Kines 321

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Scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise contexts and the practical application of that knowledge

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Sport & Exercise Psychology

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Outgoing, good communication skills

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Extrovert

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Shy, not good communication skills

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Introvert

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Practiced or learned

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Skill

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Genetic, just comes to you

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Talent

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Psychosocial determinants of exercise behavior

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attitude, social support, perceived control

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Negative Behaviors

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Exercise dependence, eating pathology, body image

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Concerned with the psychological factors influencing sport/exercise participation and the psychological effects derived from actual participation

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Sport/Exercise Psychology Specialists

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3 areas of emphasis of psychology specialists

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Teaching, Research, and Consulting

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ESS background (e.g PhD in Kinesiology) - qualified for performance enhancement

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Educational S/E Psychology

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licensed (e.g PhD in Clinical Psychology) - trained to deal with severe emotional cognitive & behavioral disorders

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Clinical S/E Psychologists

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Straight line - performance will improve over time

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Learning line

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Ups & Downs - Normal way of development

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Learning Curve

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Proposed 3 stage acquisition

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Fitts (1958)

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3 Stages of Acquisition

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Acquisition stage, Association Stage, Automatic Stage

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Associate what you have in your mind and reality

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Association stage

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Don't think about what you do - effortless performance - perform without any mental thinking

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Automatic Stage

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Difference between your intention & the way you perform

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Delta Error

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To achieve understanding of "Performance errors" - execution error - biomechanical constraints - physiological efficiency

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Fundamental Principle 1

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Mental errors, planning errors, cognitive error, visualiztion error, attention error, multiple concern (multiple task, multiple focus error)

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Fundamental Principle 2

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To achieve understanding of "Learning Curve" - Stages of Learning

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Fundamental Principle 3

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Consider the amount of information : how much is too much - memory storage and information processing pathways - perceptual trace and conflict of resources - posture and math tasks - cognitive to cognitive dual tasks

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Effective Communication Principle 1

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Information content: appropriate to the performers' skill level - notice versus experts athletes - stages of practice and mental fatigue - competition vs practice - gender specificity

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Effective Communication Principle 2

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Consider to use non-verbal types of information - Body language, gesture signs, imitations - Films and videos - Pictures

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Effective Communication Principle 3

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How fast we speak or how slow

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Behavioral Anxiety

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How long your memory is on - can all change when your anxious - short term memory loss - focus attention & concentration - cannot pay much attention or focus - you have to make correction in your mind before its done physically

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Cognitive Anxiety

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Psychologist from Indiana University - wanted to understand why cyclists sometimes rode faster in groups versus alone - in 1897 he conducted first sport psychology experiment on cyclists' performance

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Norman Triplett

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Father of American Sport Psychology - U. Illinois psychologist in PE and athletics - initiated one of the first coaching schools in US - 1925 first sport psychology program

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Coleman Griffith

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U. Cal. Berkeley - 1st to study psych aspects of sport/motor skill - 1938, established psychology of physical activity graduate program

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Franklin Henry

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San Jose State University - considered "Father of APPLIED sport psychology"

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Bruce Ogilvie

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Trying to rush and go fast leads to more errors - Tradeoff would make you find the balance

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Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff

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Less performance is no good - you need a little bit of stress

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Tension

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Fat, Thick personality type - Happy, outgoing

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Viscerotonic

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Muscular, Mesomorphic personality type - Assertive, Risk-taking, bold

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Somatotonic

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Thin, Wiry, Ectomorphic personality type - Studious, tense, introverted

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Cerebrotonic

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Sum of characteristics - or blend of characteristics - making a person unique.

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Personality

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Assumes that traits are stable or consistent across variety of situations

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Trait Approach

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5 key dimensions in trait approach

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neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness

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Argues behavior is determined by situation/environment

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Situation Approach

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Observational learning and reinforcement/feedback

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Social Learning Theory

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Considers person and situation as co-determinants of behavior

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Interactional Approach

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Focuses on person's understanding and interpretation of him/herself and the environment

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Phenomenological Approach

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Adequate aptitude or ability in one direction, above the normal average

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Talent

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Simulates area on spinal cortex & tries to send stimulation to the muscle

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TIVIS