Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
4 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is this?
|
The combination of dysplasia beyond that typically seen in PanIN-3 together with abrupt transitions between histologically normal epithelium and an epithelium with extremely high-grade dysplasia is very worrisome for invasive cancer growing within pre-existing ducts. This process, known as “cancerization of the ducts,” can mimic a PanIN lesion, and it is important to recognize because it signals the likelihood of an adjacent invasive carcinoma.
|
|
This is adrenal gland. What is the problem.
|
Both intact and ruptured spherules, characteristic of coccidiodes infection, are easily appreciated. The spherules are thick-walled, non-budding and measure 20 to 60 µm. Coccidiodes is a highly infectious organism found in the southwestern and western United States. Many people infected are asymptomatic, and the only evidence of infection is a positive skin test. The lungs and skin are common sites of infection, but the organism may also infect the meningies, bones, adrenals (as in this case), lymph nodes, spleen and liver.
|
|
Tumor on glans penis.
|
Verrucous carcinoma represents 3-8% of all penile squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and 12-38% of all verruciform tumors, a group of low-grade, exophytic neoplastic lesions which also includes warty (condylomatous), papillary and cuniculatum carcinomas. The hallmark of all these tumors is the presence of papillomatosis. In verrucous carcinoma papillae are characterized by marked acanthosis, fibrovascular cores are very inconspicuous or absent and intraepithelial keratin plugs are frequently found. Koilocytes, conspicuous in warty carcinomas, are absent in verrucous carcinomas and parakeratosis range from mild to prominent. Verrucous carcinomas usually invade up to lamina propria or corpus spongiosum and extension beyond is infrequent while warty and papillary tend to infiltrate deeper into penile tissues and with an irregular tumor front.
|
|
Whitish lesion on penis.
|
Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) is classified in four categories depending on the degree and type of cell differentiation: differentiated (“simplex”), basaloid, warty and warty-basaloid. Regardless of its histological aspect PeIN clinically presents as whitish irregular areas, sometimes with a pearly aspect, either as an isolated lesion or in continuity or adjacent to an invasive tumor. Differentiated PeIN is characterized by acanthosis, parakeratosis and atypical epithelial cells, more prominent at the bottom layers, with retained tendency to squamous maturation. In basaloid PeIN the entire epithelium is replaced by a monotonous population of small to intermediate size cells with scant basophilic cytoplasm, indistinctive cell borders, abundant apoptosis and high mitotic rate. The surface and base are usually flat and a parakeratotic layer may be present. In warty PeIN epithelial cells are more pleomorphic, cytoplasm is ampler and koilocytes are easily found, mainly in the superficial layers. Caution should be taken to not confuse epithelial clear cells with koilocytic changes. Neoplastic cells with clear and ample cytoplasm can be observed in differentiated PeIN, especially in the uppermost layers. Koilocytes should exhibit wrinkled and hyperchromatic nuclei with a well-defined perinuclear halo. Binucleation and even multinucleation are common findings and pleomorphic koilocytes, in which the nuclear pleomorphism is greater, can also be observed. In warty PeIN surface is spiky and parakeratosis is invariably found. The presence of a more pleomorphic cell population, koilocytes and a spiky surface allows the distinction from basaloid PeIN.
|
