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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of joints
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1- Continuous (synarthroses) (no movement)
2- Discontinuous (diarthroses) (freely moveable) |
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Types of continuous joints
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1- Fibrous (syndesmosis)
2- Cartilaginous (synchondrosis) ex fib: Interosseous membrane, Ligamentum Flavum, Sutures of the skull, Gomphosis (periodontal tissue) ex cart: Hyaline cartilage between the bones, e.g.: Epiphysial disk. eg: between the epiphysis and the diaphysis, or the joints between the 3 parts of the hip bone. Secondary: Symphysis |
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Types of discontinuous joints
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(Diarthroses or Synovial joints)
1- Articular surfaces: Hyaline or Fibrocartilage 2- Articular capsule: composed of Synovial and Fibrous membranes 3- Joint cavity: Synovial fluid |
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prevent friction between the tissue and the bones
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Bursa
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Fluid inside joint cavity
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Synovial
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Angle of _______ is the movement of the joint around the axis
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excursion
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Abnormal adhesion of the bones of a joint
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Ankylosis
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Classification of joints
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1. Number of articular surfaces (simple, compound)
2. Axes (monoaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial) 3. Degree of freedom (1, 2, or 3 (all)) 4. Shape (hinge, pivot, plane, ellipsoidal, saddle, ball&socket) |
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Intervertebral disc
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joints between the vertebrae
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Two examples of Ball and socket joint
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shoulder joint and the hip joint
3 degrees of freedom |
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Hinge Joint
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Monoaxial, 1 degree of freedom; flexion/ extension
interphalangeal, ankle; one of the things the knee does |
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Pivot joints (trochoid)
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radioulnar; 1 degree freedom
Movement: supination and pronation |
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Example of Saddle Joint (sellar)
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thumb
2 degrees of freedom |
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Plane joints
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b/w 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces, make gliding movement possible;
ex: zygoapophyseal joints b/w vertebrae |
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Synovial fluid produced by
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synovial membrane, released into joint and into joint surfaces (hyaline cartilage)
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ellipsoidal joints
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multiaxial; 2 degrees of freedom
radiocarpal joint |
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Shoulder joint
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Ball and socket, 3 degrees of freedom; Coracohumaral Ligament superiorly (7) and
3 weak glenohumeral ligaments (sup, middle, inf).; coracoacromial ligament restricts movement Dislocation is common: anterior dislocation: Injury to the axillary nerve |
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Elbow joint
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synovial compound; 3 joints; Humeroulnar is a hinge joint; Humeroradial joint: ball and socket that does not function like ball and socket; Joints between radius and ulna are pivot joints
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elbow dysfunctions
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Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament injury sprain:
Leads to abnormal abduction of the forearm. Radial (lateral) collateral ligament injury sprain: Adduction of forearm is disturbed. Pulled elbow: subluxation of the head of the radius Reduction: pressing radial head posteriorly (elbow flexed), then extend and supinate the forearm |
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Wrist (radiocarpal) joint
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synovial; Ellipsoid type; The joint between carpal bones (midcarpal) is S shape. There is a little movement between the bones of first row but almost no movement between the 2nd row and between these and the metacarpals.
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Hip joint
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NN: Sciatic N., Femoral N. & Obturator N.
5 ligaments; 4 extracapsular; restrict movement of femur to a degree |
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Intracapsular ligament b/w acetabulum and head of femur; important for blood supply, esp in children
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ligament of head of femur
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Largest joint supporting body weight
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Knee joint
Side supporting ligaments: Collateral ligaments, lateral collateral ligament, and the Iliotibial tract |
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Type of joint: knee
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hinge (bicondylar) synovial; in-congruent so have menisci to facilitate movement of the joint
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Phases of knee extension
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Initial phase: Rotation of femoral condyles
Intermediate: femur glides forward Terminal (screw-home): medial rotation |
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ACL and PCL
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Anterior Cruciate Ligament: prevents backward sliding of femur, locks knee in extension
Posterior Cruciate Ligament: prevents femur from forward sliding Are intracapsular but not inside the joint cavity |
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Popliteus Muscle
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Flexes and unlocks knee; laterally rotates the femur on tibia
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Tears of the Menisci
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Longitudinal and transverse; Mostly during partial flexion and lateral rotation
Medial meniscus 20 times more than the lateral one. |
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Anterior drawer test
Posterior drawer test |
examiner sits on the patient's feet and grasps the patient's tibia and pulls it forward (ant) Or backward (post)
If tibia pulls forward/ backward more than normal test is positive Excessive displacement of the tibia anteriorly = ACL likely torn Excessive posterior displacement tibia = PCL likely torn |
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Unhappy triad
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"Blown knee"; injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and the meniscus.
So: Can happen during skiing (caught-edge fall), football (clipping), or when knee locked and someone kicks from behind causing injury to ACL, MCL, and Meniscus |
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Ant/ post drawer phenomenon ?
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click in knee when doing stress test or a shift means that the ACL has gone or a jerk or gliding somewhere ?
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wobbly joint
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still move/ degrees of freedom, even when locked
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Ankle (talocrural) Joint
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monoaxial; hinge; plantar and dorsiflexion; deltoid, post/ ant talofibular, calcaneofibular ligaments
mostly Inversion sprains Treatment: RICE |
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Sprains
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stretching or tearing of ligaments of joint. Painful; complete rupture requires surgical repair or removal
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RICE
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Treatment of sprains.
Stands for: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation |
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Dislocation (luxation) (Injury)
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when bones of the joint are forced out of alignment
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Subluxation (Injury)
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partial or incomplete dislocation of the joint
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Torn cartilage (injury)
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mainly in the knee joint. Surgical repair and removal of the torn
parts (loose body) through arthroscopic surgery |
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Bursitis and tendinitis
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inflammation of the bursa or tendon
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Housemaid’s knee
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prepatellar bursitis
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Student’s elbow or Olecranon bursitis
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development of a bursa on posterior aspect of elbow
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Arthritis
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inflammation or degeneration of the joints accompanied by pain,
swelling and stiffness. |
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disease, severe inflammation of the joints.
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Ankylosing spondylitis
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kind of rheumatoid arthritis affecting sacroiliac joints
and vertebrae (mainly in males). |
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Osteoarthritis
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degenerative condition involving articular cartilages mainly in
weight-bearing joints. |
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Lyme disease
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arthritis caused by bacteria transmitted by tick bites.
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Gouty arthritis
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Inflammation caused by high blood levels of uric acid and
deposition of urate salts in the synovial membranes. |
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Location and clinical use of Suprapatellar bursa
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between the lower part of the thigh and the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
Arthrocentesis (synovial fluid aspiration) to identify etiology of acute arthritis) or therapeutic (pain relief, drainage of septic effusion, or injection of medications) |