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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structural Classification of Joints |
focus on material binding bones together and whether a joint cavity is present. |
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Functional Classification of Joints
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based on amount of movement allowed at the joint
synarthroses amphiarthroses diarthroses |
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Synarthroses
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Immovable joints
Mainly in axial skeleton |
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Amphiarthroses
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slightly movable joints
Mainly in axial skeleton |
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Diarthroses
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freely movable joints
Predominate in the limbs |
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Fibrous Joints
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Joined by fibrous tissue, dense fibrous CT
No joint cavity present Amount of movement depends on length of CT tissue fibers and most are immovable. |
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3 types of fibrous joints
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1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses 3. Gomphoses |
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Sutures
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"seams"
Only found between bones of skull Bone edges interlock and junction completely filled by minimal amount of short CT fibers that are continuous with periosteum Closed sutures in later life are called synostoses |
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Syndesmoses
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Bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords, or bands of CT.
Amount of movement allowed in joint depends on length of CT fibers |
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Gomphoses
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peg-in-socket fibrous joint
Only example in body is articulation between a tooth with its bony alveolar socket Peridontal ligament is the fibrous connector |
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Cartilaginous Joints
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articulating bones are joined by cartilage
No joint cavity present Not highly movable |
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2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints
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Synchondroses
Symphyses |
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Synchondroses
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Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
"junction of cartilage" ex. epiphyseal plates, costal cartilage of first rib and sternum |
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Symphyses
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Fibrocartilage unites bones
Acts as a shock absorber Limited movement permitted Hyaline cartilage also present on articular surfaces of bones Designed for strength with flexibility ex. intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis |
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Synovial Joints
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articulating bones are seperated by a fluid filled joint cavity.
Permits substantial movement Nearly all joints of the limbs |
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6 distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints
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1. Articular cartilage
2. Joint (articular) cavity 3. Articular Capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Reinforcing ligaments 6. Nerves and Blood Vessels |
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Joint Cavity
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Feature unique to synovial joints
Potential space that has a small amount of synovial fluid |
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Articular Capsule
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Two-layered capsule
External fibrous layer composed of dense irregular CT continuous with periostea of articulating bones and it strengthens the joint Inner synovial membrane composed of loose CT that covers all internal joint surface where there is no hyaline cartilage. Makes synovial fluid |
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Synovial Fluid
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Occupies all free spaces within joint capsule
Derived from filtration from blood Viscous, egg-white consistency from hyaluronic acid but thins during joint activity Reduces friction between cartilages Contains phagocytic cells to rid cavity of microorganisms and debris |
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Reinforcing Ligaments
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Capsular ligaments are thickened parts of the fibrous layer
Extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments |
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Fatty pads
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Found in joints such as hip and knee
Between fibrous layer and synovial membrane |
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Menisci
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"cresents"
Discs of fibrocartilage seperating articular surfaces Extend inward from articular capsule and partially divide synovial cavity Improve fit between bone ends |
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Bursae
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Closely associated with synovial joints
Bags of lubricant acting like ball bearings to reduce friction Flattened, fibrous sacks lined with synovial membrane and containing thin film of synovial fluid Occur where muscles, ligaments, skin, tendons, or bones rub together |
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Tendon Sheaths
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Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction
Common where several tendons are crowded together |
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Factors Influencing Stability of Synovial Joints
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1. Shape of articular surfaces
2. Ligaments (the more ligaments, the stronger the joint) 3. Muscle Tone (usually most important factor) |
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Origin
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Part of muscle attached to the immovable or less movable bone
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Insertion
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End of muscle attached to the less movable bone
Body movement occurs when muscles contract across joints and insertion moves toward origin |
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nonaxial movement
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slipping movements only since there is no axis around which movement can occur
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uniaxial movement
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movement in one plane
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biaxial and multiaxial movements
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movement around two or three+ planes
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3 General Types of Movement
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Gliding
Angular Rotation |
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Gliding Movements
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One flat bone surface glides or slips over another without angulation or rotation
Intercarpal and intertarsal joints Flat processes of vertebrae |
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Angular Movements
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Increase or decrease the angle between two bones
Include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction |
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Flexion
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bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings articulating bones closer together
i.e. bending head toward chest |
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Extension
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reverse of flexion and occurs at same joints
Movement along sagittal plane that increases the angle between articulating bones and straightens a flexed limb i.e. Straightening a flexed neck Continuing beyond anatomical position is hyperextension |
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Abduction
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"moving away"
Movement of a limb away from midline of body along frontal plane |
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Adduction
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"moving toward"
opposite abduction Movement of a limb toward the body midline |
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Circumduction
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moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space
Distal end of limb moves in a circle while the joint is fairly stationary Consists of all other angular movements in succession |
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Rotation
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Turning of a bone around its own axis
Only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae Common at the hip medial rotation is toward the midline lateral rotation is away from |
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Special Movements
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Do not fit in any other categories
Supination(turning backward) and Pronation(turning forward) Dorsiflexion(lifting toes) and Plantar Flexion(planting toes) of the foot Inversion (sole turns medially) and Eversion (sole turns laterally) Protraction and Retraction Elevation and Depression Opposition |
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6 Types of Synovial Joints
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Plane joint
Hinge joint Pivot joint Condylar joint Saddle joint Ball-and-Socket joint |
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Common Joint Injuries
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Cartilage tears
Sprains Dislocations |
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Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases
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Bursitis
Tendonitis arthritis Lyme disease |