Joints

Front 1

What are joints?

Back 1

(articulations) are functional junctions between bones

Front 2

What are joints classified by?

Back 2

according to the degree of movement they make possible and/or the type of tissue that binds the bones together at each junction

Front 3

What are the three types of joints?

Back 3

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

Front 4

What are fibrous joints? What are their possible movements? Give examples.

Back 4

articulating bones that are fastened together by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue

none

sutures between the bones of the skull, joints between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula

Front 5

What are cartilaginous joints? What are their possible movements? Give examples.

Back 5

articulating bones that are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

limited movements, as when the back is bent or twisted

joints between the vertebrae, symphysis pubis

Front 6

What are synovial joints? What are their possible movements? Give examples.

Back 6

articulating bones that are surrounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membranes; ends of articulating bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and separated by synovial fluid

free movement

between the skin and underlying bony prominences

Front 7

What is menisci?

Back 7

flattened, shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage

Front 8

What are bursae?

Back 8

fluid-filled sacs

Front 9

What are ball-and-socket joints? What are their possible movements? Give examples.

Back 9

the ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with the cup-shaped cavity of another

movements in all planes and rotation

shoulder, hip

Front 10

Which joints are the synovial joints classified into?

Back 10

ball-and-socket

condyloid

gliding

hinge

pivot

saddle

Front 11

What are condyloid joints? What are their possible movements? Give examples.

Back 11

the oval-shaped condyle of one bone articulates with the elliptical cavity of another

variety of movements in different planes, but no rotation

joints between the metacarpals and phalanges

Front 12

What are gliding joints? What are their possible movements? Give examples.

Back 12

articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved

sliding or twisting

joints between various bones of the wrist and ankle, sacroiliac joint, joints between ribs 2-7 and the sternum

Front 13

What are hinge joints? What are their possible movements? Give examples.

Back 13

the convex surface of one bone that articulates with the concave surface of another

flexion and extension

elbow, joints of phalanges

Front 14

What are pivot joints? What are their possible movements? Give examples.

Back 14

the cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with the ring of the bone and fibrous tissue

rotation around a central axis

joint between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna

Front 15

What are saddle joints? What are their possible movements? Give examples.

Back 15

articulating surfaces that both have concave and convex regions; the surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another

variety of movements

joint between the carpal and metacarpal of thumb

Front 16

What is insertion?

Back 16

the end of a muscle attached to a movable part

Front 17

What is the origin?

Back 17

the end of the muscle that attaches to immovable parts

Front 18

What are the types of joint movements?

Back 18

flexion
extension
dorsiflexion
plantar flexion
hyperextension
abduction
adduction
rotation
circumduction
pronation
supination
eversion
inversion
retraction
protraction
elevation
depression

Front 19

flexion

Back 19

bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together
(bending the lower limb at the knee)

Front 20

extension

Back 20

straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart
(straightening the lower limb at the knee)

Front 21

dorsiflexion

Back 21

flexing the foot at the ankle toward the shin
(bending the foot upward)

Front 22

plantar flexion

Back 22

flexing the foot at the ankle toward the sole
(bending the foot downward)

Front 23

hyperextension

Back 23

excessive extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the normal range of motion
(overextending the elbow)

Front 24

abduction

Back 24

moving a part away from the midline
(lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body)

Front 25

adduction

Back 25

moving a part toward the midline
(returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body)

Front 26

rotation

Back 26

moving a part around an axis
(twisting the head from side to side)

Front 27

circumduction

Back 27

moving a part so that its end follows a circular path
(moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand)

Front 28

pronation

Back 28

turning the hand so that the palm is downward or turning the foot so that the medial margin is lowered

Front 29

supination

Back 29

turning the hand so that the palm is upward or turning the foot so that the medial margin is raised

Front 30

eversion

Back 30

turning the foot so that the sole is outward

Front 31

inversion

Back 31

turning the foot so that the sole is inward

Front 32

retraction

Back 32

moving a part backward
(pulling the chin backward)

Front 33

protraction

Back 33

moving a part foward
(thrusting the chin foward)

Front 34

elevation

Back 34

raising a part
(shrugging the shoulders)

Front 35

depression

Back 35

lowering a part
(drooping the shoulders)