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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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system
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group of components that interact to achieve some purposes
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information system (IS)
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group of components that interact to produce information (and their assembly) [CAN'T be bought]
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management information system (MIS)
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management & use of information systems that help businesses archive strategies
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5 components of IS
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hardware, software, data, procedures, people
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most important component of an IS
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people
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information technology (IT)
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products, methods, inventions, and standards used to produce information (only hardware, software, and data) [CAN be bought]
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5 traits of good information
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accurate, timely, relevant, sufficient enough, worth its cost
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Porter's 5 forces
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bargaining power of customers, threat of substitutions, bargaining power of suppliers, threat of new entrants, rivalry amongst firms
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4 competitive strategies (Porter's)
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cost, differentiation, industry-wide, focus
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value
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money customer is willing to pay
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margin
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difference between value of activity and cost of activity
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value-chain
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network of value-making activities
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activities in value-chain
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inbound logistics, operations/manufacturing, outbound logistics, sales & marketing, customer service
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support activities
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procurement, technology, human resources, firm infrastructure
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central idea of business process data
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do not automate or improve, but create new processes
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business process
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network of activities that generate value by transforming inputs into outputs
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cost = ?
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cost of inputs + cost of activities
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margin = ?
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value of outputs - cost
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input hardware (examples)
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keyboard, mouse, document scanners, bar-code scanners
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central processing unit (CPU)
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selects instructions, processes them, and performs arithmetic and logical comparisons and stores results in memory
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dual processor
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computer w/ 2 CPUs
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quad processor
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computer w/ 4 CPUs
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main memory
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CPU reads data & instructions from memory, and stores results of computations in main memory
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random access memory (RAM)
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main memory
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output hardware (examples)
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video displays, printers, speakers, projectors
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storage hardware
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saves data and programs, magnetic disks
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universal serial bus (USB)
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simplified connecting peripheral gear to computers
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how data is represented on computers
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binary digits (bits)
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binary digits (bits)
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used for computer data b/c they are easy to represent electronically
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volatile memory
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lost when computer powers off (cache and main memory)
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nonvolatile memory
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survive computer powering off
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client computer
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for word processing, spreadsheets, database access, etc. also can connect to networks
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server computers
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provide some service
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operating system (OS)
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computer program that controls a computer's resources
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application programs
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programs that perform a business function (general or business)
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3 main operating systems
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Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Unix
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versions of Microsoft Windows
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windows 7, windows vista, windows XP
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versions of Mac OS
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OS X lion, mountain lion
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version of Unix made by open source community
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Linux
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categories of application software
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nonmobile client OS's, mobile client OS's, servers
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database
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self-describing collection of integrated records; keeps track of data
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primary key
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column/group of columns that identifies unique row in table
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foreign key
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columns that fulfill a role
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metadata
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data that describes data
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database management system (DBMS)
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program used to create, process, and administer a database
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popular DBMS's
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DB2 (IBM), Access, SQL (Microsoft), Oracle (Oracle)
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database application
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collection of forms, reports, queries, and app programs that process a database
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forms are used to ___?
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read, insert, modify, and delete data
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reports show data ____?
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in a structured context
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queries _____?
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request data from a database
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enterprise DBMS
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process large organization and workgroup databases; can support thousands of users
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personal DBMS
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made for smaller and simpler database apps; less than 100 users, usually less than 15
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data model
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logical representation of database data (blueprint to building)
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entity-relationship data model
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used for contrasting data models
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normalization
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process of converting a poorly structured table into 2+ good ones
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data integrity problem
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when data items disagree with one another
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relational database
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carry their data in the form of tables and represent relationships using foreign keys
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users in the database development process _____?
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define what database must contain, review data models for accuracy, and give final approval of data models
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network
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collection of computers that communicate with each other via transmission lines or wirelessly
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local area network (LAN)
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connects computers in one geographic location
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wide area network (WAN)
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connects computers at different geographical locations
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internet
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network of networks
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internat
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private internet used within organization
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components of wired LAN
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small office/home office (SOHO), network interface card (NIC), unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable
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small office/home office (SOHO)
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less than 12 computers and printers, communicate via wired and wireless connections
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network interface card (NIC)
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connects computer or printer's circuitry to network wires
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unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable
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wires twisted in a way that improves signal quality
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access point
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component of LAN that processes wireless traffic and communicates with wired switch
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IEEE 802.3 protocol
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ethernet; used for LAN connections; which wire carries which signal
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IEEE 802.11 protocol
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for wireless connections
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bluetooth
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common wireless connection protocol, made for transmitting data over short distances
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internet service provider (ISP)
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provides you with legitimate internet address, gateway to internet
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modem
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converts computer's digital data into signals that can be transmitted over cable lines
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DSL modems
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operate on same lines as voice telephones but do not interfere
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cable modems
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high-speed data transmission using cable television lines
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5 protocol type layers
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top layer: protocols for apps like browsers and web servers
middle 2 layers: protocols about data communications across internet last 2 layers: protocols about data transmission within network |
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packet
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piece of message that is handled by programs that implement IP
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router
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special-purpose computer that moves packet traffic according to IP protocol
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IP address
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number that identifies a particular IP
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public IP address
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identify device on public network, assignment is controlled by public agency
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private IP address
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identify device on private network, usually on LAN, assignment is controlled with LAN
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virtual private network (VPN)
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uses internet to create appearance of private connections
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3-tier architecture for web apps
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user tier, server tier, database tier
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user tier
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computers, phones
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server tier
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computers that run web servers and process app programs
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database tier
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computers that run DBMS that processes requests to get and store data
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hypertext markup language (HTML)
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most common language for defining structure and layout of webpages
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tag
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notation used to define a data element for display or otherwise
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attribute
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variable used to provide properties about a tag
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href
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attribute for hyperlink, indicates which webpage to display upon clicking of link
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XML
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markup language that fixes several HTML deficiencies and is commonly used for interaction via web
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flash
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(adobe) add-on used for providing animation, movies, and other advanced graphics
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silverlight
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microsoft's equivalent of flash
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HTML 5
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new HTML, supports animation, movies and graphics
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cloud
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elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over internet
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3 factors that have made cloud possible
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processors, data communication, and data storage very cheap
virtualization technology enables instantaneous creation of new virtual machine new internet-based protocols enable cloud hosting vendors to provide processing capabilities |
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software as a service (SaaS)
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provides hardware, infrastructure, OS and app programs (salesforce.com)
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platform as a service (PaaS)
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vendors provide hosted computers, OS, and maybe a DBMS (microsoft windows azure)
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infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
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cloud hosting of a bare server computer or disk drive (amazon ec2)
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information silo
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condition when data are isolated in seperate information systems
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information silos cause _____?
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data duplication, inconsistency, disjointedness, limited information, etc.
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fundamental problem w/ info silos
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data duplicated in isolated systems
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4 customer life cycle phases
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marketing, customer acquisition, relationship management, loss
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enterprise resource planning (ERP)
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suite of modules, database and a set of inherent processes for consolidating business ops into 1 platform
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ERP system
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information system based on technology (primary job is integration)
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the database in an ERP solution____?
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houses all activity processed by ERP application programs and consolidated data
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4 challenges of implementing new enterprise systems
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collaborative management, requirement gaps, transition problems, employee resistance
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business intelligence (BI)
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patterns, relationships, trends, predictions
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BI system
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information systems that process operational and other data to identify things for use by workers
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3 primary activities of BI process
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acquire data, BI analysis, publish results
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data warehouse
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facility for managing organization's BI data
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data mart
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subset of warehouse, addresses particular component of business
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business process
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network of activities, roles, resources, and data that interact to accomplish function
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role
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collection of activities
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resource
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people or apps assigned to roles
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data flows
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movement of data between activities
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4 stages of BPM process
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model processes, create components, implement processes, assess results
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system development
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process of creating and maintaining an IS
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composition of a development team for an IS
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manager, business analysts, system analysts, programmers, software testers, users
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system conversion
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implies process of converting business activity from old to new system
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4 types of system conversion
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pilot, phase, parallel, plunge
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pilot conversion
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new system fully implemented
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phase conversion
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implemented in phases
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parallel conversion
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new system runs like old one until new one is properly tested
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plunge conversion
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completely shut off old system and start new one
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5 challenges of system development
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determining requirements, changing requirements, schedule/budget problems, changing technology, diseconomies of scale
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4 factors for development project management
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coordination, diseconomies of scale, configuration control, unexpected events, team morale
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threat
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party that seeks to get data/assets illegally
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safeguard
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attempt to stop threats
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3 sources of security threats
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human error, computer crime, natural events/disasters
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denial of service (DOS)
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human error in following procedure
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3 key elements of security policy
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general statement, issue (specify policy), system-specific policy
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encryption
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process of transforming clear text into code
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symmetric encryption
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one key used
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asymmetric encryption
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one key for encoding, one for decoding
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virus
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self replicating computer program
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trojan horse
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viruses masqueraded as useful/helpful
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worm
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virus propagates using internet or network
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spyware
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observe user's actions and reports them to sponsoring organization
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adware
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watches user activity and produces pop-up ads
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key escrow
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when data is encrypted, trusted party has copy of encryption key
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hot site
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utility company that can take over other company's processing easily, expensive
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cold site
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provide computers and office space where customers install and manage systems themselves
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