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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
***: type of undifferentiated connective tissue from [M].
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Mesenchyme
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[[[[[[[[[[[[Neurula-Stage [M] Regions]]]]]]]]]]]]]
1) *** – notochord 2) *** – somites and bone 3) *** – kidney and gonads 4) *** – heart and cavities 5) *** mesenchyme – facial |
1) Chorda
2) Paraxial 3) Intermediate 4) Lateral plate 5) Head |
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--- Five Neural-Stage [M] Regions ---
*** *** [M] – forms body cavities |
Lateral Plate
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*** occurs at same time of meso/endoderm organs formation.
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Neurulation
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--- *** [M] ---
Separates into transient somites flanking notochord Determines migrational path of NCCs and s*** n*** a***. |
Paraxial
spinal nerve axons |
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*** are TRANSIENT block structures flanking notochord.
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Somites
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*** is the process of somite formation.
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Somitogenesis
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--- Somitogenesis ---
Important processes.... 1) P*** 2) E*** 3) S*** 4) D*** |
1) Periodicity
2) Epithelialization 3) Specification 4) Differentiation |
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*** is a repeating regular interval or period.
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Periodicity
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--- Somitogenesis ---
1) *** causes regular intervals of somite development. 2) Number of somites tells *** of embryo. 3) Chicks have ***, mice *** and snakes ***. |
1) Periodicity
2) age 3) 50 --- 65 --- 500 |
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--- Somitogenesis ---
!!! Periodicity caused by... Separation caused by... |
hairy gene
Ephrin/Eph receptor |
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--- Somite PeriodiciTY PATTERN –
1) Hairy Gene expression in *** portion of unsegmented tissue has *** rhythm. 2) New somite created every # *** & expressed in its *** portion for at least # more***. |
1) caudal --- wave-like
2) 90 minutes --- posterior 15 --- hours |
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Somitogenesis is not due to typical cell *** but instead is autonomous processes.
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migrating
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--- Somite SEPARATION ----
1) Hairy gene encodes TF targeting *** and *** *** which cause 2) repulsion between posterior side of *** and migrating ***. |
1) Eph --- Ephrin receptors
2) somite --- NCCs |
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--- Zebrafish Somite Separation ---
Somite / presomite junction 1) Anterior presomite expresses receptor/ligand ***. 2) Posterior somite expresses receptor/ligand ***. 3) border previously DeTerMined by *** gene. |
1) receptor EphA4
2) ligand ephrinB2 3) Hairy |
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Epithelialization – Fibronection and ***-cadherin synthesis is regulated by *** ***
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N-cadherin --- Paraxis mRNA
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--- Somite Specification ---
1) *** specification occurs early. 2) *** specification occurs late. |
1) AXIAL
2) Internal |
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--- Somite AXIAL Specification ---
1) Commitment occurs *** and cells fates are ***... 2) However, internal specification happens *** after ***. |
1) early – fixed
2) late --- maturation |
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Somites - Masses of [M] flanking neural tube become...
1) skin (***) 2) muscle (***) 3) vertebrae (***) –- mesenchymal |
1) dermatome
2) myotome 3) sclerotome |
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--- Somite Specification ---
1) Dermatome and myotome derive from *** precursor. 2) Sclerotome(vertebrate) layer becomes *** ***. |
1) Dermamyotome
2) mesenchymal Chondrocytes |
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Sclerotome is termed this because...
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Forms hard tissue of somite
(vertebrate) |
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*** discs slip in the back and are composed of *** *** tissue.
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Intervertebral --- nuclei pulposi
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--- Myotome of Somite ---
1) Epaxial muscle = *** layer *** to neural tube. 2) Hypaxial muscle = *** layer *** from neural tube. |
1) outer --- closest
2) inner --- farthest |
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--- Myotome of Somite ---
1) Both Epaxial and Hypaxial get *** and ***#/# from epidermis. 2) Only Epaxial muscle gets *** from ***(because its closer) forming the *** layer. 3) Hypaxial muscle then forms *** layer muscle... |
1) BMP4 --- Wnt1/3
2) SHH --- notochord --- OUTSIDE 3) inner(body wall) |
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1) TF *** causes dermatome to migrate into epidermis.
2) SHH induces Pax1 activating *** specific genes. |
1) NT-3
2) cartilage |
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1) ***: differentiation into skeletal muscle.
2) *** cells fuse into *** which contains many ***... |
1) Myogenesis
2) myoblast --- myotube --- nuclei |
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--- Muscle TFs ---
1) *** and *** are called Master Switches because they 2) activate *** specific genes in somites causing differentiation to *** cells. |
1) Myf5 --- MyoD
2) muscle --- Myoblast |
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--- Muscle Cell Lineage ---
1) Somite 2) *** 3) *** 4) *** |
1)
2) Myoblast 3) Myotube 4) Myofiber |
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--- Muscle TF Lineage ---
1) *** or *** 2) *** 3) *** |
--- Muscle TF Lineage ---
1) MyoD or Myf5 2) MYOG(myogenin) 3) MRF4 |
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--- Muscle Cell Lineages ---
1) Somite + TF ??? 2) Myoblast + TF ??? 3) Myotube + TF ??? 4) Myofiber |
1) MyoD or Myf5
2) MYOG 3) MRF4 |
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--- Muscle Development ---
1) High FGF = proliferation -repression of TF *** activating ***. 2) Low FGF = differentiation -activation of *** repressing ***. |
1) MyoD --- cdk4/cyclinD1
2) p21 --- cdk4/cyclinD1 |
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--- Muscle Cell Development ---
1) TF *** controls proliferation/differentiation switch. 2) ***(*** family) is a transcriptional *** of MyoD. |
1) FGF
2) Twist(Wnt) --- Repressor |
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1) ***: process of bone development.
2) ***: formation of bones. 3) ***: formation of cartilage. |
1) Osteogenesis
2) Ossification 3) Chondrogenesis |
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--- Cartilage Formation ---
*** initiates and *** maintains. |
N-cadherin --- N-cam
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--- Osteogenesis ---
Regions Generating Skeleton 1) *** --- Axial skeleton 2) *** *** --- Limb skeleton 3) *** *** --- Facial crap |
1) Scleretome
2) Lateral-Plate [M] 3) Cranial NCCs |
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--- Osteogenesis ---
Regions Generating Skeleton 1) Scleretome generates *** skeleton and 2) Lateral-Plate [M] *** skeleton. 3) Cranial NCCs............. |
1) Axial
2) Limb 3) |
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--- Osteogenesis ---
Modes of Bone Formation 1) *** ossification doesn't use cartilage. 2) *** ossification uses cartilage. |
1) Intramembranous
2) Endochondrial |
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1) *** ossification uses Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis.
2) TF *** activates cartilage specific genes. |
1) Endochondrial
2) Scleraxis |
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*** bones of skull formed through *** ossification.
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Flat --- Intramembranous
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1) ***: Specialized fibroblasts secreting calcium binding *** that
2) create calcified *** structures located w/in the *** membrane. 3) Nephron units are locating in the *** and contain 4) # cells and # cell types. |
1) Osteoblast --- proteogycans
2) spicules --- Periosteum 3) kidney 4) 10,000 --- 12 |
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--- Long Bone Formation ---
1) *** condenses into Cartilage. 2) *** chondrocyte in the *** region 3) become larger secreting different ***, 4) more ***, and less *** ***. |
1) Mesenchyme
2) Hypertrophic --- central 3) larger --- collagen 4) fibronectin--- protease inhibitors |
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--- Long Bone Formation ---
1) Cartilage Matrix is degraded when *** chondrocytes die. 2) *** cells then secrete bone matrix replacing w/bone 3) in a process called *** ***. |
1) Hypertrophic
2) Osteoblast 3) Capillary Invasion |
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--- Epiphyseal Growth Plate (EGP) ---
1) Primary response to *** hormone. 2) Secondary response to *** hormone.... (chain rxn) 3) Requires active *** ***(organ). |
1) IGF-1(Insulin-like Growth Factor 1)
2) GH (Growth Hormone) 3) Pituitary Gland |
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-- Hypertrophic Chondrocytes ---
Switching from *** to *** type of *** causes release of matrix vesicles containing calcium. |
aerobic to anaerobic respiration
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1) Kidney and *** Develop from the *** [M] Region.
3) Metanephros retained in ***. |
1) Intermediate [M] Region
2) amniotes |
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Mammal Kidney Development Phases....
1) 2) 3) |
1) Pronephros
2) Mesonephros 3) Metanephros |
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***: functional kidney in fish and amphibian larva.
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Pronephros
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--- Mammal 1st Kidney Progression ---
1) Retains only the *** portion of the pronephric *** 2) which forms into the nephric ***. 3) The *** portion induces the *** of the new *** kidney. |
1) caudal --- duct --- nephric “wolffian” duct
2) Middle --- tubules --- mesonephros |
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HSCs and ducts of testes are formed from transient *** ***.
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Mesonephros tubules
Hematopoietic stem cells |
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Mesonephros tubules have brief existence but they...
1) source *** *** *** and 2) *** structures of the ***. |
HSCs(hematopoietic stem cells)
Tubes --- testes ((((from tubules)))) |
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--- Mammal Kidney Progression ---
1) Reciprocal induction between *** *** and *** ***. 2) primary inducer forms *** ***. 3) induced form *** *** ***. |
1) Metanephrogenic mesenchyme --- ureteric buds
2) nephron 3) collecting duct |
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--- Mammal Kidney Reciprocal Induction ---
1) Formed by complex interactions between *** and 2) *** components of the *** [M]. |
1) epithelial --- mesenchymal
2) intermediate |
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--- Mammal Kidney Reciprocal Induction ---
1) Metanephrogenic mesenchyme is formed in the *** region of the *** [M]. |
posterior --- intermediate
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