Kaplan's Dental Hygiene Board Review Chapter 2

Front 1

study of cells and their function

Back 1

histology

Front 2

how many chromosomes is in human dna

Back 2

46

Front 3

main nucleoprotien within the nucleus of a cell

Back 3

chromatin

Front 4

midpoint of a chromosome in a cell

Back 4

centromere

Front 5

three types of RNA for protien synthesis:

Back 5

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

Front 6

template of DNA for protien synthesis. It transcribes small portions of DNA as it travels through ribosomes connected to the ER.

Back 6

Messenger RNA

Front 7

the way in which messenger RNA uses DNA as a template to copy the genetic code for transfer into the messenger RNA

Back 7

Transcription

Front 8

carries out the genetic code from messenger RNA to the channel amino acids for synthesizing new protiens

Back 8

Transfer RNA

Front 9

aids in protien synthesis and may be free-floating in cytoplasm or attached to the ER

Back 9

Ribosomal RNA

Front 10

small organelles derived from the RNA of the nucleolus which produce protien

Back 10

ribosomes

Front 11

3-D maze within the cytoplasm that contains a network of parallel membrane channels and spaces

Back 11

Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)

Front 12

two types of ER:

Back 12

Rough ER
Mooth ER

Front 13

function of rough ER

Back 13

to modify protiens for export to Golgi complex

it has ribosomes attached
(give rough apperance)

Front 14

function of smooth ER

Back 14

synthesizes steroids but also aids in metabolism and detox of subtances

does not have ribosomes attached

Front 15

curved membranous stack of sacs that packages and distributes newly modified protien to be exported out of the cell and also synthesises lysosomes

Back 15

Golgi Complex

Front 16

found within the cytoplasm and digests forign sunstances and old cell components

what is this process called?

Back 16

Lysosomes

phagocytosis

Front 17

"powerhouse" of the cell that generates ATP during the krebs cycle

Back 17

mitochondria

Front 18

cells chief energy source

Back 18

krebs cycle

Front 19

fold within the mitrochondria that provide additional surface area and allow more cellular resperation

Back 19

cristae

Front 20

the amount of mitrochondria is dependent on ____.

Back 20

amount of energy needed from cell

Front 21

___ cells produce a lot of metabolic activity and because of this each cell contains numerous mitrochondria

Back 21

heart muscle

Front 22

thread like structures that help maintain the shape of the cell

Back 22

microfilaments and microtubules

Front 23

aid in chromosome seperation in mitosis

Back 23

centrioles

Front 24

process of cell division

Back 24

mitosis

Front 25

first phase of mitosis and occurs when chromatin coils and compresses into chromosomes, the nuclear membrane is lost and the centioles help to arrange the mitotic spindles as they migrate toward opposite poles of the cell

Back 25

prophase

Front 26

second stage of mitosis when chromosomes align their centromeres at the midpoint as mitotic spindles form

Back 26

metaphase

Front 27

third stage of mitosis which occurs when the chromatids of each chromosome join the centromere and then the spindles migrate toward the opposite poles of the cell

Back 27

anaphase

Front 28

last stage of mitosis when nuclear division is complete and the chromatids uncoil into 2 new nuclei surrounded by new nuclear membranes

Back 28

telephase

Front 29

division of the cytoplasm into 2 daughter cells with each containing the same organelles of the original parent cell

Back 29

cytokinesis

Front 30

cell stage between division when the DNA replicates and centrioles get ready to start the process over again.

Back 30

interphase

Front 31

movement of molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration with out using energy

Back 31

diffusion

Front 32

when movement of a substance is directed from a area of higher concentration toward an area of lower concentation, it is termed ___.

Back 32

diffusion gradient

Front 33

movement of water soluble molecules across the lipid layer of a semi-permeable membrane

Back 33

facilitated diffusion
or
passive transport

Front 34

protien that binds to a water-soluble molecule to assist it across the lipid layer to the other side and drops it off. no energy required.

Back 34

carrier protien

Front 35

transport in and out of the cell that requires ATP and uses protiens

Back 35

active transport

Front 36

movement of fluid across the cell membrane from an area fo higher concentration to lowwer concentration

Back 36

osmosis

Front 37

tight junctions that adhere the cells together in order to prevent undesired substances from passing into the cells

Back 37

desmosomes

Front 38

consist of passageways that allow for the transfer of ions and mollecules between cells

Back 38

gap junctions

Front 39

attach the cell to a nn-cellular substance

Back 39

hemi-desmosomes

Front 40

in embryo, the epithelial tissue is derived from the __, __, and __.

Back 40

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

Front 41

type of epithelial tissue located on the internal organs

Back 41

simple

Front 42

type of epithelial tissue involved with the skin, glands, and some internal linings near enternal entrances and exits

Back 42

stratified

Front 43

lines stomach, small intestine, colon, and gallbladder

Back 43

simple columnar

Front 44

lines kidney tubules, ovary surface, small ducts of encocrine

Back 44

simple cuboidal

Front 45

lines respiratory, vascular, and bowman's capsules

Back 45

simple squamous

Front 46

lines bronchia and trachea

Back 46

pseudostratified

Front 47

lines large ducts of exocrine glands

Back 47

stratified columnar

Front 48

seat glands, ducts, large ducts of exocrine glands

Back 48

stratified cuboidal

Front 49

epidermis, esophagus, oral cavity, and vagina

Back 49

stratified squamous

Front 50

bladder, ureter, and urethra

Back 50

transitional

Front 51

connective tissue is derived from the __ in embryo

Back 51

mesenchyme

Front 52

types of connective tissue

Back 52

blood
bone
cartilage
lymph
adipose
elastic
fiberous
reticular

Front 53

connective tissue that is non-calcified and firm and present in most joints at the articular surfaces. it is avascular.

Back 53

cartilage

Front 54

cartilage is produced by___ and then matures into ___.

Back 54

chondroblasts

chondrocytes

Front 55

three types of cartilage:

Back 55

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

Front 56

most abundant cartilage which is comprised of only collagen fibers. Found in the trachea, nasal septum, and articular ends of bone

Back 56

hyaline

Front 57

cartilage that is similar to hyline but is more elastic and is found in the ear, auditory canal and epiglottis

Back 57

elastic

Front 58

cartilage that supports and withstands compression as it merges with hyaline cartilage. found in the intevertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Back 58

fibrocartilage

Front 59

bone is produced by __ and broken down by __

Back 59

osteoblasts

osteocytes

Front 60

bone cells

Back 60

osteocytes

Front 61

occurs when osteoblasts enter into dense connective tissue and form osteoids

Back 61

intramembranous osteogenisis

Front 62

occurs in hyaline cartilage and the chondrocytes detach themselves from their nourishment and die then as the cartilage calsifies it is degenerated by osteoclasts and replaced by osteoblasts that proliferate bone matrix

Back 62

endochondral osteogenisis

Front 63

three types of muscle

Back 63

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

Front 64

In embryo, muscle is derived from the ___.

Back 64

mesoderm

Front 65

striated muscle that works by consciousness thought for body movement. Muscle contractions are allowed by neuron stimulation.

Back 65

skeletal

Front 66

muscle that is specialized to conduct electricity

Back 66

cardiac

Front 67

muscle that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

Back 67

striated involuntary

Front 68

cardiac cells are joined together by ___ that allow for electrical impulses to methodically spread to other cells

Back 68

intercalated disks

Front 69

muscle that is found in glands, organs, and the lining of blood vessels/

Back 69

smooth

Front 70

pathway for cells to communicate

Back 70

nerves

Front 71

neural stem cells produce neuroblasts that form both __ and __ that act as guide wires for neurons

Back 71

neurons

glia

Front 72

communicator for the nervous system and can receive and deliver messages

Back 72

neuron

Front 73

parts of a neuron

Back 73

cell body
dentrite
axon

Front 74

contains the nucleus and maintains homeostasis within the neuron

Back 74

cell body

Front 75

part of the neuron that consists of numerous branches that increase the surface reception capacity to recieve and carry back signals

Back 75

dendrite

Front 76

carries away a signal as it transmits an electrochemical signal over a synapse to another neuron

Back 76

axon

Front 77

protects the axon and prevents exposure to neigboring non-neural cells

Back 77

myelin sheath

Front 78

contractile unit of muscle

Back 78

sarcomere

Front 79

in erythrocytes and delivers oxygen to cells and transports CO2 back to the lungs

Back 79

hemoglobin

Front 80

main functions of blood

Back 80

provides nutrients to cells
takes away waste
carries antibodies
transports electrolytes
conveys hormones
delivers oxygen

Front 81

fragments of the cytoplasm found in blood that function to aid in blood clotting

Back 81

thrombocytes

Front 82

If there is a dificiency in iron __ can result

Back 82

anemia

Front 83

bone marrow produces ___ which have a life of 120 days

Back 83

RBC

Front 84

cells of the body that lack a nucleus

Back 84

RBC
Thrombocytes

Front 85

part of the neuron that consists of numerous branches that increase the surface reception capacity to recieve and carry back signals

Back 85

dendrite

Front 86

carries away a signal as it transmits an electrochemical signal over a synapse to another neuron

Back 86

axon

Front 87

part of the neuron that consists of numerous branches that increase the surface reception capacity to recieve and carry back signals

Back 87

dendrite

Front 88

protects the axon and prevents exposure to neigboring non-neural cells

Back 88

myelin sheath

Front 89

carries away a signal as it transmits an electrochemical signal over a synapse to another neuron

Back 89

axon

Front 90

contractile unit of muscle

Back 90

sarcomere

Front 91

protects the axon and prevents exposure to neigboring non-neural cells

Back 91

myelin sheath

Front 92

contractile unit of muscle

Back 92

sarcomere

Front 93

in erythrocytes and delivers oxygen to cells and transports CO2 back to the lungs

Back 93

hemoglobin

Front 94

main functions of blood

Back 94

provides nutrients to cells
takes away waste
carries antibodies
transports electrolytes
conveys hormones
delivers oxygen

Front 95

in erythrocytes and delivers oxygen to cells and transports CO2 back to the lungs

Back 95

hemoglobin

Front 96

fragments of the cytoplasm found in blood that function to aid in blood clotting

Back 96

thrombocytes

Front 97

main functions of blood

Back 97

provides nutrients to cells
takes away waste
carries antibodies
transports electrolytes
conveys hormones
delivers oxygen

Front 98

If there is a dificiency in iron __ can result

Back 98

anemia

Front 99

fragments of the cytoplasm found in blood that function to aid in blood clotting

Back 99

thrombocytes

Front 100

bone marrow produces ___ which have a life of 120 days

Back 100

RBC

Front 101

If there is a dificiency in iron __ can result

Back 101

anemia

Front 102

cells of the body that lack a nucleus

Back 102

RBC
Thrombocytes

Front 103

bone marrow produces ___ which have a life of 120 days

Back 103

RBC

Front 104

cells of the body that lack a nucleus

Back 104

RBC
Thrombocytes

Front 105

most common WBC

involved in acute inflammation

has a multilobulated nucleus

Back 105

neutrophils

Front 106

three types of granular leukocytes

Back 106

basophils
eosinophils
neutrophils

(BEN)

Front 107

WBC involved in allergic responses and parasitic infections

Back 107

Eosinophils

Front 108

least numerous WBC

play important role with mast cells in inflammatory and allergic response

Back 108

basophils

Front 109

when IgE from an allergic response is released, basophils release __ along with mast cells

Back 109

histamine

Front 110

two types of agranulocytes that lack cytoplasmic granules

Back 110

lymphocytes

monocytes

Front 111

largest leukocytes and become macrophages when they leave capillaries

Back 111

monocytes

Front 112

monocytes are involved in ___ inflammation and take longer to get to the site of an infection than do neutrophils

Back 112

chronic

Front 113

smallest WBCs and contain a very large nucleus

2nd most common WBC and involved in an immune response

Back 113

lymphocytes

Front 114

half of the lyphocytes journey to the thymus and mature into ___. Others mature in the bone marrow as ___ and can produce antibodies.

Back 114

t cells

b cells

Front 115

universal blood donor type

Back 115

O

Front 116

Universal blood recipient type

Back 116

AB

Front 117

In the embryo, lymph nodes are derived from the ___

Back 117

mesoderm

Front 118

tonsils develop during the __ week of gestation whin the mesenchyme differentiates into tonsillar lymphoid tissue

Back 118

8th

Front 119

tonsils located in the lateral wall of the oropharynx are comprised of lymphocytes contained in epithelial crypts that are encompassed by lymph nodes

Back 119

palatine

Front 120

tonsils located at the base of the tongue and contain lymphoid tissue

Back 120

lingual

Front 121

tonsil located in the nasopharynx and are covered by pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Back 121

pharyngeal

Front 122

endocrine gland that secretes melatonin

Back 122

pineal

Front 123

hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary or the adenohypophysis

Back 123

ACTH
GH
TSH
FSH
LH

Front 124

hormones that are stored by the posterior pituitary gland (neurohypophysis) and produced by the hypothalamus

Back 124

ADH
Oxytocin

Front 125

the hypothalamus regulates:

Back 125

blood pressure
body temperature
body fluids

Front 126

the thyroid secretes:

Back 126

calcitonin
thyroxine

Front 127

2 types of cells in the parathyroid

Back 127

chief
oxyphil

Front 128

cheif cells secrete ___ hormone.

Back 128

parathyroid

Front 129

development of week one of the embryo

Back 129

zygote

Front 130

development of week 2 of the embryo

Back 130

blastocyst

Front 131

development of week 3 of the embryo

Back 131

embryo:

brain
heart begins
spinal cord
gi tract

Front 132

development of week 4-5 of the embryo

Back 132

embryo:

cranial nerves
eyes and ears
vertebra, some bones
arm and leg buds

Front 133

development of week 6 of the embryo

Back 133

embryo:

lungs
more brain development
didgets on hands and feet
heart and circulation

Front 134

development of week 7-8 of the embryo

Back 134

embryo:

facial features
hair follicles
all major organs

Front 135

development of week 9-12 of the embryo

Back 135

fetus:

toothbuds***
urogenital tract complete
genitals appear

Front 136

development of week 12-40 of the embryo

Back 136

fetus:

all organs mature

Front 137

cleft lip can occur in the __-__ week range of th embryonic period

Back 137

4-7

Front 138

cleft palate can occur in the __-__ week range of th embryonic period

Back 138

8-12

Front 139

the ectomesenchyme gives rise to:

Back 139

dental papilla
dentin matrix
pulp cavity
dental sac
cementum
PDL
alveolar bone

Front 140

the ectoderm gives rise to the epithelial tissue which then give rise to:

Back 140

enamel organ
ameleoblasts
enamel matrix

Front 141

the ___ stage occurs around week 8 when rapid proliferation of the dental lamina begins to form the primary dentition tooth buds

Back 141

bud

Front 142

dental anomilies in the bud stage include

Back 142

microdontia and macrodontia

Front 143

during the ___ stage proliferation occurs rapidly as tissues start to morphodifferentiate into ectoderm and mesenchyme tissue

Back 143

cap

Front 144

dental anomilies of the cap stage include:

Back 144

dens in dente
fusion
gemination
tubercles

Front 145

tissues of the tooth are derived from the mesoderm and the ectoderm, not the ___.

Back 145

endoderm

Front 146

the mesoderm develops into:

the ectoderm develops into:

Back 146

dental papilla (pulp n dentin)
dental sac (PDL, alveolar bone, and cementum)


everything else

Front 147

In the __ stage, the enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac diferentiate mere extensively into specific tissues of the tooth

Back 147

bell

Front 148

hertwig's sheath determines:

Back 148

the shape of the tooth root

Front 149

the hertwig's sheath disinegrates into the _____ as the root formation reaches its full length

Back 149

rest of malassez

Front 150

abmormallities in the bell stage may include

Back 150

accessory roots
concresence
dilaceration
enamel pearls
enamel dysplasia

Front 151

__ occurs as the dental tooth reach their final stages

Back 151

maturation

Front 152

the enamel organ determines

Back 152

the shape of the crown

Front 153

grooves often located on the maxillary incisors that are associated with the lines of retzius

Back 153

perikymata

Front 154

concentric imbrication lines on the enamel surfaces that are evidence of the disposition of successive layers of enamel

Back 154

lines of retzius

Front 155

incremental lines found on dentin that correspond to the variationsof apposition of dentin

Back 155

lines of von ebner

Front 156

occasionally the rest of malassez will develop into a ___.

Back 156

dental cyst

Front 157

name of the outer enamel epithelium

Back 157

stratum intermedium

Front 158

reduced enamel epithelium that covers a newly erupted tooth and can sometimes stain green and scare mommies

Back 158

nasmyth's membrane

Front 159

fibers that are imbedded into the bone and cementum

Back 159

sharpey's fibers

Front 160

cementum is produced by ___

Back 160

cementoblasts

Front 161

___ is the tooth structure that most resembles bone

Back 161

cementum

Front 162

the teeth are anchored into the _____

Back 162

alveolar bone proper

Front 163

a radiographic term for the radiopaque line that follows the shape of the root in the alveolar bone proper

Back 163

lamina dura

Front 164

bone located between teeth is called _____

Back 164

interdental bone

Front 165

bone located between roots of multi-rooted teeth is called ___

Back 165

inter- radicular bone

Front 166

muscles of mastication are derived from the ___ branchial arch.

Back 166

1st

Front 167

in compact bone, which canal s the central vascular canal supplying osteons with nutrients?

Back 167

haversian

Front 168

in compact bone the canals that are parallel to the haversian's canal on the exterior segment is the ___

Back 168

volkmans

Front 169

which week do tonsils develop in utero?

Back 169

8th

Front 170

ameloblasts are derived from which layer?

Back 170

inner enamel epithelium

Front 171

which cell is associated with humoral immunity

Back 171

b cells

Front 172

which endocrine gland is 1st to develop in utero?

Back 172

thyroid

Front 173

if the medial nasal process and the maxillary process fail to fuse the result is _____

Back 173

a cleft lip

Front 174

the greater cornu of the hyoid bone develops from which branchial arch?

Back 174

3rd