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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
pH gradient drives import of *** and ***.
|
pyruvate
phosphate |
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--- MUSCLE CONTRACTION ---
1) VD *** influx into *** ***. 2) Vesicles empty *** into *** *** |
1) Ca2+ - presynaptic
2) acetylcholine - synaptic cleft |
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NADH yields...
NADH2 yields... |
2 e-
3 e- |
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1) A *** determines where mRNA is translated.
2) After translation it's cleaved by *** ***. |
1) 20-26 AA sequence
2) cleaved --- signal peptidase |
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DNA polymerase uses template strand in *** to *** direction.
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3' to 5'
|
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NADH is generated from...
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the citric acid cycle
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--- MUSCLE CONTRACTION ---
4) Lig Gated ***/*** ***/*** 5) *** spreads & continues ***-*** coupling |
4) Na+/K+ influx/efflux - cytosol
5) Depolarization - excitation-contraction coupling |
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1) *** assist folding of macromolecules.
2) *** is in ER lumen and binds incoming/outgoing proteins. |
1) Chaperones
2) Binding immunoglobulin protein(BiP) |
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*** protein transports a molecule solo via....
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Uniport
|
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Acetyl CoA comes from ***.
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pyruvate
|
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*** is made with poly-t primer
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cDNA
|
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*** protein transports a molecule w/same flow of ***.
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Symport
co-transported ion |
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TCA?
Occurs where? |
TriCarboxylic Acid cycle
mitochondria matrix |
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1) ***: AA peptide on ***-terminus keeping proteins in ER(even Golgi)
2) Leave only if sequence is ***. |
1) KDEL --- N-Terminus
2) cleaved |
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glycosidic bond reactions
2 mono >>> di di >>> 2 mono |
condensation
hydrolysis |
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--- Karyopherins ---
1) α su binds *** of imported protein. 2) β su helps complex to bind the *** *** ***. |
1) NLS of
2) nuclear pore complex. Nuclear Localization Signal/Sequence |
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ATP synthase is a *** pump.
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reversible
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***: is used to mark proteins in Golgi for transport to ER.
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KDEL
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GPI? Spelled?
Anchors protein to cell membrane. Directs to ER > Golgi > ECM |
glycosylphosphatidylinositol
glycosyl - phosphatidyl - inositol |
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--- Phospholipid Transverse Diffusion ---
1) ER membrane protein... 2) Plasma membrane protein... |
1) scramblase
2) flippase |
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FG repeat?
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phenylalanine—glycine repeat
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3 Pathways out of Golgi
1) 2) 3) |
1) lysosome
2) cell exterior 3) cell exterior (default no signal) |
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*** binds to importin complex releasing cargo...
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Ran-GTP
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*** - The process where complementary DNA/RNA form a doublestrand.
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Hybridize/hybridization
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The *** cell releases neurotransmitter into synapse at its ***.
In greek? |
presynaptic
axon terminal "before the synapse" |
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Cargo and *** bind to exportin. This becomes *** when it arrives in cytosol.
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Ran-GTP
Ran-GDP |
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4 basic building blocks & larger units
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Fatty acids - lipid/fat/membrane
Sugars - mono/di/polysaccharide Amino acids - proteins Nucleotides - Nucleic acids |
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Before being released into the ***, neurotransmitters are stored in ***.
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synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles |
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What is a man-made micelle?
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liposome
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--- Golgi Complex ---
1) *** Golgi networks 2) *** cisternas 3) *** faces |
1) two
2) three 3) two |
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--- Nuclear Lamina---
Lamina - general term meaning "layer" 1) *** filaments forming sheets 2) 'P' of the AA *** causes ***. 3) 'deP' of the AA *** causes ***. |
1) intermediate
2) serine --- disintegration 3) serine --- integration |
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***: Vesicle coat protein transporting proteins from cis-Golgi back to RER.
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COPI (COat Protein complex I)
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***: Type of vesicle coat protein transporting proteins from RER to Golgi apparatus.
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COPII (COat Protein complex II)
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Decreasing # of chain carbons.
*** phase transition temp. |
Decreasing
|
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1) M6P?
2) M6PR? |
1) mannose-6-phosphate
2) mannose-6-phosphate receptor |
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*** EXPLAIN ***
Chain termination DNA Sequencing 3) heat to *** & *** according to size by ---. 4) Analyze with ***/*** film OR ***/gel ***. |
3) denature & separate - gel electrophoresis
4) autoradiography/x-ray film UV light/gel image |
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*** are the gaps between myelin sheaths.
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Nodes of ranvier
|
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Increasing # of chain carbons.
*** phase transition temp. |
Increasing
|
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POMC?
*** makes this molecule functional |
preproopiomelanocorticotropin
pre pro opio melano cortico tropin proteolysis |
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The *** is the protein structure on chromosomes where spindle fibers attach during cell division.
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kinetochore
|
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*** *** holds sugars being attached to *** during N-glycosylation.
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dolichol bisphosphate
asparagine - N - Asn |
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Increasing # of double bonds.
*** phase transition temp. |
Decreasing
|
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Example of complex oligosaccharide...
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sialic acid
NANA N-acetylneuraminic acid |
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Decreasing # of double bonds.
*** phase transition temp. |
Increasing
|
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30nm chromatin packing is right above the *** level.
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beads-on-a-string
|
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*** is the unraveled DNA/protein complex usually found.
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Chromatin
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***: Region where identical sister chromatids are in closest contact serving as point of mitotic *** attachment.
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Centromere
cell division spindle |
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***: Proteins transporting molecules from cytoplasm into nucleus.
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Karyopherins
|
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In animal cells, two types of action potential.
1) Generated by ***. 2) Generated by ***. |
1) voltage-gated sodium channels
2) voltage-gated calcium channels |
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*** fats are good because...
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Unsaturated
stay liquid |
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Type of bonding...
Fatty acids Sugars Amino acids Nucleotides |
Fatty acids - ester bond
Sugars - glycosidic bond Amino acids - peptide bond Nucleotides - phosphodiester |
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Double bonds in hydrocarbon chains will be lower in *** temperatures.
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higher
|
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Double bonds in hydrocarbon chains will be higher in *** temperatures.
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lower
|
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Draw glycerol
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make note of H on glycerol...
h2 - h - h2 |
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Membrane protein that uses covalent bonds on outer monolayer are associated with ***.
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extracellular sugars
|
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Transmembrane proteins span across the plasma membrane w/--- amino acids that are ***.
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20-26
hydrophobic |
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DNA linking support structure...
Total width? Top Left Carbon #? Bottom#? |
phosphate deoxyribose backbone
2nm 5' - 3' |
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Chain termination DNA Sequencing
Q3) What's unique in each reaction tube? 1) --- |
ddNTP
|
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dNTP?
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deoxynucleotide triphosphate
|
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ddNTP?
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dideoxynucleotide triphosphate
|
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The Inner to outer *** ratio equalizes during ***.
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phosphatidylserine
apoptosis |
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Methods to analyze DNA...
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VNTR
mircoarray |
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Phospholipid components
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head group
phosphate glycerol (2) fatty acid |
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ATP components
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adenine
ribose (3)phosphates |
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Name the four ways lipids move around?
1) Common 2) 3) 4) Rare |
Lateral diffusion
Flexion - break a pencil Rotation - spinning Flip-flop |
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AA
1) left side? 2) right side? |
N - amino group
C - carboxyl group |
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kinky AA?
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proline
|
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Hybridoma experiment.
4) results |
0 minutes = 50/50 split
40 minutes = complete diffusion |
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What are the acidic AA?
|
Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid |
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--- Ion Concentration gradients INSIDE cell ---
Higher? Lower? |
Higher - K+
Lower - Na+, Ca++, Cl- |
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VNTR analysis at four loci will have *** bands. VNTR w/largest # of repeats will be at the ***.
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8 or less
top |
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disulfide bond AA?
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cysteine
|
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Glycolysis products
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2 [NADH]
2 [ATP] |
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First glucose uptake protein? ***
Second? *** This helps too... *** |
Na+ driven glucose symport - Na+/Glucose IN
passive glucose transporter - Glucose out Na+/K+ pump - Na+ out and K+ in |
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TCA/Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle
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2 GTP
2 FADH2 6 NADH |
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***(***) is the prototype and most extensively-studied ABC transporter.
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Pgp (P-glycoprotein)
|
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Nucleotides?
U - T - A - G - C |
Uracil
Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine |
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Function of FAD/NAD?
FAD + ??? NAD + ??? |
donates two e-
2H+ and 2e = FADH2 H+ and 2e = NADH |
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AA that can be phosphorylated.
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Ser-Serine
Tyr-Tyrosine Thr-Threonine |
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Pyrimidine mnemonic?
Pyrimidines? |
--- CUT PYe ---
Cytosine Uracil Thymine |
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Essential AA mnemonic?
1st SET? |
PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine Valine Threonine |
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***: a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.
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DNA microarray
|
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Essential AA mnemonic?
2nd SET? |
PVT TIM HALL
Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine |
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Essential AA mnemonic?
3rd SET? |
PVT TIM HALL
Histidine Arginine Lysine Leucine |
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*** *** centrifuge uses steep sucrose gradient to ***.
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Equilibrium sedimentation
cause buoyancy |
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SDS-PAGE?
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sodium dodecyl sulfate
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
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ATP production VIA cellular respiration has 3 main stages...
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glycolysis -
citric acid cycle - electron transport |
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1) Three parts of cholesterol.
4) How long? |
1) polar head group
2) rigid steroid ring structure 3) nonpolar hydrocarbon tail 4) 2nm |
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*** is a drug that utilizes lysosomes.
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Doxorubicin
|
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---CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY---
?3? - hydrophobic molecules |
O2 - N2 - steroid horomones
highly |
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---CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY---
?3? - small uncharged polar molecules |
h2o - urea - glycerol
occasionally |
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The final step of energy creation is ***.
|
oxidative phosphorylation
|
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mole?
|
approx. 6.022×10^23
# of C12 isotope atoms in 12 grams |
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Immortal cell is also known as...
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HeLa
|
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Name two types of sedimentation centrifuges...
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Velocity sedimentation
Equilibrium sedimentation |
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---CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY---
?5? - ions molecules |
H+ - Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3-
never |
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Gel electrophoresis should use *** and ***.
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BME and SDS
beta-mercaptoethanol/BME sodium dodecyl sulfate/SDS |
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Ig class switching... constant region of *** is changed but variable region stays the same.
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heavy chain
|
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***: action potential of myelinated axons....
***: action potential of nonmyelinated axons.... |
Saltatory conduction
action potential conduction |
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Basic AA have a *** charge in pH 7.
|
positive
|
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Neurotransmitters bind to *** on *** and cause an inrush of Ca++.
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transmitter-gated ion channels
dendrites |
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Draw two generic AA structures...
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H2N-C-COOH ------ H3N(+)-C-COO(-)
|
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Acidic AA have a *** charge in pH 7.
|
negative
|
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*** is a good endonuclease restriction enzyme.
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HpaI
I=roman numberal Haemophilus parainfluenzae |
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Antibodies are *** containing two antigen binding sites... as well as a *** and ***.
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bivalent -
tail and hinge region |
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DNA ribose 5' carbon has *** group.
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phosphate
|
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What two AA have different 3-Letter code?
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Tryptophan - Trp
Isoleucine - Ile |
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The *** on Macrophages binds to the *** region on Ig. It stands for...?
|
Fc receptor -
Fc region - fragment crystallizable |
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Lipid bilayer is *** thick.
|
5nm
|
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Antibody tail is ***.
Top binding side is *** Bottom is ***. |
heavy-chain
heavy-chain light-chain |
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DNA ribose 3' carbon has *** group.
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hydroxyl
|
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Hybrid cells are made from... the final fused cell is called...
|
differentiated normal cell and mouse tumor cell
heterokaryon/hybridoma |
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*** and *** use Ig to identify targets for phagocytosis.
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Macrophages -
Neutrophil |
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Name two parts of a microscope...
|
objective
eyepiece |
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ΔG+ reaction will happen?
|
NO
|
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Antibody composition?
1) 2) 3) 4) |
effector domains
binding domains light chain heavy chain |
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ΔG- reaction will happen?
|
YES
|
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How many bonds does AT have?
|
2
|
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The epitote on antigens finds to the *** on Ig. It stands for...?
|
Fab fragment
fragment antigen-binding |
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*** charge in cytosol... *** on outside.
|
-
+ |
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*** *** centrifuge uses shallow sucrose gradient to ***.
|
Velocity sedimentation
fractionate |
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β-mercaptoethanol is used to...
|
reduce disulfide bonds
|
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(S)*** are found in the cytosol.
|
sulfhydryl groups
|
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How many bonds does GC have?
|
3
|
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Name parts of centrifuge
|
motor
rotor armored chamber |
|
Channels control by these means...
|
1) voltage-gated
2) ligand-gated(extra/extracellular ligand) 3) mechanically gated |
|
These drugs affect microtubules
1) Colchicine works by *** 2) Vineblastine/Vincristine works by *** 3) Taxol works by *** |
1) preventing polymerization
2) preventing polymerization 3) stabilizing |