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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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percentile rank |
*is the percent of scores that are lower or equal to the specified score *86 indicates that 86% of the other people who performed the test scored either the same or worse |
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nominal |
*used for identification *cannot be used to rank *cannot be used mathematically *ex: hispanic 1, caucasian 2, asian 3 |
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ordinal |
*show the order of values *numerical position (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th) *cannot be used mathematicall |
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interval |
*units od measure are separated by equal intervals *zero does not reflect the true absence of the construct measured *SAT *IQ |
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ratio |
*carries the most information and are considered superior to all other types of numbers because they provide the most information *perform most mathematical operations *time, money, length, weight, %body fat |
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standard deviation |
*measures the variability of a score *allows us to calculate the percentage of scores that are distributed at different intervals on a normal curve |
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p value |
*estimates the percent change of finding a difference of this magnitude by luck alone *P=0.05 is commonly used *5 out of 100 times |
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pearson correlation |
*measures association between two continuous variables *measured using "r value" |
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spearman rank correlation |
*measures the association between ranked variables *measured using "rho" |
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descriptive statistics |
*numbers that are used to describe and summarize data *SD, mode, median, mean, frequency |
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inferential statistics |
*try to infer from sample data what the population might think or do *comparing groups, correlations, linear regression, determining casual factors, and making predictions |
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objective measurement |
a measurement that remains consistent and independent of the evaluator |
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subjective measurement |
a measurement that varies depending on the evaluator |
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null hypothesis |
no relationship |
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alternative hypothesis |
some relationship |
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paired sample t test |
pre test vs post test |
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independent t test |
compares means between two groups |
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content validity |
degree to which an instrument appears to measure what it claims to measure |
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ecological validity |
methods, materials, and setting of the study must approximate the real world that is being examined |
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external validity |
the ability of a study's results to be generalized to other situations and groups |
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internal validity |
*reflects the extent to which a casual conclusion based on a study *minimizes bias *threats to internal validity -confounding -selection bias -maturation -testing effects -regression toward the mean |
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factors of reliability |
*the validity of the score *the repetition of the measurement *the stability of the measured characteristic |
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what impacts reliability |
*internal reliability -structure of the scale *test retest -fatigue -time between measurements -environmental conditions *inter rater reliability -objectivity |
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test retest reliability |
*administer a test to our participant *allow participant to fully recover *administer the test again (assuming no learning has taken place and no changes on construct being measured) |
