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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inverted Pyramid
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most important info is first, and the rest in descending order of importance
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Focus
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the one main point all news stories are based around
All quotes, facts and information should support the focus Ask yourself what the story is about in one sentence. That is your focus |
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Headline
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copy editors write headlines: they obtain key information fro the first few paragraphs
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Leads
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"hook" that tells the reader what the story's about
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Lead Quote
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First quote of the story
Usually supports the lead WITHOUT repeating it. Usually the strongest quote of the story. |
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Impact
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How does this news affect the readers? What is the significance of the story?
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Attribution
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Tells the reader where you got your information
Attribute all quotes and information you did not witness Common knowledge does not need to be attributed Attribute any statement that expresses an opinion Example: A smoky bar may be more harmful to your health than a city street filled with diesel truck fumes, according to a new study. |
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The focus sentence should tell the reader:
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The main idea of the story in a brief sentence
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A Nut Graph is:
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The paragraph that states the main point or focus of a soft news (or feature) story, preferably by the third or fourth paragraph
format identical to a hard news lead; found deeper in story bc the reported wanted to lead with a more creative element |
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Does this require attribution?
Members of a local gay rights group protested Thursday in support of a gay University of Tampa student's efforts to take an Army ROTC class. |
NO
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Does this require attribution?
Dieting doesn't work for the vast majority of people. |
YES
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Does this require attribution?
City council members voted unanimously Thursday to increase city fines for prostitution. |
NO
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Does this require attribution?
Alumni members of Skull and Bones, an all-male secret society at Yale University, have voted to admit women. |
NO
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Does this require attribution?
A 40-year-old woman went berserk in her ex-boyfriend's apartment early Monday, shooting him to death with seven shots from two guns. |
YES
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Does this require attribution?
Two leading figures in the growing national debate about political correctness on American college campuses will be at the University of South Florida in Tampa tonight. |
NO
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Does this require attribution?
A York College sophmore died early yesterday after drinking at a dormitory party. |
YES
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Ending/Ending Techniques
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Endings usually contain one of these elements: future action, a statement/quote that summarizes but does not repeat previous information, or more elaboration
If future action is key information, place higher in the story AVOID SUMMARY ENDINGS |
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Proper ways to quote and attribute
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Quotes should be interesting; bad quotes bog a story down
Quotes should not repeat information Long quotes are usually not interesting. Reporters should paraphrase information when they can state it better in their own words Good quotes advance the story by adding emotion or interest |
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The FORK method
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F – Focus
O – Order R – Repetition of Key Words K – “Kiss Off” (stop using a source) |
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Transitions
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Information in one paragraph should raise a question that needs to be answered in the next
Use cause and effect (anticipate questions the reader might have) To introduce a new speaker after a previous speaker, identify the new person by name and title To insert background, use phrases such as “previously”, “in the past”, or “two weeks ago” To get from one point to another, use phrases like “in another matter” or “on a related issue” Words or phrases can be repeated in subsequent paragraphs to aid flow |
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Wall Street Journal Formula
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Starts with soft news/feature lead
Unlike the inverted pyramid, the story progresses from specific to general information, starting with a person, place, scene or event that illustrates the main point of the story Person, place, scene or event is one of many affected by the issue presented in the nut graph that follows the soft lead After the nut graph, the story proceeds to backup information and supporting points Often concludes with a circle kicker Versatile formula used for news and feature stories |
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Hourglass Structure
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Starts with the inverted pyramid, but leads to a chronological storytelling of the event for a part or rest of the story
Hourglass structure is useful when the story has dramatic action that lends itself to chronological order (e.g., crime and disaster stories) Overview attribution often needed (see example on next slide) Advantage: Narrative adds drama to the story Disadvantage: Key information may be repeated |
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List Technique
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Useful in stories when you have several important points to stress
Works well for stories about studies, meetings, or feature stories about people or programs that contain several key points Offset with bullets (just like all my slide shows) Each bullet should be a separate paragraph “In other business” or similar transition useful Do not use list technique to make only one point; use two bullets or more |
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Sections Technique
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Separate the story into sections
Useful for in-depth stories Treat each section like a separate chapter. All sections should include a lead and a conclusion that compels readers to continue Organize by points of view or time frames (present, past, present, future) Nut graphs important when using soft news leads |
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Soft Leads
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Also called "feature leads" or a "delayed lead"
Teases the reader with descriptions or a storytelling approach Generally longer than hard-news leads; sometimes several paragraphs in length YOU MUST TELL THE READER THE POINT OF THE STORY IN THE NUT GRAPH THe only diff. between a nut graph and a hard news lead is its locationin the story Can be clever/catchy, avoid cliches |
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Narrative Leads
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tells a story w/ enough dramatic action so readers can feel they are witnessing the event
uses elements of fiction, such as dialogue, scene, setting and foreshadowing only work is the stroy is dramatic enough to sustain reader interest |
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Leads to Avoid
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Good news/Bad news leads
Plop-a-person leads: misuse of the focus ona person lead Weather-report leads Nightmare leads- nightmare analogy Crystal Ball leads stereotype leads |
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Hard News Lead
a.k.a Summary Leads |
Summarizes in the first sentence what the story is about
usually only 1 or 2 sentences long gets directly to the point stresses basic facts about news in the IMMEDIATE PAST usually written in the past tense good for serious stories |
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Fact vs. opinion
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Observe facts and details but do not express your opinion
all opinions/judgments must be attributed good writers let reader form own opinion |
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Active Voice
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preferable in print and broadcast
stresses who is doing the action It’s considered to be a more powerful and straightforward form of expression. The active voice also uses less words to convey the same message. IE: The twister left a path of destruction. |
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Passive Voice
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Stresses those whom the action is done
Usually only used for police or court stories IE: A path of destruction was left by the twister. James was chosen by Kathy to be her assistant |
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Delayed Identification
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Use when the "who" in your lead is not a well-known person in your community/nation
ID by: age, location, occupation or modifier story reveal specific names and info later |
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Impact Lead
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Explains how readers and viewers will be affected by an issue
Good for broadcast stories Can make story seem relevant Answers "so what?" can be written in hard-news or soft format |
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Attribution in Leads
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Tells your readers where you got your info
Too much can clutter lead Dont need to attribute if you know info is factual, you witnessed it, or have 1st hand knowledge that it's true attribute quotes, partial quotes, accusatory statements, and secondhand info |
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Sequencing
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Using a series of pictures to tell the story
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Basic Shots
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The close up
The medium or mid shot The wide shot |
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Picture Motions
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Pan: moving the focus from left to right or vice versa
Zoom: moving from a wide or medium shot to a close up Pullback or reveal: moving from a close up to a medium or wide shot |
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Stand Up
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When the reporter appears on camera
Create on-air presence and provide credibility by showing the reporter is on the scene |
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Logging
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The act of reviewing visual material and sound bites before writing
log should include a description of the image and the exact time of the picture and tape |
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Broadcast writing/tips
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Write in conversational tone
simple and direct sentences most stories 250 words on avg Choose words wisely some description not necessary because its video |
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Broadcast Writing/Tips
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beginning: build your lead around a visual that foreshadows, middle usually no more than 3-5 visual points
use natural sound, people engaged in action, surprises and short sound bites ending: make viewers care about the story |
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Broadcast Writing/Tips
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Use present tense whenever possible
put attribution FIRST use action verbs spell difficult pronunciations of names and locations phonetically ID the speaker by title BEFORE their name |
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Broadcast Writing/Tips
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Write out hundred, thousand, etc
Write numbers to be read IE 15-hundred Spell out fractions |
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An anchor’s introduction to a broadcast story is called a ________?
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Lead In
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This type of journalism, exemplified by Hunter S. Thompson, mixes factual events into a fictional tale. Events are exaggerated, style is favored over accuracy, and features the reporter as part of the story?
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Gonzo journalism
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T/F:
Journalists have access to public records such as police reports, real estate records, court rulings, county government expenses, military records, local ordinances, and city expenses? |
True
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Which of the following is the best hard news lead?
1. Two boaters were killed Sunday when their small boat capsized in high winds and waves on Lake Harney. 2. On Lake Harney a small boat capsized Sunday in high winds and waves, causing the death of two boaters. 3. A small boat that capsized in high winds and waves on Lake Harney caused the death of two boaters. 4. High winds and waves on Lake Harney caused a small boat to capsize Sunday, killing two boaters. 5. On Sunday two boaters were killed when their small boat capsized in high winds and waves on Lake Harney. |
Two boaters were killed Sunday when their small boat capsized in high winds and waves on Lake Harney.
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T/F: News releases should be written in the style of news stories.
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True
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T/F – Full quotes as leads are often awkward and difficult to understand.
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True
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T/F: The following is written in the active voice:
A fire in a split-level house in Hillsmere Shores was started by a pet iguana that knocked over a heat lamp with its tail, fire officials said. |
False
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Which of the following stories was NOT written by Hunter S. Thompson?
The Kentucky Derby is Decadent and Depraved 2. In Cold Blood 3. Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas 4. Strange Rumblings in the Aztlan |
In Cold Blood
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T/F If you obtain information “off the record”, it may still be used as unattributed background information.
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False
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T/F: When using a tape recorder during an interview, it is recommended that you do not take notes as well.
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False
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T/F: If your material does not support the lead, you’ve got the wrong lead.
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True
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T/F: Newspaper leads are usually written in the past tense.
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True
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T/F: Soft leads are most often employed for breaking news stories.
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False
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T/F – You don’t need to attribute partial quotes.
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False
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T/F: Television broadcast news stories are written in two columns. Visual information is contained in the left column; audio information is contained on the right.
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True
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This author is credited with terming the phrase New Journalism. He wrote The Electric Acid Kool-Aid Test and The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby.
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Tom Wolfe
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T/F: You can obtain any unclassified document through the Freedom of Information Act.
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False
The Freedom of Information Act only applies to federal documents. |
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T/F: The passive voice is usually only used for police or court stories in print journalism.
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True
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T/F: Soft leads are usually longer than hard-news leads.
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True
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T/F: Newspapers publish information from every news release they receive.
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False
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T/F: The act of chronicling visual material and sound bites before writing a broadcast story is called logging.
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True
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When a broadcast reporter does a piece on camera it is called:
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The Stand-Up
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T/F – It is appropriate to spell difficult names and locations phonetically on broadcast news scripts.
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True
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T/F: News releases should always lead with information about the company/organization hosting the event.
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False
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T/F: Hard news leads are usually only one or two sentences long.
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True
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Which of the following is NOT used when using delayed identification:
Name Occupation Age Location |
Name
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T/F - IF THIS QUESTION WAS A PSA, IT WOULD BE
APPROPRIATELY WRITTEN. |
True
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When a broadcast journalist uses a series of pictures to tell part of a story, it is called:
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Sequencing
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T/F – If you were writing a broadcast news report, the following sentence would be appropriate:
Today in Washington DC, 100,000 people protested the war in Iraq. |
False,
Numbers are written out. |
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A broadcast story that includes narration, sound bites and images is called a:
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Package
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T/F – Attribution should always come first in a broadcast news story.
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True
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The target audience for a news release is:
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Editor
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four characteristics of new journalism:
1. 1st person point-of-view 2. Recording everyday details 3. Full dialogue instead of quotes 4. Telling the story through scenes rather than historical narrative 5. Written in short, concise sentences |
5. Written in short, concise sentences
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Which of the following is NOT a good note-taking tip?
1. Write everything down verbatim 2. Develop a short hand 3. Pause between questions 4. Ask unimportant questions while writing quotes 5. List the interviewees name and title, then write your interview notes underneath |
1. Write everything down verbatim.
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T/F: Public Service Announcements run on TV or radio without charge, provided that the messages are both noncommercial and nonpolitical in content.
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True
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T/F: You always want to use a person’s name in the lead of a story.
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False, Only use specific names when writing about famous people.
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T/F – In broadcast news, you always want to use the past tense.
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False, use present tense whenever possible.
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When arranging interviews, the act of getting someone who knows and trusts you to recommend you to a news source is referred to as:
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Sponsorship
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T/F: In broadcast news, the time element (never p.m. or a.m.) is placed before the verb.
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False, it is places after the verb.
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T/F – The silent treatment can be helpful when confronted with generic answers during an interview.
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True
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T/F: It is illegal to secretly tape phone conversations in which you are not involved.
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True
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News releases need to contain all of the following except:
1. SASE (Self Addressed Stamped Envelope) 2. Company's Name and Address 3. Contact Information 4. Release date 5. The issue date of the release |
1. SASE (Self Addressed Stamped Envelope)
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T/F: Broadcast interviewers should ask questions that begin with the words “Is” and “Do.”
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False, Those type of questions often result in yes and no answers. Broadcast journalists use questions that elicit sound bites.
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T/F: Broadcast stories are often wordier than newspaper stories.
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false
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T/F – Attribution should always come first in a broadcast news story.
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TRUE
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T/F: Where, when and who are often the most common elements stressed in a broadcast news story lead?
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True
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What is the subject of "Strange Rumblings in the Aztlan?"
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Hunter's investigation of the death of a Chicano journalist
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"Strange Rumblings in the Aztlan" chronicled the death of this journalis
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Ruben Salazar
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When publishing news to the web, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:
1. Place a date on the page to show when the material was updated 2. Use color backgrounds 3. Select a page size 4. Make sure users can navigate where they want to go |
use color background
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The act of citizens playing an active role in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information is referred to as:
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Citizen Journalism
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When interviewing by e-mail, you should do all of the following EXCEPT:
1. Ask as many questions as possible 2. Keep your questions short. 3. Limit follow-up e-mails 4. Not depend on e-mails for deadline stories |
1. Ask as many questions as possible
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T/F: The headline, blurb and lead of an online news story should never be repetitious.
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False, It might be useful if they are. It helps readers know they have accessed the correct story.
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To take material from your computer and place it on the Web, you must have a _____________.
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File Transfer Protocol
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A ______ in online journalism is used to promote a news story in a few sentences or less. To write these, many news sites simply copy the story's summary lead or nut graph and use that.
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Blurb
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The word "you" works better online than in traditional print stories.
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True
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T/F: Sometimes you may use a vague reference to identify an anonymous source.
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True
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T/F – It is okay to ask the interviewee to repeat themselves during an interview.
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True
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T/F When using a pseudonym, it is recommended you only use a first name.
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True
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T/F – Closed-ended questions should be used to elicit quotes, elaboration and longer responses.
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False
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T/F: The 1st Amendment protects journalists from being sued if they break promises of confidentially.
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False
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T/F – It’s best to start your interview with a tough question.
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False
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T/F If you obtain information “off the record”, it may still be used as unattributed background information.
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False
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Actuality
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on radio, recorder comments from a news source
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anchor
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personwho reads news from studio
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backtiming
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exact time in newscast that a segment will air
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brief
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short news story
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character generator
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a computer that produces superimposed numbers or words CG
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donut
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in the studio, a brief anchor segment that includes narration followed by asound bite, with more narration
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IN
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indicates the beginning of the source's quote to start a sound bite
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lower third
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computer generated graphic that IDs an individual by name and title
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News director
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the person who oversees news operation at a station
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OUT
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indicated the last words of a source's quote
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producer
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oversees the broadcast or the individual package in the field
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reader
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story that the anchor reads without visuals or sound bites
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rip and read
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copy from the wire services that is read verbatim
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segment time
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length of time for a news segment
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SOC
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standard out cue
reporter's sign off comments at the end of the stroy |
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SOT
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sound on tape
a sound bite indicated in copy along with the amount of time the taped comments will take |
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sound bite
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video sement showing a source speaking
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video on demand
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VOD that is available for downloading
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VO voiceover
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voice over images
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Voicer
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radio version of a reader that is read by the reporter
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A nut graph is used in what kind of story?
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Feature story
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What kind of endings should you avoid in a news story?
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summary endings
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Of which elements should a news story at least contain one of?
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future action,
a statement/quote that summarizes but does not repeat previous info more elaboration |
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Do you attribute information you paraphrase?
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yes
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Do you attribute facts that are on the record or general knowledge?
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no
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Do you attribute information you observe directly?
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no
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Do you attribute background info established in previous stories about the same subject?
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no
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Do you attribute info if it is accusatory, opinionates and not substained and if you did not witness it?
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yes
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Is the following sentence written correctly:
"It was a boring night in the library," according to Vanessa Terrell. |
No, AP prefers the place of "said" after the name or pronoun
Only use "according to" when referring to inanimate objects, not people |
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Is the following sentence written correctly:
"I am giving you a test Friday," says Mr. Carr. |
No, it should be "said".
Only use "says" if someone always says the same thing/ |
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Do NOT use specific names in the lead UNLESS:
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THe person is famous
or you are writing a soft news or feature story |
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How should you write numbers in a news story?
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Numbers one through nine are generally spelled out.
10 and higher are written numerically. $1 million like this |
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How should you write dates in a news story?
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Dates don't need to be included unless reporting on the past. ("last night" instead of "January 23, 2009"
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Can you ask questions in a news story?
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No. Don't ask questions, answer them. Convert questions into factual statements.
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T/F: The first words of your lead can be the "when".
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F, Time element is not the most important info, the fatalities or occurence is. Lead your lead with the most important information.
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Where should your focus point be located in soft news?
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in the nut graph
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Where should your focal point be located in a hard news story?
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The lead
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What is a transition technique to introduce a new speaker?
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To introduce a new speaker after a previous speaker, identify the new person by name and title
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What is a transition technique to insert background information?
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To insert background info use phrases such as "previously" "in the past" or "two weeks ago"
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What is a transition technique to get from one point to another?
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use phrases like "in another matter" or "on a related issue"
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Transition techniques
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Info in one paragraph should raise a question that needs to be answered in the next
Use cause and effect |
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What is the concept that gives your story meaning?
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Theme
Develop a theme for your story Theme is why readers want to read your story, not the nut graph required by many editors |
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Descriptive Techniques
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Too much info clutters the story//too little leaves unanswered questions
description should always advance the meaning of your story never use it to show off never use more words than needed to trigger mental image readers already have in their mind |
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What should you avoid in descriptive techniques?
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Avoid adjectives/adverbs. use vivd nouns and verbs instead.
Adjectives put you at risk of insterting your opinion |
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Analogies as a descriptive technique
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use analogies -- they can compare a vague concept to something familar to readers
use "like" or "as" |
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A technique that combins show-in-action description, dialogue, plot and reconstruction of an event as it occured
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Narrative technique
Attribution is limited. You need to make it clear where you got the info- but you dont need to attribute repeatedly Its not fiction - stick to the facts get details about color, sounds, sights, smells, sizes, shapes , times, places etc |
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Tone and foreshadowing are elements used in what writing technique?
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Narrative
dont tell the readers how they should feel, show them |
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What are elements every story should have?
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Focus: central theme
Lead and nut graph: what is the point? history: how did the problem develop? scope: how widespread is the development? reasons: why is it happening? impact: who is affected and how? moves and countermoves: who is acting to promote or oppose development? future: what could happen as a result? |
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What is this form of narrative storytelling?
stories about people who are doing interesting or unusual things in your community |
human-interest profile
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What is this form of narrative storytelling?
stories written like novels in chapter form; well suited for the internet |
serial narratives
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Ending techniques
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Climax: fiction-like ending; more suited for features/soft news stories
Out of gas endings: story ends when you have no more to say; used frequently with hard news stories |
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Which ending technique is this?
article reintroduces information from the lead to end of the story. its popular in soft news stories |
Circle kicker
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Which ending technique is this?
most common ending; using the quote that sums up the mood or main idea of the story |
Quote kicker
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Which ending technique is this?
story concludes with the next step in the development of an issue |
Future action kicker
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Descriptive leads
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describes a person, place or event, though unlike the Wall Street Journal formula, it doesnt have to focus on a person who is one of many
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giving clips you have written to a source in hopes tehy will agree to talk to you
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self-sponsorship
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asking the source who else might know something about the subject.
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matchmaking
this helps you find opposing poitns of view |
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Is information off the record used for attribution?
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no, can be used as background info but not attributed
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Email interviews
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limit number of ?'s (max 5)
clarify your purpose (for a story) varify sources full name and title limit your follow up emails |
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Telephone interviews
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work harder to keep sources attention
keep questions short ask for details and specifics limit number of questions dont wait too long to ask essential questions |
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What is the major difference between public relations writing and journalism?
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Public relations practitioners are advocates for their clients
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News releases
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target editor as your audience
should peak curiosity double space 2 pgs max |
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Essential elements of a news release
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company address
contact date of release date when release can be published send early get to the point quickly |
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Public Service Announcement
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messages the TV or radio will air without charge provided the message's content is not political or commercial
15 seconds to a minute WRITE IN ALL CAPS |
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Media Kits
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used to promote corporate products
often in decorative folders containing a variety of news releases, fact sheets, samples and cover letter |
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Corporate Publications
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state your position in an analytical way
key factor is know your audience power structures affect communication instead of informing, create attitudes or actions |
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Broadcast interview techniques
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ask "how" "what" "describe" or "tell me what happened"
obtain proper spelling of names |
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Stand ups are good for what instances?
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live opening to introduce a taped report
a bridge that provides transition stand-up closing |
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Broadcast scripts
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MOSTLY WRITTEN IN CAPS
written in two columns: visual info for director and editor is found in left audio cues are placed in right radio scripts are one column |
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(in broadcast writing) a few words or sentence to entice a listener to stay tuned during advertisements
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Tease
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Web journalism
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articles need to be shorter, more direct and concise
good for availability and immediacy of info |
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Reporting for the web
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does not differ significantly from reporting for other media except that you have to gather material in a variety of media
you have to get info on audio or provide video and photographs |
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E-mail reporting
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useful, but not dependable for deadline stories
request face-to-face interview before resorting to it cant determine authenticity |
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possible components of a web story
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headline, summary, main story (1 or multiple pgs), breaking news, links to related stories, time lines, short bios of sources, full text speeches, etc, photos, audio/video, searchable databases, interactive elements, polls, games or quizzes, discussion forum, email link to reporter
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Web story structure
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get to point quickly (within 50w)
favor inverted pyramid timelines help scan webstories |
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In a webstory, can a headline, blurb and lead be repetetive?
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Yes, it helps the reader know they have accessed the correct story
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Do lists help in webstories?
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yes, they help break up the text and help readers scan the stories quickly
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web story structure
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Q/A format good alternative (needs intro)
narrative writing is compelling online (split into pgs w/ cliffhanging endings to entice continuation) |
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What are the most important factors of a webstory?
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headlines blurbs and briefs
clarity is crucial, and need to capture attention |
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briefs
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can stand alone in place of story
can be a few paragraphs (longer than blurb) generally repeat lead in first few paragraphs |
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What can serve as the equivalent of the editorial page of a newspaper?
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blogs
provide opinions and commentary podcasts are audio equivalent |
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the publication of a falsity that causes injury to someone's reputation
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libel
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oral or spoken defamation
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slander
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what is accuracy critial in media law?
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because the truth is a defense in libel suits
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Times v. Sullivan
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Sullivan claimed a civil rights advertisement contained factual errors concerning the police and damaged his reputation
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What was the Supreme Courts ruling in Times v. Sullivan?
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damages could not be claimed unless its proved "that the statement was made with 'actual malice' (knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not)
it only applied to people who are public officials; later broadened to include public figures court placed the burden of proving libel on the person who is suing |
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What type of public figure is the following?
person who has gained prominence in society or great power and influence (actors, athletes, etc) |
Pervasive
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What type of public figure is the following?
A person who has voluntarily thrust themself into a public controversy to influence the outcome |
Vortex
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What type of public figure is the following?
someone who does nothing voluntary to garner attention or get involved in a public issue (rare in libel suits) |
Involuntary
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term that means you failed to exercise reasonable care in performing your job as a journalist (avoided by taking all sides of controversy, accurate notes, checking info before publishign)
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negligence
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Correction
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dont prevent libel suits
more common cause of lawsuits is carelessness "alleged" doesnt save you vague accusations can get you sued |
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What type of privaledge is the following?
pubic officials can make statements in the cource of their official duties without fear of being sued for libel |
Absolute privaledge
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What type of privaledge is the following?
the media may print defamatory statements made by people who are absolutely privaledged as long as they are being fair and accurate and the info is from a public proceeding or record |
Qualified privaledge
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What is the key to privaledge?
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the defamatory statement must be made in an official capacity duing an official proceeding
never call someone a murderer unliess they have been convicted |
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What is the right of fair comment?
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protection from being sued because your statement was expressed as opinion not factual (editorials, analysis stories, reviews and other critism may express opinions)
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4 forms of invasion of privacy
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intrusion, disclosure of private facts, false light, and misappropriation
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False light
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if the story gives a false impression or is embarrassing to the person.
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deception
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is it ok to lie about your identity to sources?
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Ethical reasoning
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define the dilemma: consider all the problems the story or photo will pose
examine all alternatives: publish, not publish, wait for more info, etc. justify your decision: weigh the harms and benefits of publication |
