Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Induction |
Bottom up approach. |
|
Deduction |
Top down approach. |
|
Subjectivity |
Subjectivity refers to how someone's judgement is shaped by personal opinions and feelings instead of outside influences. |
|
Objectivity |
Objectivity refers to the state of being true even outside of a subjects individual bias, interpretations, feelings and imagination. |
|
Voluntary Issue |
Voluntary issue is an issue that is created intentionally. |
|
Involuntary issue |
Involuntary issue is an issue that is created or arises unintentionally |
|
Information |
Facts provided or learned about something or someone. |
|
Knowledge |
Facts, Information or skills acquired by a person through education or experience. |
|
Concept |
An abstract idea or a general notion. |
|
Theory |
A collection of ideas or concepts intended to explain something. |
|
Perspective |
A particular attitude towards something. |
|
Social Institutions |
Any institution where we can see a pattern of social interaction between people that follow certain norms and subsystems. Education, Media, Family, Religion, Government, Workplace. |
|
Social Structures |
Any abstract social institution that follow certain norms and shared values. Such as social class. |
|
Culture |
Culture is a way of life of people that consists of language, norms, values, beliefs etc. |
|
Beliefs |
Trust, faith, or confidence in someone or something. |
|
Norms |
Something that is usual, typical or standard. |
|
Values |
Important or long lasting beliefs. |
|
Customs |
Long established practices considered as unwritten law.
|
|
Traditions |
A way of thinking, behaving or doing something that has been used by people in a group or family for a very long time. |
|
Language |
The system of words or signs used by people to convey thoughts or feelings. |
|
Literature |
Written work that is considered to have a long lasting merit.
|
|
Moreys |
Norms that are morally accepted. |
|
Karl Popper |
Hypothetico Deductive method |
|
Lindauer |
Argues that interpretivist research is goal free. |
|
Calvert and Calvert |
Define social policy as the main principles under which the government directs economic resources to meet social needs. |
|
Becker |
Argues that it is impossible to achieve value neutrality |
|
Tombs and Whyte |
Argue that rather than conducting research to inform social policy, a sociologist’s role is to empower the powerless by providing information required to challenge the policies that do not benefit them. |
|
Mirsa |
Highlights social policies relating to employment, poverty reduction and childbirth in the USA have been influenced by women’s activism. |
|
Durkheim |
Social solidarity Collective conscience Organic Solidarity Mechanical Solidarity |
|
Robert Merton |
Dysfunctional Latent Manifest |
|
Parsons |
Value consensus Four functional prerequisites (GAIL) |
|
Marx |
Order maintained by conflict Four epochs |
|
Antonio Gramsci |
Cultural hegemony Counter hegemonic cultures |
|
Radical Feminists |
Supramatists Separatists Firestone (Sexual class system) Millet (Biology, socialisation, religion) |
|
Marxist Feminists |
Capitalist system as main form of oppression Engels argues that gender inequality has a material base Coontz and Henderson dominance through patrilocality Benston reserve army of labour
|
|
Liberal Feminists |
Reforms rather than revolution Walter still much to change |
|
Black Feminists |
Racial/ethnic differences neglected Brewer multiple sources of deprivation |
|
Max Weber |
Social action Change analysed differently Different sources of conflict |
|
Anthony Giddens |
Structuration Human agency and social structures Agency can change structures |
|
Symbolic Interactionism |
Acting towards meanings Meanings develop through interaction |
|
George Herbert Mead |
Verstehen - taking the role of the other |
|
Herbert Blumer
|
Mead's disciple People interpret meaning of symbols Meanings are not fixed |
|
Edmund Husserl
|
Father of phenomenology People perceive things themselves |
|
Harold Garfinker |
Phenomenology People try to make sense of the world No social reality Depends on people |
|
Francois Lyotard |
Post modernist Incredulity towards meta narratives Identity fluid |
|
Zygmunt Bauman |
Post modernist Consumption rather than production Swap identities |
|
Jean Baudrillard |
Hyperreality Simulacra |
|
George Herbert Mead |
Social self Social interactions Me and the I |
|
Goffman |
The perception of self in everyday life Frontstage and backstage Sign vehicles (Social setting, manners of interaction, appearance) |
|
Cooley |
Looking glass self |
|
Sigmund Freud |
Biology plus societal factors shape us Id, superego, ego |
|
Jean Piaget |
Four stages of cognitive development Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational |
|
Ann Oakley |
Gender socialisation Manipulation Different Activities Verbal Appellation Canalisation |
|
Crook et al |
Modern culture is differentiated into spheres Rationalised (Availability of culture) Commodified (Bought and sold) |
|
Strinati |
Some people have less opportunity to buy culture People stick to their own cultures |
|
Woodward |
Talks about formation of identity Identity formed by both individual agency and structural constraints Footballer and gender Mead, Goffman, Freud Change effects uncertainty of indentities |
|
Tiger and Fox |
Men seen as hunters and bread winners. Women seen as caring and feminine. |
|
Parsons and Murdock |
Women seen as expressive and responsible for domestic work. |
|
Nature (Homosexuality) |
Dr Grant Steen Identical, fraternal and adopted brothers Half of identical twins were gay 22% fraternal 11% adopted |
|
Nurture (IQ) |
Dr Rick Heber 40 newborn Milwaukee |
|
Nature (Crime) |
Dr Grant Steen Adopted children re-enacting criminal behaviour of their parents |
|
Nurture (Social skills) |
Chris Langan 195 IQ Deprived of social skills (Malcolm Gladwell) |
|
Lindauer |
Interpretivist research is goal free |
|
Durkheim |
Talks about Inductive approach Bottom up approach Study of suicide |
|
Popper |
Talks about a deductive approach Talks about falsification |
|
Keat and Urry |
Realists They argue that science often assumes the existence of unobservable structures. |
|
Weber |
Argues that people study the subjective states of mind of individuals rather than cause and effect relationships. |
|
Kuhn |
Talks in his Structure of Scientific revolution about paradigms and how sociologists set out to prove them. |
|
Kaplan |
Talks about reconstructed logics and logics in use. Sociologists use logics in use and discard information that does not support the conclusions they would like to find. |
|
Vankatesh |
In his study of Gang leader for a day did overt participant observation. |
|
Eileen Barker |
The making of a moonie used triangulation that used Overt participant, indepth interviews and questionnaires.
|
|
Laurie Taylor |
In his study "In the underworld" used snowballing to investigate the life of a criminal, he knew a convicted criminal. |