Kin 3305 - Chapter 2 Exam Study Guide

Front 1

Law of conservation of energy

Back 1

- energy can neither be created nor destroyed

- energy can only be moved or changed from one form to another

Front 2

Types of energy

Back 2

- kinetic

- potential

- heat

- chemical

Front 3

Kinetic energy

Back 3

Energy needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from rest to a specified velocity

Front 4

Potential energy

Back 4

Energy that is stored within an object, not in motion but capable of becoming active

Front 5

Heat energy

Back 5

Amount of energy that has to be transferred to or from one unit of mass (kilogram) or amount of substance (mole) to change the system temperature by one degree

Front 6

Chemical energy

Back 6

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds (atoms and molecules)

Front 7

Energy

Back 7

How much potential a physical system has to generate change within another system

Front 8

ATP

Back 8

Adenosine Triphosphate

Front 9

Carbohydrates

Back 9

- Rapid, readily available source of energy

- 3 forms

Front 10

Forms of carbs

Back 10

- monosaccharides

- disaccharides

- polysaccharides

Front 11

Monosaccharides

Back 11

Glucose, fructose, galactose

Front 12

Disaccharides

Back 12

Maltose, sucrose

Front 13

Polysaccharides

Back 13

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Front 14

Glucose

Back 14

- only form of carb that can be directly metabolized to obtain energy

- storage unit for energy (stored in liver or muscle tissues as glycogen)

tissues as glycogen)

Front 15

Fructose & Galactose

Back 15

Fructose (fruit sugar)

Galactose (milk sugar)

- Monosaccharides

- must be absorbed in the GI tract and converted to glucose by the liver then can be utilized for energy.

Front 16

Disaccharides

Back 16

- maltose

- sucrose

Front 17

Glucose + Glucose =

Back 17

Maltose + H2O

Front 18

Glucose + Fructose =

Back 18

Sucrose + H2O

Front 19

Polysaccharides

Back 19

- 3 - 100 monosaccharides chemically bonded together

- starch

- cellulose

Front 20

Starch

Back 20

- polysaccharide

- digestible, absorbed and store as glycogen

- found in bread/grains

Front 21

Cellulose

Back 21

- polysaccharide

- Indigestible fiber

Front 22

Glycogen

Back 22

- Polysaccharide form of glucose

- Storage form of glucose in animals- 90% is in liver- also in cardiac and skeletal muscle- not found in plants

Front 23

Glycogenolysis

Back 23

- breaking down glycogen

- catabolic pathway (releases energy)

- predominates during fasting

Front 24

Glycogenesis

Back 24

- forming of glycogen

- anabolic pathway (consumes energy)

- predominates after eating

- activated when glucose levels are elevated

- hormonally controlled by insulin

Front 25

Fats

Back 25

- can be mobilized for energy

- found in both plant & animal food sources

Front 26

Important types of fats for metabolism

Back 26

Triglycerides and Fatty Acids

Front 27

Fatty acids

Back 27

- even number of 4 to 24 carbon atoms

- saturation status is determined by the hydrogen atom content and number of double bonds

Front 28

Essential fatty acids can only be obtained through

Back 28

- food

- Essential fatty acids are a necessary part of bioenergetics

Front 29

Unsaturated fatty acids

Back 29

- at least one double bonded carbon

- oleic and linoleic acids

- found in most vegetable oils and Fatty fish

- "good" fat/ positive health benefits

Front 30

Monounsaturated fats

Back 30

- only one double bonded carbon

Front 31

Polyunsaturated fats

Back 31

More than one double bonded carbon

Front 32

Saturated Fats

Back 32

- carbon atoms linked only by single bonds; as a result carbon is "saturated" by hydrogen

- found in most animal fat

- should be consumed at moderate levels to maintain health

- steric acid

Front 33

Trans Fats

Back 33

- unsaturated fats which have been artificially saturated with hydrogen to extend their shelf life

- "fake fats"

- their chemical shape is most like saturated fats

- found in high levels in processed foods (fried foods)

- linked to high cholesterol levels so shoukd be avoided

Front 34

Triglycerides

Back 34

- cellular storage form of metabolized fats from foods

• 90% fat cells

• 10% other tissues

- three (tri-) fatty acids + glycerol molecule

Front 35

Lypolysis

Back 35

- breaking down of triglycerides when the body needs energy

needs energy

Front 36

Which enzyme activates lypolysis?

Back 36

- hormone sensitive lipase

Front 37

Which hormones stimulate lypolysis?

Back 37

- Catecholamines

- growth hormones

Front 38

Amino acids

Back 38

- Carbon based molecules with

• carboxyl side group

• amino side group

• unique side chain

- 20 total AA

Front 39

How many Essential Amino Acids are there?

Back 39

Nine - must be ingested from food

Front 40

How many nonessential amino acids are there?

Back 40

Eleven - can be produced by the body

Front 41

Name the essential amino acids

Back 41

Histidine

Lysine

Threonine

Isoleucine

Methionine

Tryptophan

Leucine

Phenylalanine

Valine

Front 42

What are Enzymes made of?

Back 42

- specialized proteins and may require co-factors

Front 43

What are the functions of enzymes?

Back 43

- lower activation energy for most metabolic reactions = catalysts

- decrease energy consumption in anabolic reactions

- increases energy yield in catabolic reactions

- regulate rate of metabolic reactions

Front 44

ATP

Back 44

- adenosine Triphosphate

- energy is stored within its chemical bonds

- human energy currency

- produced by the breakdown of consumed food sources

Front 45

Hydrolysis of ATP ________

Back 45

Releases free energy

This constantly occurs in our bodies

Front 46

Endergonic

Back 46

- anabolic reaction

- Forming ATP requires energy

Front 47

Exergonic

Back 47

- breakdown of ATP releases energy

Front 48

Concentration changes in _____ directly change pH.

Back 48

Hydrogen

Front 49

Normal blood glucose

Back 49

70 - 120 mg/dL