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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
--- Stages of Commitments ---
1) ***: Irreversible 2) ***: Reversible |
1) Determination
2) Specification |
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--- Female Gametes ---
1) ***: mature "animal" gamete 2) ***: young mature gamete 3) ***: mature "lower plant/algae" gamete 4) ***: immature egg |
1) ovum
2) ovule 3) oosphere 4) oocyte |
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ZP?
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Zona Pellucida
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A *** cell will differentiate autonomously ONLY when placed in a neutral environment.
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specified
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A *** cell will differentiate autonomously EVEN when placed in a different region of an embryo.
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determined
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Basic modes of commitment
Cell Specification Mechanisms 1) *** specification 2) *** specification 3) *** specification |
1) Autonomous specification
2) Conditional specification 3) Syncytial specification |
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Vertebrate cell specification mechanism...
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Conditional
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Invertebrate cell specification mechanism...
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Autonomous
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Insect cell specification mechanism...
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Syncytial
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--- *** Specification ---
1) Morphogenetic Determinants: *** & *** found 2) in *** cytoplasm causing predetermined commitment. |
Autonomous
1) Proteins --- mRNA 2) ovum |
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***: Mode of commitment involving interactions w/neighboring cells.
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Conditional Specification
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1) *** *** is the ability of EMBRYONIC cells to change cell fate to compensate
2) for missing parts... and is found in *** Specification. |
1) Regulative Development
2) Conditional |
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Studies on Conditional Specification led to development of 4 techniques involved in experimental embryology...
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1) Defect Experiment
2) Isolation Experiment 3) Recombination Experiment 4) Transplantation Experiment |
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*** Experiment: Portion of embryo destroyed.
Development of i*** embryo is observed. |
Defect
impaired |
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*** Experiment - Portion of embryo removed.
Development of *** embryo & *** part observed. |
Isolation
partial -- isolated |
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*** Experiment: Replace original embryonic part w/a part from different region. Observe embryo development.
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Recombination
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*** Experiment: Portion of embryo replaced w/portion from different embryo.
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Transplantation
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--- Sea Urchin Development ---
1) Studied using *** Experiment. 2) Development using *** Specification. 3) Cells studied are from *** *** region. |
1) Isolation
2) Conditional 3) Animal cap |
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--- Sea Urchin Development ---
Skeletal mesoderm cells have *** influence on formation of new *** cells. |
restrictive
gut |
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1) A morphogen specifies many cell types w/ a *** ***.
2) Diffusing from site of synthesis(***) to site of degradation(***). |
1) concentration gradient
2) source --- sink |
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Morphogen gradients are responsible for *** in flatworms.... There are *** gradients.
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regeneration
two |
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1) Middle section of flatworm cut too small results in...
2) Same section cut near head 1st... then tail... results in... |
1) two heads
2) one head, one tail |
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The **** is used to explain how different tissues respond differently to same to morphogen gradient system.
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French Flag Analogy
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--- Frog EMBRYO Development ---
1) *** created by *** flatworms result in multi-legged adults. 2) Split limb disc w/barrier into 2 layers and... 3) *** is a morphogen is produced in the frog's *** hemisphere. |
1) Cysts - Trematode
2) two limbs form 3) Activin --- vegetal |
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***: 'Grouping' of cells giving rise to a particular organ even when transplanted.
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Morphogenetic Field
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***: A group of cells whose position and fates are specified with respect to the same set of boundaries.
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Morphogenetic Field
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--- Morphogenetic Limb Field ---
***: Located in center of disc, normally giving rise to the limb. |
Free limb
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-- Syncytial Specifications ---
1) Prior to cellularization of ***!!!, specification 2) is being induced through *** between.... 3) After cellularization, ***!!! takes over. |
1) blastoderm
2) interactions --- cytoplasmic regions 3) Conditional Specification |
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--- *** Specification ---
Multinucleated Zygote undergoing karyokinesis... No cytokinesis. |
Syncytial
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1) Bicoid protein is highest at the *** end.
2) Caudal @ *** end. |
1) anterior
2) posterior |
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Some embyros use all three commitment mechanisms... T/F
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True
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*** specification is a tile mosaic of independent self-differentiated parts.
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Autonomous
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1) Limb Field is composed of *** areas...
2) Consisting of these areas... |
1) four
2) Bottom, Center, Top, Surrounding |
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--- Sea urchin - 16-cell embryo ---
1) Development of *** *** Region 2) *** *** cells: severely restricted forming *** 3) *** *** were: not restricted forming *** |
1) Animal Cap
2) Aggregated paired --- mesoderm 3) Isolated paired --- ectoderm and mesoderm |
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--- *** Specification ---
Controlled by mRNA/proteins in egg. |
Autonomous
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--- *** Specification ---
Variable cleavage produces unique cell fates. |
Conditional
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--- *** Specification ---
Relative position of cells is important... |
Conditional
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--- *** Specification ---
Invariant cleavage produces identical uniform cell fates. |
Autonomous
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--- *** Specification ---
Cell type specification precedes cell migration. |
Autonomous
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--- *** Specification ---
Cell migration precedes or accompanies cell type specification. |
Conditional
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--- *** Specification ---
Variable cleavage produces no rigid cell fates for particular Nuclei. |
Syncytial
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*** is when embryonic cells altering their cell fate to compensate for missing part.
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Regulative Development
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--- Mollusc Trochoblast Cells ---
1) Cells always become *** because 2) they are governed by *** specification 3) through the direction of *** |
1) ciliated
2) autonomous specification 3) Morphogenetic Determinants |
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--- Drosophila Development ---
1) Cells from MIDDLE of leg placed on tip of antennae form.... 2) because the cell responded to... |
1) CLAW!!
2) its POSITION in gradient |
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Morphogen MUST demonstate...
1) An ability to... 2) in a way that cell.... |
1) act directly on cells
2) response varies with concentration |
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Four techniques used in Experimental Embryology were developed during early studies on *** ***
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Conditional Specification
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