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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the primary purpose of the musculoskeletal system?
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physical internal support
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What is an example of an exoskeleton?
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arthropods
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What is an endoskeleton?
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Like what humans have. An inside skeletal system.
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What is the axial portion of the skeleton?
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The axial skeleton is the basic
framework of the body, consisting of the skull, the vertebral column, and the rib cage. |
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What is the appendicular portion of the skeleton?
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limb bones and the pelvic
and pectoral girdles. |
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What are the two major components of the skeletal system?
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bone and cartilage
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What is cartilage made of?
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chondrin
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What is chondrin secreted by?
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chondocytes
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Most cartilage has blood vessels. (T or F)
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False. Most cartilage is avascular.
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Cartilage does not have nerves. (T or F)
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True. It is devoid of nerves.
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How does cartilage receive nourishment?
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from capillaries in nearby connective tissue and via diffusion from bone.
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What are the two types of bone?
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compact bone and spongy bone
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In what type of bone is bone marrow located?
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spongy bone
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What is the function of red bone marrow?
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It is involved in blood cell formation.
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What is the function of yellow bone marrow?
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It stores fat which the body consumes as a last resort in cases of extreme starvation.
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What are the two organic components of the bone matrix?
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collagen fibers and glycoproteins
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what are the six inorganic components of the bone matrix?
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calcium, phosphate, hydroxide, sodium, potassium and magnesium ions.
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what page did you leave off on?
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131
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What are osteoclasts involved in?
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bone resorption
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What are the two subcategories of bone formation?
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endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification
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What is the basis behind endochondral ossification?
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existing cartilage
is replaced by bone |
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What is the basis behind intramembranous ossification?
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connective tissue is transformed into, and replaced by bone.
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What is the basis behind bone remodeling?
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Bone remodeling is a life long process where old bone is removed from the skeleton (a sub-process called bone resorption) and new bone is added (a sub-process called ossification or bone formation). Calcium and phosphate are released (from old bone) into the blood then reabsorbed to make new bone.
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What is the purpose of synovial fluid?
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to lubricate the joint
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In a joint, what is the purpose of articular cartilage?
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It is smooth and reduces tension during movement.
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What are the three types of muscle in mammals?
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skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
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Skeletal muscle is innervated by the ____.
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somatic nervous system
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Due to the various bands in this type of muscle is also referred to as striated muscle. What type of muscle am I talking about?
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Skeletal Muscle
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Skeletal muscle fibers have two subcategories. What are they?
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White fibers & Red fibers
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What are the unique features of white skeletal muscle fibers?
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high myoglobin content / many mitochondria - This muscle is capable of sustained vigorious activity.
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What are the unique features of red skeletal muscle fibers?
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little myoglobin content / few mitochondria - This muscle is capable of a great rate of contraction.
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White muscle fibers are also known as:
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fast-twitch fibers
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Red muscle fibers are also known as:
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slow-twitch fibers
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What kind of action is smooth muscle responsible for?
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Smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary actions
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What system is smooth muscle controlled by?
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autonomic nervous system
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T or F: Smooth muscle cells possess one centrally located nucleus.
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True
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Why is smooth muscle called smooth muscle?
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They lack the striations of skeletal muscle.
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What is myogenic activity?
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Having the property of reflexively contracting without nervous stimulation.
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Cardiac muscle is innervated by what?
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autonomic nervous system
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T or F: cardiac muscle, unlike smooth muscle, is not myogenic.
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False. They both are myogenic.
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What does a flexor muscle do?
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contracts to decrease the angle of a joint
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What does a extensor muscle do?
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contracts to straighten the joint
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What does a abductor muscle do?
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moves a part of the body away from the body's midline
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What does a adductor muscle do?
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moves a part of the body toward the midline
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What is the principle behind synergistic muscles?
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Synergistic muscles are groups of muscles that work together to cause the same movement.
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What is the major function of connective tissue?
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To bind and support other tissue
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Loose connective tissue has three types of fibers. What are these three fibers?
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collagenous fibers; elastic fibers; reticular fibers
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What are the two types cell types in connective tissue?
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fibroblasts and macrophages
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What is the key property of collagenous fibers which make up some of the connective tissue?
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have great tensile strength
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What is the key property of elastic fibers which make up some of the connective tissue?
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endow connective tissue with resilience
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What is the key property of reticular fibers which make up some of the connective tissue?
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are branched, tightly woven fibers that join connective tissue to adjoining
tissue. |
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What is the purpose of ligaments?
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to hold two bones together
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What is the purpose of creatine phosphate?
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ATP is created without the supply of extra oxygen.
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What oxygen related property does myoglobin have?
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Myoglobin is a hemoglobin-like protein found in muscle tissue. Myoglobin
has a high 02 affinity; it binds to 02 from the bloodstream and holds onto it. |
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How does myoglobin act during strenuous exercise?
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During strenuous exercise, when muscle cells rapidly run out of available
0b myoglobin releases its 02' In this way, myoglobin acts as an additional oxygen reserve for active muscle. |