied

Describe a first class lever

-axis is located between the force and the resistance


-designed to show balance


-ex: see-saw, head sitting on the first cervical vertebrae

Describe a second class lever

-resistance lies between the axis and the force


-designed for power


-ex: wheel barrel, no true lever in the body

Describe a third class lever

-force lies between the axis and the resistance


-designed for range of motion


-ex: axis is joint, resistance is gravity, force is the muscle

What is an example of a force couple in the body?
-the scapula moving
What is a closed-packed position?

-the joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other


-the ligaments and capsule hold the joint together are taut


-congruent

What is an open-packed position?

-position of maximum incongruence


-resting position


-parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax

Define palpation
-examining the surface of the body by touching the body
Why would you use palpation?

-helps assess bony and soft tissue structure and temperature


-tell if there is swelling/edema


-find bony landmarks


-find soft tissue


-see if there is pain


-find muscle spasm

What techniques are employed to increase effectiveness of palpation?

-keep patient comfortable and relaxed and warm while exposing the area that will palpated


-tell them what you are going to do


-always ask permission


-use the pads of your fingers


-use a firm but sensitive touch, listen to fingertips


-remember body mechanics to protect you


-raise and lower treatment table

Define goniometry

-measurement of angles created at joints by the bones of the body


-measures the motion that occurs

What are the parts of a goniometer?

-Proximal arm/stationary arm


-Distal arm/ moveable arm


-body/axis

Why do you perform goniometry?

-document progress or lack thereof


-document where patient started


-aids in modifying intervention


-helps establish diagnosis


-helps assess active and passive range of motion


-motivates patient

Define range of motion

-arch of motion that occurs in a joint or series of joints


-measured in degrees 0-180


-starting position is always anatomical position

Define active ROM
-arch of motion achieved by a subject during unassisted, voluntary joint motion
What does active range of motion tell you?

-patients willingness to move


-tells about coordination


-tells about muscle strength


-tells about joint range of motion

Define passive range of motion
-arch of motion achieved by an examiner without assistance by the subject
What does passive range of motion tell you?

-tells about integrity of the articular surfaces


-tells about the joint capsule and the associated ligaments and muscles

Define hypomobility
-a decrease in passive range of motion substantially less than normal values for that joint given the subjects gender and age
Define hypermobility
-an increase in passive range of motion that substantially exceeds normal values for that joint given the subjects gender and age
Define capsular pattern
-a pathological condition that involved the entire joint capsule, we then see a specific pattern of limited passive range of motion in some or all of the movements available in that joint
Define noncapsular pattern
-only see one or two motions that are being restricted
What factors affect range of motion?

-previous injury


-pain


-flexibility


-strength


-age and gender


-disease


-medications


-temperature


-body mass index

What is the process of positioning a patient for goniometric measurement?

-want to position patient so the joint is in 0 position and may need to stabilize the proximal joint segment


-might need to give instructions


-show and tell about what to do

What is the process of aligning a goniometer against a joint for the purpose of measurement?

-align arms with proximal and distal segments of the joint being measured


-body aligned with the axis of the joint


-use bony landmarks


-body part must be exposed


-proximal/stationary arm is aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the proximal segment


-distal/moveable arm is aligned parallel to the longitudinal axis of the segment distal to the joint being measured

What are the essential components to be included in recording of joint ROM?

-patients name


-date and time


-examiners name


-side of the body


-which joint is being measured


-the motion being measured


-active or passive or active assisted range of motion


-range of motion including the number at the beginning and the end

Define validity
-the degree to which an instrument measures what it is supposed to measure
Define reliability

-the amount of consistency between successive measurements of the same variable under the same conditions.


-there can be 5 degrees of differences between measurements if there is more than one examiner

Describe the break test
-have person move through complete range or the examiner places the limb somewhere in the range, usually against gravity, told to hold it there and manual resistance is applied to the limb at the distal end
Describe the grading system for manual muscle testing

-5 is normal; patient completes the full range of motion against gravity and they hold that position against maximum resistance


-4 is good; the patient completes the full range of motion against gravity and they hold that position against moderate resistance but they break with maximum resistance


-3+; patient has completed the full range of motion and can hold the position against mild resistance


-3 is fair; patient completes the full range of motion against gravity but they cannot hold that against any resistance


-3-; patient can complete more than 1/2 of the range against gravity but not the full range; anything less than full range against gravity


-2+; patient can complete less than 1/2 of the range against gravity


-2 is fair; patient can complete a full range of motion in a gravity eliminated position


-2-; patient can complete part of the range in a gravity eliminated position but cannot complete the full range


-1 is trace; cannot see any joint movement at all but palpate the muscle contractility activity


-0 is zero; do not see or palpate any contractile activity/movement in the muscle


Define nervous system
-highly complex system that controls, stimulates, and coordinates all other body systems
Describe the axon
-can be short or long (1ml to 20in ) Fiber that takes the nerve impulses away from the cell body
Describe the dendrites
-picks up information from another cell, receive impulses from other cells and bring them to the cell
Describe the axon cylinder
-surrounded by myelin seethe
Describe myelin
-increase speed of electrical impulses
Describe neurilemma
-covers myelin
Define efferent

-CNS away


-travels distally to an organ, gland or muscle

Define afferent
-conduct impulses from a point distal to the CNS, going to the CNS, from the skin and muscle
Define tract
-a group of myelinated nerve fibers within the CNS that carry a specific type of information from one area to another
Describe the frontal lobe

-anterior portion


-deals with personality, motor movement and speech

Describe the occipital lobe

-back portion


-deals with vision and recognizing sizes, shapes and color

Describe the parietal lobe

-between the frontal and the occipital lobes


-deals with gross sensations (touch and pressure), determination of texture, determination of weight, size, shape and reading skills

Describe the temporal lobe

-under the parietal lobe on sides


-deals with hearing, language reception and understanding, behavior, judgement and consequences

Describe the thalamus

-lies deep between cerebral hemispheres


-relay station for sensations

Describe the brain stem

-important with respect to automatic control centers (breathing, blood pressure)


-passageway from the brain to the rest of the body

Describe the cerebellum

-sits in posterior aspect


-important with respect to muscle function, coordination, muscle tone and posture

Describe the spinal cord

-runs from the skull (foramen magnum) and traverses down the spine


-goes to the conus medullaris at the location of L2


-collection of nerve roots (L2-S5) called the cauda equine


-17 inches in length

Describe gray matter

-shape of H in the middle of the spinal cord


-posterior/dorsal horn: sensory/afferent impulses back to the brain


-ventral horn: motor/efferent impulses away from the brain

Describe white matter
-surrounds gray matter
How many cranial nerves are there?

-12 pairs


-sensory


-motor


-or both


-all origins in brain

How many spinal nerves are there?

-31 pairs


-8 cervical nerves


-12 thoracic nerves


-5 lumbar nerves


-5 sacral nerves


-1 coccygeal

Describe the thoracic nerves

-12 pairs


-except for T1 (part of the brachial plexus) don't combine with other nerves and very segmental in their relationship with other nerves


-anterior rami becomes the intercostal nerves, provides sensory and motor to the trunk

Describe the cervical plexus

-made up of anterior primary rami of the first four cervical nerves C1-C4


-innervate the neck muscles

Define dermatomes
-area on skin that is supplied with sensory fibers of a specific spinal nerve

Describe the brachial plexus


Anterior rami of c5-c8 and t1.


Innervates muscles of the upper limb.


Includes the axillary nerve, muscolocutaneous nerve, radial neeve, median nerve, and the ulnar nerve

Describe the axillary nerve

Comprised of c5 and c6


Innervates muscles in the shoulder

Describe the muscolocutaneous nerve

C5 and c6


Innervates muscles in the anterior upper arm and forearm

Describe the radial nerve

Comprised of c6,c7,c8,t1


Innervates muscles in the posterior upper arm and forearm

Describe the median nerve

C6,c7,c8,t1


Innervates anterior forearm and thumb

Describe the ulnar nerve

C8 and t1


Innervates structures in the forearm

Describe the lumbosacral plexus

Anterior rami of l1-s3


Innervates muscles in the lower extremity


Includes femoral nerve, obturator nerve, sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, and the common peroneal nerve

Describe the femoral nerve

Comprised of l2, l3, LA


Innervates the anterior thigh

Describe the obturator nerve

Comprised of l2,l3,L4


Innervates muscles in the medial aspect of thigh

Describe the sciatic nerve

Comprised of l4,l5,s1,s2, and s3


Innervates the posterior thigh

Describe the tibial nerve

Comprised of l4,l5,s1,s2,s3


Innervates the posterior lateral aspect of the lower leg

Describe the common peroneal nerve

Comprised of l4,l5,s1,s2


Innervates muscles of the anterior and medial aspect of the lower leg

Define proprioceptor

Special receptors that are sensitive to stretch, tension, and pressure. Rapidly relay information about muscles, joints, and movements of a body part. Can be conscious or unconscious

Define muscle spindle

Provide sensory information about the change in muscle fiber length and the tension in the muscle fibers. Cause the body to respond to any stretch of a muscle, can be a reflex response.


Lie parallel to the muscle fibers

Define Golgi tendon organ

Specialized sensory receptors found at Junction where the muscle joins the tendon.


Detects differences in muscle tension that is generated by active muscle activity rather than length

List the cranial nerves in order

Olfactory


Optic


Oculomotor


Trochlear


Trigeminal


Abducens


Facial


Vestibulocochlear


Glossopharyngeal


Vagus


Spinal accessory


Hypoglossal

Define foramen

Hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

Define fossa

Hollow or depression

Define groove

Ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessels

Define meatus

Canal or tubelike opening in a bone

Define sinus

Air filled cavity within a bone

Define condyle

Rounder knucklelike projection

Define eminence

Projecting, prominent part of bone

Define facet

Flat or shallow articular surface

Define head

Rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of bone

Define crest

Sharp Ridge or boder

Define epicondlye

Prominence above or on a condyle

Define line

Less prominent ridge

Define spine

Long, thin projection

Define tubercle

Small, rounded projection

Define tuberosity

Large, rounded projection

Define trochanter

Very large prominence for muscle attachment