Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
where are nicotinic N receptors
|
all autonomic nervous system ganglia and the adrenal medulla
|
|
what happens when nicotinic N is activated
|
stimulation of parasympathetic and sympathetic POST GANGLIONIC nerves and release of EPI from the adrenal medulla
|
|
where is nicotinic M located
|
neuromuscular junction (skeletal muscle)
|
|
what happens when Nicotinic M is activated
|
contraction of skeletal muscle
|
|
Where are muscarinic receptors
|
all parasympathetic target organs and eye, heart, lung, bladder, GI tract, sex organs, blood vessels
|
|
what happens when muscarinic receptors are activated
|
meiosis, desreased heart rate, constriction of bronchi, , contraction of detrussor, salivation, defecation, increased GI motility, erection, vasodilation
|
|
adrenergic receptor subtypes
|
alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2
|
|
alpha 1 location
|
eye, arterioles, veins, male sex organs, bladder,
|
|
alpha 2 location
|
presynaptic nerve terminals (usually in CNS)
|
|
response to activating Alpha 1
|
mydriasis, arterioles of skin, viscera, and mucous membrane constriction, ejaculation, contraction of prostate, contraction of bladder
|
|
activation of alpha 2
|
inhibition of transmitter release
|
|
Where are Beta 1 receptors
|
heart, kidney
|
|
what happens when Beta 1 receptors are activated
|
increased heart rate, force of contraction, AV conduction, renin release
|
|
Where are Beta 2 receptors
|
arterioles of the heart, lung, skeletal muscle, bronchi, uterus, liver, skeletal muscle
|
|
What happens when Beta 2 receptors are activated
|
dilation of arterioles in heart, lung, and skeletal muscle. bronchi dilation, uterous relaxation, glycogenolysis, enhanced contraction of skeletal muscle
|
|
Where are dopamine receptors
|
kidney
|
|
what happens when dopamine receptors are activated
|
dilation of kidney casculature (to enhance circulation through kidney)
|
|
Basic mechanisms of adrenergic receptor activation (4)
|
1. direct receptor binding
2. promotion of NorEpi release 3. Inhibition of NorEpi reuptake 4. inhibition of NorEpi inactivation |
|
Amphetamines are..
|
adrenergic agonist (promote NorEpi release)
|
|
Cocaine is
|
adrenergic agonist inhibits norepi reuptake so there is more around the synaptic gap and it stays around longer
|
|
types of adrenergic agonists
|
catecholamines and non-catecholamines
|
|
types of catecholamines
|
NorEpi, Epi, Dopamine (all endogenous)
|
|
types of non catecholamines
|
ephedrine, phenylephrine
|
|
oral usability of catecholamines
|
not possible, will get broken down by first pass effect
|
|
oral usability of non catecholamines
|
can give orally
|
|
duration of catecholamines
|
short, 2-3 minutes
|
|
duration of non-catecholamines
|
2-3 hours
|
|
action on the CNS by either catecholamines or non catecholamines
|
both are polar and do not cross the BBB
|
|
When a Beta 1 receptor is targeted what else may be affected
|
Beta 2 receptor --spill over affect
|
|
Specificity if receptor in reference to dosing
|
The higher the dose, the less specificity
|
|
therapeutic applications of alpha 1 receptor activation
|
*hemostasis (vasoconstriction if you're bleeding to death...)
*elevation of blood pressure *mydriasis *nasal decongestion *adjunct to local anesthesia |
|
how do alpha 1 receptors affect local anesthesia
|
allow for a lower dose...
Epi constricts vessels, which means the anesthetic stays around longer and this decreases the amount needed |
|
how to alpha 1 receptors help with nasal decongestion
|
when congested vessels in the nose are dilated. alpha 1 agonist -->restricts vessels, so no more runny nose
|
|
adverse effects of Alpha 1 receptor activation
|
*hypertension (vasoconstriction of the periphery, so more blood moves to the core
*necrosis--long term (a few days) vasoconstriction of the periphery can result in the loss of toes *Reflex Bradycardia--the direct hypertension tells the baroreceptors to slow down = decrease in heart rate |
|
clinical consequences of alpha 2 receptor activation
|
*inhibit the release of NorEpi
*no clinical application in periphery |
|
therapeutic application of Beta 1 receptors
|
*cardiac arrest
*heart failure *shock *AV block |
|
Negative Effects of too much Beta 1 activation
|
*angina= not enough O2 to heart= chest pain
*cause arrhythmia *can increase heart size over time |
|
therapeutic application of Beta 2 receptor activation
|
*asthma -bronchodilation
*delay of preterm labor (tiger=no baby) |
|
negative side effects of Beta 2 receptor activation
|
*hyperglycemia--extra breakdown of glucose can be a big problem in diabetics
*tremor--because of skeletal muscles *possibly tachycardia as a result of bleed over to Beta 1 |
|
therapeutic uses of dopamine receptor activation
|
*dilates renal vasculature
*enhances cardiac performance--(usually used with Epi, not as effective as Epi) |
|
signs and symptoms of anaphylactic shock
|
hypotension, bronchial constriction, edema of glottis
|
|
treatment for anaphypactic shock
|
Epi
|
|
examples of adrenergic agonists
|
epinephrine, NorEpi, dopamine, isoproterenol, dobutamine, ephedrine, phenylephrine
|
|
what to adrenergic antagonists do? (general answer)
|
direct blockade of adrenergic receptors
|
|
two major groups of adrenergic receptors
|
Alpha and Beta --both adrenergic blocking agents
|
|
therapautic applications of alpha adrenergic antagonists
|
therapautic applications of alpha adrenergic antagonists
*essential hypertension *benign prostatic hyperplasia *pheochromocytoma (catecholine secreting tumor on adrenal medualla) *raynauds disease *reversal of toxicity from alpha 1 agonists |
|
selectivity of alpha adrenergic blocking agents
|
selectivity of alpha adrenergic blocking agents
can be selective or non selective depending on the drug *Phentolamine is non selective and blocks alpha 1 and 2 *Prazosin is selective and blocks only alpha 1 (this one is better because it is selective, but we continue to use the nonselective drug because it is cheaper, money before health..right?) |
|
adverse affects of alpha adrenergic blockades
|
adverse affects of alpha adrenergic blockades
*orthostatic hypotension *reflex tachycardia (due to baroreceptors) *nasal congestion *inhibition of ejaculation (because it needs vasoconstriction) |
|
therapautic applications of beta adrenergic blockade drugs
|
therapautic applications of beta adrenergic blockade drugs
*angina pectoris *hypertension (reduce heart rate) *cardias dysrhythmias *myocardial infarction *heart failure *migrane (vasoconstriction helps) *hyperthyroidism *stage fright (helps heart beat at normal pace, reduces sweat) *glaucoma (decrease production pf aqueous fluis |
|
therapeutic consequences of beta 1 blockade
|
therapeutic consequences of beta 1 blockade
*reduced heart rate *reduced force of contraction *reduced velocity of impulse conduction |
|
what type of beta blocker should someone with asthma be on?
|
what type of beta blocker should someone with asthma be on?
selective beta 1 blocker...if nonselective then lungs will constrict |
|
Adverse effects of Beta 1 blocker
|
adverse effect of Beta 1
*bradycardia *reduced cardiac output *heart failure *AV heart block |
|
adverse effects of Beta 2 blocker
|
adverse effects of Beta 2 blocker
*bronchial constriction *inhibition of glycogenolysis |
|
what do cholinesterase inhibitors do
|
what do cholinesterase inhibitors do
prevent the breakdown of Ach |
|
what does atropine do to...
heart rate salivary secretions bronchi bladder tone GI tone and motility Pupil |
what does atropine do to...
heart rate: increase salivary secretions: decrease bronchi:dilate bladder tone:decrease GI tone and motility:decrease Pupil:n dilate |