Juvenile Delinquency Exam 1

Front 1

achieved status

Back 1

a status that is earned

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Crime Index

Back 2

a statistical indicator consisting of eight offenses that was used to gauge the amount of crime reported to the police, it was discontinued in 2004

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adolescence-limited offenders

Back 3

a term applied to the overwhelming majority of children who commit a few minor acts of delinquency on an inconsistent basis during their teenage years

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Allen v. United States

Back 4

The U.S. Supreme Court ruling stating that a child younger than age 7 cannot be guilty of a felony or punished for a capital offense because he or she is presumed incapable of forming criminal intent

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ascribed status

Back 5

a status that is received at birth

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baby boomers

Back 6

people born between 1946 and 1964

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bootstrapping

Back 7

a practice in which a chronic status offender who commits a new status offense while on probation is charged with the criminal offense of violating a formal court order that specified the conditions of that child's probation

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Child Savers

Back 8

Reformers in the nineteenth century who believed children were basically good and blamed delinquency on a bad environment

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chronic status offender

Back 9

Children who continue to commit status offenses despite repeated interventions by the family, school, social service, and law enforcement agencies

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Code of Hammurabi

Back 10

one of the oldest known sets of written laws

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juvenile

Back 11

in most states, a person younger than age 18

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juvenile delinquency

Back 12

usually a person younger than age 18 who commits an illegal act and is officially processed through the juvenile or family court

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life-course persistent offenders

Back 13

the most serious juvenile delinquents; a small group of children who engage in antisocial behavior of one sort or another at every stage of life

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parens patriae

Back 14

a doctrine that defines the state as the ultimate guardian of every child

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secular law

Back 15

a body of legal statutes developed separately from church or canon law

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status

Back 16

a socially defined position within a group

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status offense

Back 17

an act considered illegal only for children, such as truancy

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Stubborn Child Law

Back 18

a law passed in 1641 stating that children who disobeyed their parents could be put to death

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age-crime curve

Back 19

the empirical trend that crime rates increase during preadolescence, peak in late adolescence, and steadily decline thereafter

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aging-out phenomenon

Back 20

the gradual decline of participation in crime after the teenage years

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chronic offenders

Back 21

youths who continue to engage in law-breaking behavior as adults, they are responsible for the most serious forms of delinquency and violent crime

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concentrated disadvantage

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economically impoverished, racially segregated neighborhoods with high crime rates

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psychopathy

Back 23

a personality disorder that results in affective, interpersonal, and behavioral problems, including violent criminal behavior that is committed without conscience

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continuity of crime

Back 24

the idea that chronic offenders are unlikely to age-out of crime and more likely to continue their law-violating behavior into their adult lives

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hierarchy rule

Back 25

the guideline for reporting data in the Uniform Crime Reports, in which police record only the most serious crime incident

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crimes of interest

Back 26

the crimes that are the focus of the National Crime Victimization survey

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dark figure of crime

Back 27

the gap between the actual amount of crime committed and the amount of crime reported to the police

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ecological fallcy

Back 28

the mistake of assuming relationships found at the neighborhood level mean those factors are related at the individual level

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incidence

Back 29

the number of delinquent acts committed

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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Back 30

an annual nationwide survey of criminal victimization conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics

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National Opinion Research Center (NORC)

Back 31

the organization that conducted the first nationwide victimization survey in the United States

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National Youth Survey (NYS)

Back 32

a nationwide self-report survey of approximately 1700 people who were between the ages of 11 and 17 in 1976

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prevalence

Back 33

the percentage of juveniles committing delinquent acts

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racial profiling

Back 34

a practice in which police use race as an explicit factor to create "profiles" that then guide their decision making

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self-report study

Back 35

a study that yields an unofficial measure of crime, and in which juveniles are asked about their law-breaking behavior

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Dedrick Owens

Back 36

6 year old who shot and killed Kayla Roland, his 6 year old classmate

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Mary Ellen Wilson

Back 37

the first child abuse case documented in the U.S.; she was badly abused by her stepmother and removed from her home and placed in a state child protective facility

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Cathy Widom

Back 38

Criminologist who conducted a study over a 25 year period; 908 mistreated and victimized children were matched by age, race and ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status with a comparison group of 667 children not officially recorded as being abused or neglected.
Found out that there is strong evidence to suggest that child maltreatment adversely affects children.

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David Finkelhor

Back 39

Sociologist who recently uncovered data revealing there is less child maltreatment today than there was in the recent past.

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Arthur Allen

Back 40

Pastor at the House of Prayer. He was arrested for the beating and mistreatment of children and was sentenced to 90 days in jail and 10 years probation.

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Elizabeth Ran

Back 41

A little girl who was sentenced to death in 1733 for stealing from Stephen Freeman - to whom she was apprenticed.

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Charles Loring Brace

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Reverend who in 1853 established the Children's Aid Society to provide homeless children with shelter and education. The Society ran "orphan trains."