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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Articulation or joint
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union or junction between two or more bones of the skeleton
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Joint classification
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joints can be classified by the number of bones articulating with each other
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Simple or compound joints
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Classified by the number of bones articulating with each other
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Simple joints
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an articulation between two bones
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Compound joints
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an articulation between more than two bones (stifle, elbow, carpus and tarsus)
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structural classifications of joints
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Grouped by their uniting medium into fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints
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fibrous joint
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an articulation united by fibrous tissue. These are often temporary joints that later ossify
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suture
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a fibrous joint between the skull bones. They are immovable joint tat may ossify with age
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ligamentous joint
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or syndesmosis. Two bones united by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue (eg attachments between the costal cartilages in the costal arch; and the interosseus ligament connection between the radius and ulna)
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cartilaginous joint
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an articulation untied by fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, or both. these can be slightly movable or immovable
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Hyaline cartilage joint or synchondrosis
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an immovable, temporary joint of hayaline carilage such as the cariaginous epiphyseal plate uniting the diaphyses and epiphyses of immature bones
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symphysis
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the fibrocarilaginous joints that occur on the midline of the body. Although they may not ossify with age, they always limit the motion of the joint
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Synovial joint
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an articulation united by a synovial joint capusule or synovial fluid. Freely movable
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Functional classification of joints
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indicates the degree of motion possible
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immovable joint
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or synarthrosis. fixed, tight union allowing a little or no movement and having great strength
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suture
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fibrous joint between the skull bones
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hyaline cartilage joint
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or cynchondrosis. a carilagenous joint such as seen in the growth plates
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slightly movable joint
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or amphiarthosis. a joint connected by either connective fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage allowing slight movement
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Freely moveable joint
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or diarthrosis. synovial joints
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Gomphosis
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the fibrous implantation of teeth into the alveoli of the jaw bone. This is not a true joint because the teeth are not part of the skeleton. This peg and socket joint is held together by fibrous connective tissue, the peridontal ligament, that attaches each tooth in its socket
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Synovial Joint
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characterized by its mobility, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and fibrous capsule. The most common type of joint, functionally it is freely moveable
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joint capsule
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the two layered structure surrounding the joint made of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane
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fibrous layer
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the white and yellow elastic fibrous part of the joint capsule. It attaches to the periosteum on or near the margin of the articular cartilage. Its thickness varies from joint to joint and within each joint
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synovial membrane
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the inner lining of the fibrous layer. It is highly vascular, nerve rich, and produces synovial fluid. The membrane may extend outside the fibrous layer to communicate with a synovial sheath or to form a bursa under a tendon or ligament
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joint cavity
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a unique feature of a synovial joint. It is little more than a potential space containing a trace of synovial fluid
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synovial fluid
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The viscous liquid produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint, supply nutrients and remove waste from the hyaline articular cartilage. it has the consistency of raw egg white.
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articular cartilage
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the translucent, bluish-tinged carilage, usually hyaline, covering the articular ends of bones. It reduces the effects of concussion and friction by its compressiblity, elasticity, and smoothness. Varying in thickness between and within joints, the carilage is thickest in areas of high pressure and friction. Having no vascular or nerve supply, articular cartilage depends on synovial fluid to supply nutrients and remove waste products
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ligaments
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strong bands of white fibrous connective tissue uniting bones. They function to keep joint surfaces in apposition ans still allow movement. They are usually inelastic ans my be intracapsular or extracapsular
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extracapsular ligament
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ligaments developing outside of or as part of the joint capsule
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intracapsular ligament
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ligaments developing within the joint capsule. They are not within the joint space because the synovial membrane reflects over them
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Meniscus or disc
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a plate of fibrocartilage partially or completely dividing a joint cavity. It functions to allow a greather variety of motion and alleviate concussion. Discs are found only in the stifle and temporomandibular joints. Interverebral discs do not divide a joint space
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tendons
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the attachments of all muscles. They consist of regularly arranged collagen bundles. Their great tensile strength makes it more likely that excessive tension will rupture the muscle belly or avulse a piece of bone at the attachment that injure the tendon itself. They also have a certain amount of elasticity.
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synovial bursa and sheath
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resemble a synovial joint capsule, with a wall consisting of a fibrous layer lined by a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. They are locate between tendons and bony prominences where movement or change in direction results in pressure. Friction is reduced as the opposing layers of the synovial membrane rub against each other instead of the tendon and bone
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Bursa
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Synovial bursa. A sac like structure containing synovial fluid located where part of a tendon rubs against a bone. It protects the tendon from damage by allowing the tendon to glide over the skeletal prominences. Bursa can also be located between bony prominences and muscle, ligament and skin.
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Synovial Sheath
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an elongated structure similar to a bursa that wraps completely around a tendon, making a tube. It is filled with synovial fluid. Sheaths take the place of bursae where more than just a point on a tendon need protection as when a tendon crosses a number of skeletal prominences
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Plane joint
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Multi-axial articulations having flat articular surfaces allowing a simple gliding or sliding motion (carpal, small tarsals, cranial and caudal articulation between vertebrae
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Ball and socket joint
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A multiaxial articulation consisting of a spheroidal head fitting into a pit or socket allowing universal movement (shoulder, hip joints)
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hinge joint
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a uniaxial joint allowing movement at right angles to the bones involved (elbow) (flexion/extension)
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Pivot joint
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a uniaxial joint allowing rotation around a longitudinal axis of a bone
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Condylar joint
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A uniaxial joint formed by two condyles of one bone fitting into concavities of another bone. Flexion and extension and a little rotation are permitted by such a joint (femorotibial joints, temporomandibular)
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Joints of the skull
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Temporomanibular joint
Sutures of the skull Symphysis of the mandible Joints of the auditory ossicles Joints of the hyoid apparatus |
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Joint of the vertebral column
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Atlanto-occipital (yes) joint
Atlantoaxial (no) joint Joints of the vertebral articular processes Nuchal ligament Supraspinous ligament Intervertebral discs |
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Joints - Thorax
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Costovertebral disc
Sternocostal joint Costochondral joint |
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Joints of the Thoracic limb
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Scapulohumeral joint
cubital joint carpus Antebrachiocarpal joint Middle carpal carpometacarpal joint metacarpophalangeal joint Proximal interphalangeal joint PIP distal interphalangeal joint DIP Collateral ligaments (medial and lateral) |
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Joints of the Pelvic limb
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Sacroiliac joint
sacotuberous ligament Pelvic symphysis hip ligament of the head of the femur stifle joint femoropatellar joint medial and lateral femorotibial joints patellar ligament Menisci Cranial cruciate ligament tarsus or hock tarsocrural joint proximal intertarsal joint distal intertarsal joint Tarsometatarsal joint |