Jkjkhardcore Endocrine A&p

Front 1

Paracrine communication involves...

Back 1

the use of chemical signls to transfer info from cell to cell within a single tissue (locally)

Front 2

Endocrine communication results ...

Back 2

when chem. called hormones are released into circulation, that alter the metabolic activities of many tissues and organs by modifying the activities of target cells.

Front 3

Thyroid and steroid hormones act differently how?

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They both cross the membrane of target cells bind to receptors in the cytoplasm and are involved in direct gene manipulation (activate/deactivate)
Thyroid H- can also increase ATP output by binding to the mitochondria

Front 4

Hypothalmus controls via

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secreting regulatory hormones which control how the adenohypophysis reacts and produces hormones that are stored in the neurohypophysis for later releasal.

Front 5

What are the 9 hormones released by the bilobed pituitary gland?

Back 5

ADH oxytocin via neruohypophysis
Adenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
FSH
LH
TSH
PRL
GH
MSH

Front 6

The nine peptide hormones released by the hypophyseal endocrine gland what are they?
They all bind to the membrane recepters of target cells and use what as a 2nd msgr?

Back 6

ACTH
LH
FSH
MSH
TSH
PRL
GH
Use cyclic AMP or cAMP

Front 7

the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; what is it called and what are it's three partitions? What glands do they produce?
What is the infundibulum?

Back 7

Adenohypophysis
Pars distalis : anterior makes most of the hormones 6 of them
Pars intermedia middle - MSH
Pars tuberalis sits next to the infundibulum and which is a funnel that connects hypothalmus to the hypophysis

Front 8

Which 4 hormones of the adenohypophysis regulate other endocrine organs? What releasing and inhibiting hormone does the hypothalmus make w/ respect to each, and which endocrine organs/functions?

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TRH>TSH>Thyroid gland>T3 & T4
Cortoroid Releasing Hormone (CRH)>ACTH>suprarenal cortex>Zona fasciculata>glucocorticoids
Gonad releasing hormones > FSH > sex organs> inhibin & estorgens(for girls)
GnRH > LH > Sex organs > girls -Progestins Estrogens boys Androgens

Front 9

Pars distalis makes which hormones?

Back 9

It makes 6 out of 7 hormones of the adenohypophysis
ACTH
TSH
LH
FSH
GH
PRL

Front 10

TSH

Back 10

triggers the release of Thyroid hormone, is regulated by TRH

Front 11

ACTH

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Regulated via CRH
Triggers the release of glucocorticoids

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FSH

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Stimulates follicles to develop
estrogen and sperm production.
Regulated via GnRH

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LH

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Causes ovulation and androgen production in males.
Regulated via GnRH

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PRL

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Mammary glands and milk
PRF prolactin releasing factors, and dopamine/PIH regulate it's production.

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GH

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somatotropin stimulates cell growth and replication through the release of somatomedins or IGF from liver cells.
Regulated via GH-RH and GH-IH

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MSH

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pars intermedia during fetal development, childhood and preggo or certain diseases to prodcuse melanin

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Nuerohypophysis

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Unmylenated posterior portion stores ADH and Oxytocin

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TBG

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thyroid binding globulins are the special transport protens that carry Thyroid hormones, the other two are albumin and transthyretin

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Calorigenic effect

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When thyroid hormone bind to mitochondria increasing atp production and the heat generatedl

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C-Cells produce

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Calcitonin which is antagonistical to PTH

Front 21

Parathyroid Chief cells produce

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PTH which is antagonistical to the calcitonin made by C-Cells of the thyroid

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PTH

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Hormone that increases when Ca levels are low in order to retain water at the kidneys increase the digestive absoption rate and break down bone via osteoblast stimulation

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Two parts of the suprarenal gland

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Suprarenal cortex
Su[rarenal medulla

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Suprarenal cortex
Produces?
subdivisions:

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adrenocortical steroids, corticosteroids
zona glomerulosa mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
zona fasciculata glucocorticoids
zona reticularis androgens

Front 25

aldosterone

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made from zona glomerosa
mineralcorticoid Increases Na dec K
targets pancrease kidneys salivary and sweat glands.

Front 26

glucocorticoids

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made at the zona fasciculata, regulated via ACTH and CRH and negative feed back.
cortisol the primary glucocorticoid can be converted by the liver to cortisone. inc rate of glucose synthesis and glycogen formation in the liver. Fatty acids released from adipocytes. Also have anti inflammatory.

Front 27

Glucose sparing effect

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Glucocorticoids and GH/somatomedins increase blood glucose levels, usually be causing the release of fatty acids which are broken down rather than glucose.

Front 28

Amino acid derivatives:

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Tyrosine, tryptophan
tryosine : thyroid hormones, E and NE (epinep and norepine)
tryptophan - melatonin

Front 29

Peptide hormones

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TSH
LH
FSH
ADH
PRL

Front 30

Lipid derivatives

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2 types
1 made from arachidonic acid (eiosanoids):
Leukotrienes wbc
Prostaglandins: coordinate local metabolism
2 Steroids made from cholesterol androgens corticosteriods and calcitriol

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4 mechanisms of intercellular communication

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Direct - gap junc
Paracine- interstitial fluid Paracrine factors.
Endocrine- circulatory Hormones
Synaptic synaptic cleft NT

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Prostaglandins

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communicate via paracrine communication
can be converted to throboxanes and prostacyclins

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Down regulation

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hormone triggers decrease in receptors. ie when lvls of hormone high [ ] target cells become desensitized.

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Up regulation

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When levels of hormone are low target cells become more sensitive to this hormone. Absence of the hormone triggers an increase of receptors.

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Diabetes insipidus vs Diabetes melatus

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Insip because ADH is impaired,h20 conservation becomes impaired and loss of fluids
Mel- High glucose concentrations too much for kidneys

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Diabetes I vs Diabetes II

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1 is insulin dependent as the body doesn't make enough insulin
2. is usually from beta bombing, they they could be desensitized by insulin. Cells grew resistent.

Front 37

Suprarenal medulla

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Makes E and NE
mostly epine

Front 38

Pineal gland where is it located what hormone?

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Attached to the 3rd ventricle of the brain secretes melatonin that inhibit reproductive functions protect against dmg by free radicals and help with circadian rhythmns

Front 39

Pancrease
types of cells what they produce

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Pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans) alpha cells- glucagon
beta cells insulin
delta somatostatin GH-IH
F cells pancreatic polypeptide

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Insulin

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lowers blood glucose increase rate of glucose uptake
Insulin IN to the cells

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Glucagon

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Raises blood glucose by inc the rates of glycagen breakdown and glucose manufacture in the liver

Front 42

Kidneys endocrine function
which 3 hormones produced?

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Calcitriol-calcium phosphate ion absorption
Erythropoeitin rbc production in the bone marrow
renin converts angio tension to angiotension I
in lungs AnTI>AnTII>stimulates suprarenal to make aldosterone the pituitary to release ADH and promtes thirst and inc BP

Front 43

Heart related to endocrine function

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ANP BNP when blood volume becomes high antagonistical to AnTII

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Thymus

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Thymosins develop lymph nodes and help Immunocompitency

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Interstitial cells of the testes

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androgens Testosterone

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Follicle cells

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estrogens in women progeterone

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Adipose tissue

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leptin dec appetite

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Synergistic

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additive

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Integrative effects

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hormones produce different but complimentary responses

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permissive effects

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one hormone is neccessary to make another

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Normal growth

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GH, thyroid, insulin PTH calcitriol and reproductive hormones

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Stree

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Any condition that threatens homeostasis

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GAS
3 phases

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general adaptation syndrome aka stress response
alarm - immediate flight or fight response
resistance- glucocorticoids take over
exhaustion phase breakdown of homeostatic regulation and failure of one or more organ systems

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FSH in males

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supports the maturation of sperm by stimulating nurse cells

Front 55

Endocrine regulation 4 types

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Neural, composition of extracellular fluid, hormones by hypothalmus, hormones from other endocrine glands

Front 56

3 higher level mechanisms involved in integrating the activities of the nervous and endocrine systems?

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1. Hypothalamus makes regulatory hormones that control secretion by endocrine cells in the adenohypophysis.
2. The hypothalamus contains autonomic centers that exert direct NEURAL control over endocrine cells of the suprarenal medulla
3.Hypotalamus releases adh and oxytocin to the neurohypophysis. All are adjusted through negative feedback loops

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6 hormones that affect growth

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GH
reproductive hormones
thyroid hormone
insulin
calcitriol and pth

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5 Thyroid hormone effects

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Increase energy consuption/utilization, accelerated production of Na-K ATPase, gene activation synthessis of enzymes involved in glycolysis and E production.
Accelerated ATP by mitochondria
and in growing children normal development of skeletal muscle and nervous systems.