Jw Uhcl Developmental Biology Exam 2 Ch7

Front 1

--- Function of Amphibian Blastocoel ---
1) Space for ***
2) Prevents *** *** of cells

Back 1

1) gastrulation
2) premature interaction

Front 2

1) *** embryos used first in experimental embryology....
2) these embryos have *** cells and *** development
3) making them great for *** experiments.

Back 2

1) Amphibian
2) large --- rapid
3) transplantation

Front 3

--- Mesolecithal: RADIAL Holoblastic ---
1) 1st cleavage begins at ___ and extends...
2) downwards being impeded by ***.

Back 3

1) animal pole
2) yolk

Front 4

--- Mesolecithal: Radial Holoblastic ---
Two major embryonic regions formed
1) rapidly dividing ***
2) slowly dividing ***
3) Cause *** holoblastic ***

Back 4

1) micromeres
2) macromeres
3) uneven holoblastic cleavage

Front 5

Vegetal cells influence adjacent cells to become ***.

Back 5

mesodermal

Front 6

1) *** is important to blastocoel formation.
2) If it is not present the blastocoel...

Back 6

1) EP-cadherin
2) will not form

Front 7

--- Frog Gastrulation ---
1) *** arise from interior layers.
2) *** arise from superficial layers.

Back 7

1) mesoderm
2) ectoderm & endoderm

Front 8

***: Cell movement during *** causing thinning and spreading of cell layers.

Back 8

Epiboly
gastrulation

Front 9

***: Moderate amount of vegetal yolk w/gradient.

Back 9

Mesolecithal

Front 10

--- Blastulation Cleavage rates ---
1) Animal pole: # mm/min
2) Vegetal pole: # mm/min

Back 10

1) 1
2) 0.03

Front 11

--- Mesolecithal: Radial Holoblastic ---
1) Macromeres form at *** pole
2) during # cleavage

Back 11

1) vegetal
2) 3rd

Front 12

--- Mesolecithal: Radial Holoblastic ---
1) Micromeres form at *** pole
2) during # cleavage

Back 12

1) animal
2) 3rd

Front 13

***: Forms on side opposite to sperm penetration.

Back 13

gray crescent region

Front 14

--- Sea Urchin AND Animal ---
1) (pre)*** *** cells in BOTH
2) invaginate into *** ***.
3) However, the *** differs.

Back 14

1) prospective --- endodermal
2) dorsal blastopore
3) location

Front 15

--- Sea Urchin Dorsal Blastopore Lip ---
1) Formation process?
2) Location?

Back 15

1) Invagination
2) Vegetal pole

Front 16

--- Animal Dorsal Blastopore Lip ---
1) Formation process?
2) Location?

Back 16

1) Invagination
2) Marginal zone

Front 17

--- Animal-Vegetal Axis ---
1) Animal Pole forms *** tissues.
2) Vegetal Pole forms *** tissues.
3) Axis is established...

Back 17

1) Animal - "Ectoderm"
2) Vegetal - "Gut & associated organs"
3) before fertilization

Front 18

--- Rotational Displacement of Zygotic Cyotplasm --
1) *** cytoplasm rotates *** ***
2) to the *** cytoplasm.

Back 18

1) Cortical --- 30° relative
2) internal

Front 19

--- Rotational Displacement of Zygotic Cytoplasm ---
1) Initiates ***
2) Establishes *** of >>>
3) *** and ****

Back 19

1) Gastrulation
2) axes
3) Anterior/Posterior and Dorsal/Ventral

Front 20

--- Rotational Displacement of Zygotic Cytoplasm ---
1) Site of Sperm Entry = *** Side
2) Site Opposite = *** Side

Back 20

1) Ventral
2) Dorsal

Front 21

--- Factors Initiating Gastrulation ---
--- AMPHIBIANS ---
1) Come from *** *** cells.
2) Rather than *** *** cells.

Back 21

1) dorsal vegetal
2) gray crescent

Front 22

--- Xenopus ---
1) What is it?
2) What does it mean in Greek?

Back 22

1) Sub-Saharan frogs
2) xeno=strange
pous=foot

Front 23

--- Gastrulation in Xenopus ---
Ectoderm epibolizes by...
1) *** *** and...
2) *** of previously *** ***

Back 23

1) cellular division
2) integration --- independent layers

Front 24

--- Gastrulation in Xenopus ---
1) Transformation of *** cells into ***(type) cells
2) helps them *** into the *** *** forming new blastopore.
3) *** of marginal cells past dorsal *** ***
4) begins formation of ***.

Back 24

1) endodermal --- bottle
2) invaginate --- marginal zone
3) Involution --- blastopore lip
4) archenteron

Front 25

--- Gastrulation in Xenopus ---
- FINAL RESULT -
1) Proper *** of the...
2) # *** layers required for further differentiation.

Back 25

1) positioning
2) three germ

Front 26

1) *** was the 1st vertebrate studied w/intensive mutagenesis. Why???
2) Why? *** & *** development! Tad-pole like vertebrate w/in # ***.
3) Efficient screening of developmental *** ***.
4) Leading to the discovery of *** of genes important in ***.

Back 26

1) Zebrafish
2) rapid --- open --- 24 hours
3) stage defect
4) thousands --- development

Front 27

--- Study of Zebrafish Mutagenesis ---
Why?
1) Embryo develops in the ***
2) making *** *** screening efficient

Back 27

1) open
2) stage defect

Front 28

--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
Animal pole undergoes
1) meroblastic *** cleavage
2) resulting in the formation of a ***

Back 28

1) discoidal
2) blastodisc

Front 29

The *** is favorite for studying vertebrate development.

Back 29

Zebrafish

Front 30

--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
1) Blastoderm movement during *** is powered by...
2) the tight attachment between outer *** layer...
3) inner *** *** layer.

Back 30

1) epiboly
2) envelope layer
3) yolk syncytial layer

Front 31

--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
1) *** extension of blastoderm brings
2) hypoblast & epiblast to the *** side
3) to form the *** ***

Back 31

1) Convergent
2) dorsal
3) embyronic shield

Front 32

--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
1) *** of embryonic shield cells...
2) cause the extension of *** cells...
3) toward the....

Back 32

1) intercalation
2) chordamesoderm
3) animal pole

Front 33

--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
1) notocord cells expressing *** gene...
2) *** by cells expressing *** gene which...
3) differentiate into *** ***

Back 33

1) no tail
2) flanked --- snail gene
3) mesodermal somites

Front 34

--- Chordamesoderm Cells ---
1) Also known as....
2) express....

Back 34

1) notocord cells
2) no tail gene

Front 35

--- Gastrulation in Zebrafish ---
Convergent extension of chordamesoderm is performed by cells expressing the *** gene

Back 35

'no tail'

Front 36

Axis determined before fertilization?

Back 36

Animal-Vegetal Axis

Front 37

***: Infolding of a region of cells during gastrulation.

Back 37

Invagination

Front 38

***: Inward turning of expanding outer layer cells during gastrulation.

Back 38

Involution

Front 39

***: Migration of individual cells into cell interior during gastrulation.

Back 39

Ingression

Front 40

--- Radial Holoblastic - Mesolecithal ---
Micromeres and macromeres
1) at *** cleavage cause
2) *** holoblastic ***.

Back 40

1) 3rd
2) unequal --- cleavage

Front 41

1) Endodermal bottle cells ***
2) Marginal cells ***
3) Mesodemal cells ***
4) Ectodermal cells ***

Back 41

1) Invaginate
2) Involute
3) Involute
4) Epibolize

Front 42

--- DISTINGUISH ---
1) Invagination is an infolding of...
2) Involution is an infolding of...

Back 42

1) a region of cells
2) an expanding outer layers