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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is referred to the court acting in the best interest of the child?
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Parens patriae
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What are offenses that are only applicable to children?
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Status offenses
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What is the minimum age of juvenile jurisdiction in Texas?
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10
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What is the goal of current reform in the U.S.?
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Deincarceration- choosing community based alternatives over the commitment of youth
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What are the historical themes of juvenile justice?
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-Discovering the Child
-Increased Authority of the State -Reform and Retrenchment -Get-tough and Go-Soft Approaches -Threat of the Dangerous Poor -The Unsolvable Nature of Youth Crime |
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What are the most widely held philosophies to juvenile justice?
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-The Treatment Model (or Medical Model)
-The Justice Model -The Crime Control Model -The Balanced and Restorative Justice Model |
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What model is an attempt to rehabilitate the youthful offenders. This model proposes that juveniles should be treated by specialists for those factors that caused them to commit offenses?
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The Treatment Model
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What is a model that supposes that both juvenile and adult offenders are volitional and responsible human beings and deserve to be punished proportionally to the seriousness of their offenses if they violate the law?
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The Justice Model
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What is a model that assumes that offenders have free will and should be punished with harsh penalties, such as long prison sentences, to protect society?
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The Crime Control Model
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What model ensures resources are allocated equally among efforts to ensure accountability to crime victims, to increase competency in offenders and to enhance community safety?
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The Balanced and Restorative Justice Model
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What are the most widely used methods of measurement in juvenile justice?
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-Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
-National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) -Self Report Surveys |
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What are some alternative methods of measurement in juvenile justice?
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-Cohort Research
-Experimental Research -Observational and Interview Research |
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What are the pro's of national level data?
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-UCR
City, county, state, university/college Part I (violent & property) & Part II Offenses Categorical reporting -NCVS Includes crime incidents, victims involved, and trends affecting victims Addresses dark figure of crime -Self-Report Surveys Includes unrecorded crimes |
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What are the con's of national level data?
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-UCR
Dark figure of crime No information about victim Manipulation of information -NCVS Does not report homicide, kidnappings, victimless crimes, or commercial robbery and burglaries -Self-Report Surveys Relies heavily on the honesty of offenders Omits offenders who refuse or are unable to participate |
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What factors shape delinquency?
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-Population Make-Up, -Economy and Jobs, -Social Problems, -Abortion, -Immigration, -Guns, -Gangs, -Drug Use, -Media, -Juvenile Justice Policy
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What are the major correlates of delinquency?
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-Time and Place
-Gender -Race: Bias effects (Racial Threat Thesis) Race matters -Social Class -Age: Aging Out Age of Onset |
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What factors contribute to the desistance of delinquency?
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-Growing older & facing the future
-Ability to resist instant gratification -Maturation & responsibilities -Change in personalities -More likely to weigh consequences -Changes in human biology |
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What is theory and why is it important when studying delinquency?
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Theory considers the social factors (x leads to the y)
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What is the difference between positivism and the classical school of criminology?
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-Classical School of Criminology
Rational Choice Routine Activities -Positivism Biological Positivism Psychological Positivism Social Positivism |
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Classical Criminology: Which forefather wrote Crimes on Punishment (1763), and believed in certainty, severity, and celerity?
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Cesare Beccaria
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Classical Criminology: Which forefather wrote an Introduction to the Principles of Morals & Legislation (1780), and believed in prevention, deterrence, proportionality, and utilitarianism?
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Jeremy Bentham
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What are the main tenets of Classical School of Criminology?
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-Free Will
-Utilitarianism -Felicific Calculus -Deterrence -Proportionality -Equal Justice -Judgment by law |
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What are some factors to consider with the Classical School of Criminology?
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-Informal sanctions
-Immediate gratification v. short punishment -High risk offenders (present-oriented) -Under the influence offenders -Co-offending |
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What are the main tenets of Positivism?
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-Character/personal background factor in
-The existence of determinism -Explanation through micro/macro factors |
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Biological Positivism: Who believed in "born" criminals or atavistic?
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Cesare Lombroso
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What theoretical debate will forever be ongoing?
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Nature v Nurture Theory
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What is the the view that intelligence is inherited and is a function of genetic makeup?
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Nature Theory
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What is the view that intelligence is determined by environmental stimulation and socialization?
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Nurture Theory
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What are the best methods for studying genetics and delinquency?
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-Researching Genetic Disposition to Crime
Parental Deviance Twin Studies Adoption Studies -Is there a Crime Gene? No. The XYY gene is the closest to it |
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What holds that youths will engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions. Delinquent behavior is a rational choice made by a motivated offender who perceives that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss?
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Rational Choice Theory
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What is the view that crime is a normal function of the routine activities of modern living. Offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians?
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Routine Activities Theory
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What is the view that delinquent behavior is controlled by a “master trait,” present at birth or soon after, that remains stable and unchanging throughout a person’s lifetime; created by Cesare Lombroso?
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Latent Trait Theory
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Which theory is being described:
-Personality made of 3 components -Passage through 3 psychosexual stages -Traits are developed in early childhood -Created by Sigmund Freud |
Psychoanalytic Theory
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In correlation to the psychoanalytic theory, what are the four explanations of delinquency?
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-Neurotic Development
-Defective Superego -Overly Developed Superego -Deprivation of Development |
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What theory created by Shaw &McKay described neighborhood or area marked by culture conflict, lack of cohesiveness, a transient population, and in-sufficient social organizations. These problems are reflected in the problems at schools in these areas?
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Social Disorganization Theory
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According to social disorganization theory, what are some influential factors of delinquency?
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Transitional Neighborhoods
-Cultural Transmission -Social Control -Relative Deprivation -Community Change (e.g., gentrificaton) -Community Fear -Poverty Concentration Collective Efficacy |
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According to who, is normlessness produced by rapidly shifting moral values; anomie occurs when personal goals cannot be achieved using available means?
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Robert Merton (Anomie)
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According to who, thinks links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which creates the anger and frustration that lead to delinquent acts?
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Robert Agnew (General Strain Theory)
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What theory states that intergroup conflict, born out of the unequal distribution of wealth and power, is the root cause of delinquency?
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Racial Threat Theory
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What theory created by Edwin Sutherland states that children are exposed to pro-social and antisocial attitudes and behaviors by those around them (e.g., family or friends); these behaviors and attitudes can be pro-delinquent as well as conventional?
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Differential Association Theory
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What theory states delinquency results from a weakened commitment to the major social institutions (family, peers, and school); lack of such commitment allows youths to exercise antisocial behavior choices?
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Social Control Theory
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According to Travis Hirschi what are the four main elements to social bond?
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• Attachment to parents, peers, and schools
• Commitment to the pursuit of conventional activities, such as getting an education and saving for the future • Involvement in conventional activities, such as school, sports, or religion • Belief in values, such as sensitivity to the rights of others and respect for the legal code |
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What is a developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories; includes impulsivity and low self-control?
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General Theory of Crime (Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi)
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What theory asserts that females are less delinquent than males because their social roles provide them with fewer opportunities to commit crimes; as their roles of girls and women become more similar to those of boys and men, so to will their crime patterns?
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Liberal Feminist Theory
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What theory holds that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women and the subsequent exploitation of women by men; the cause of female delinquency originates with the onset of male supremacy and the efforts of males to control females' sexuality?
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Critical Feminist Theory
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