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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the urinary system is made up to two___, two___, the ____ _____ and the ____ |
kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra |
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the kidneys are located in the ____ cavity |
retroperitineal |
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during embryological development, 3 pairs of kidneys are formed at successive intervals: the ____, the ____ and the ____ and ____ ducts |
pronephros mesonephros metanephros paramesone ____aphric |
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in the male, the ____ duct persists and develops into the male_____, the ________ ______, and teh ejaculatory duct.In females the mesonephric duct develops into the _______ duct, which develops into the ___ and _____ |
mesonephric epididymis ductus deferens paramesonephric uretus vagina |
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at the renal hilus the renal _____ and renal ___. ____ nerves and the _____ enter or exit the kidney |
artery vein lymphatic ureter |
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the kidney is surrounded by 3 layers of supportive tissues: the innermost fibrous ___ ____, which protects against ____ and ____: the middle layer, called the ____capsule, and the outermost layer, called _____ fascia |
renal capsule
trauma infection adipose greota's |
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the right kidney is ____ lower than the left due to the presence of the _____. the length of the kidneys should be within ____ cm of each other |
2-8 cm liver 2 cm |
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the renal ____ extends from the renal capsule to the bases of the renal _____ and the spaces between them. the renal or _____pyramids are visualized songraphically as hypoechoic, triangular structures deep in the cortex |
cortex pyramids medullary |
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in a normal adult, the renal cortex is ____ or ____ to the liver parenchyma. in neonates the renal cortex is ____ or ______ to the liver parenchyma. the cortex in an adult should measure greater than ___ in thickness over the pyramids. |
isoechoic hypoechoic isoechoic hyperechoic 1 cm |
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the main function of the kidneys is to remove ___ from the ____ and regulate the ____ and ____ content of the blood. |
wastes blood fluid electrolyte |
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a urine specimen or urinalysis can be used to detect the presence of ____, _____, and ____, which could indicate _____ or ______. |
rbc wbc bacteria infection tumor |
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bilateral renal agenesis is not compatible with ____ and can be detected in utero by the absence of a _________ and _______or decreased amniotic fluid |
life bladder oligohyramnios |
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in the case of ureteral duplication, the upper pole ureter typically enters in the bladder below the trigone and my be obstructed leading to _____ ______ |
ectopic ureterocele |
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complex cysts include ______ cysts, _____ cysts, and ____ or ______ cysts. |
hemorrahagic infection septated multilocular |
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milk of calcium may be found in a ____ or calyceal ______ and often forms after _______ or _______ |
cyst diverticulum inflammation obstruction |
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tuberous sclerosis is a multisystemic disorder associated with bilateral renal ______ and renal____. |
angiomyolipomas cysts |
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von hippel-lindau disease is an inherited disorder that can present with multiple renal ___. the cysts can contain neoplastic elements that may evolve into ________. |
cysts renal cell carcinoma |
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the most common benign kidney tumor is the ____ and is thought to be the benign counterpart of __________ |
adenoma renal cell carcinoma |
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angiomylipomas are typically solitary and are more common in ____. ____ angiomyolipomas occur in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. |
women multiple |
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renal cell carcinoma is also known as _______ or _______ and is the most common malignant tumor of the kidney. |
hypernephroma adenocarcinoma |
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renal cell carcinoma can spread into the perinephric ____ and renal _____. it can also spread to the ________ kidney. |
fat
vein contralateral |
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urothelial tumors include_____and _______and become clinically apparent due to painless ______. |
transitional cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma hematuria |
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hydronephrosis is a urine ______ of the renal _____, _____structures and ______. Hydronephrosis makes kidneys susceptible to ____, _____ and permanent ______. |
dilatation pelvis calyceal infundibula infection stone formation damage |
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clinical symptoms of urolithiasis include ____ or blood in the urine. ______ if obstruction occurs. and _____ as stones are passed. Stones in the right ureter may mimic symptoms of _______. |
hematuria oliguria renal colic appendicitis |
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trauma to the kidneys can occur during blunt or penetrating trauma. a linear absence of echoes is suggestive of a renal _____. Focal areas of hemorrhage are typically ____. a collection of blood that lies between the cortex and the renal capsule is called a _____ ________ |
fracture hypoechoic subcapsular hematoma |
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symptoms of UTI include elevated _____ and the possibility of the presence of _____, ______, and _____ in the urine. |
wbcs
blood pus bacteria |
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when evaluating kidneys for medical renal disease, a diffuse ____ in cortical echogenicity is typically seen. the kidneys become ____ and the medulla become _____. |
increase
smaller echogenic |
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____ ______ is a leading cause of chronic renal failure and the cause of diabetic morbidity and mortality |
diabetic nepropathy |
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the most common cause of acute renal failure is ___ _____ ______. Renal failure is the inability of the kidneys to remove accumulated ______ from the blood. Azotemia is an overload of _____ ______, such as _____, ______ ____, ____ _____, and _____ _____ in the blood. |
acute tubular necrosis metabolites nitrogenous waste blood urea nitrogen uric acid serum creatinine |
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the end |
the end |
