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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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culture |
socially mediated human capacity to differentiate, categorize, and assign |
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common sense |
set of unstated assumptions we share with others in our community |
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enculturation |
members of a society pass on culture to new generations |
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formal learning |
acquisition of cultural knowledge that takes place within institutions that were created with that purpose |
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informal learning |
learning we passively engage in--like language |
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embodiment |
feels natural, like an accent |
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cultural practices |
everyday actions through which people in a particular community get through their day; the surface of culture |
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cultural logics |
underlying mechanisms that generate meaningful human action |
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worldview |
assumptions people have about the structure of the universe |
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diffusion |
cross-cultural encounters |
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culture shock |
unpleasant feeling people get when entering a culture different than their own |
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economics |
social science that studies, describes, models, and makes projections about the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services |
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liberal economics |
theory of political economics first clearly articulated in the enlightenment and it stresses unregulated markets, international markets |
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economic nationalism |
state interventions are common and the economy is not independent of a country's social and political system and must be guided in order to perform in the nation's interest |
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mercantilism |
economic well-being is directly related to control over the global volume of capital; high exports, low imports |
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tariffs |
taxes on imported goods |
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subsidies |
protect businesses from risks |
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Marxism |
value of goods and services stems not from supply and demand, but rather from the human labor, both physical and mental, required to produce it; Marx and Engels |
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Microeconomics |
specific market systems on a small scale to understand the relative prices of goods and services and the alternative uses to which resources can be put in a particular market system |
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macroeconomics |
combined performance of all markets in a defined market system |
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GDP |
total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year |
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W.W. Rostow |
The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto; 5 stages before stage of high mass consumption like the US |
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Wallerstein and Frank |
disagreed with Rostow because his idea was dependent on Western historical experiences |
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Neoliberalism |
markets will always be more efficient than states or local communities in managing resources |
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foundations of neoliberalism |
ease restrictions on trade between countries, free movement of goods and services, maximize efficiency and profits |
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Summit of the Americas |
set of meetings held every two years between the leaders of North America, South America, Central America, and the Caribbean to discuss economic issues |
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Washington Consensus |
set of neoliberalism policies aimed at instituting free markets for the entire Western hemisphere; implemented at Summit of Americas |
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Sustainability |
the capacity of a political economic system to meet the needs of present communities without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
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Maghreb |
North Africa, especially the Western half |
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Arab World |
the twenty-two Arabic-speaking countries of the world in a single geopolitical unit; 325 million people from Morocco to Iraq |
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Islamic World |
total number of the world's Muslim majority countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Europe |
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Muslim World |
the worldwide community of Muslims and also in geographical and political sense to include Muslim enclaves in non-muslim majority countries
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Fertile Crescent |
The Nile, The Jordan, and the land between the Tigris and Euphrates; a region where the invention of agriculture led to the early rise of some of the world's first cities and empires |
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Caliph |
sent out military forces to defend Muslim communities from persecution |
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Shia |
followed the biological descendants of the prophet |
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Sunni |
the majority, who accepted the authority of the caliph |
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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk |
turned Turkey into a Western-style nation-state |
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colonialism |
the political, economic, and cultural domination of Middle Eastern societies by European powers |
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fusha |
proper arabic that refers to the classical arabic of the Quran and medieval literature; Modern Standard Arabic |
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Arkaan |
a set of practices sometimes called the Five Pillars of Islam, which shape people's minds and bodies into those of good Muslims |
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Quran |
the written record of Muhammad's revelation |
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hadith |
collected accounts of saying and actions of the prophet and his companions |
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Sharia |
code of law derived from the Quran and hadith |
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Public Islam |
invocations of Islam in everyday public life, from everyday conversations to movies, blogs, and websites |
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Tribes |
large groups of people who share a common identity based on an assumption of common ancestry |
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Kurds |
want Kurdistan because their nation is spatially divided |
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Proto-states |
communities with a historical claim to land currently under the sovereignty of one or more states |
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Production states |
derive the bulk of their revenues from the labor of their citizens in agriculture, herding, manufacturing, or trade with a centralized bureaucracy |
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allocation state |
does not derive its revenues by taxing citizens but by selling key resources to the rest of the world, like oil countries |
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economic disparity |
irregular distribution of resources |
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Structural adjustment programs |
part of the neoliberal economic model, these include difficult economic policies such as currency devaluation; cuts in government subsidies, jobs, and services; opening to foreign investment and trade; privatization |
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capital flight |
the tendency for wealth to leave poor countries rather than trickle down from the wealthy to the middle classes |
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reasons for failure of development strategies in the Middle East |
bureaucratically-controlled economies make global participation difficult, colonial heritage, theory of development is flawed |
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Challenges for the Middle East and North Africa now |
rapid population growth, unequal distribution of resources, economic distortions caused by flow of oil revenues, international debt, poor economic management by small elite, conflicts between identities and nation building, political attention from powerful states outside of the region |
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Zionism |
the belief that Jews constitute a sovereign people and nation and that they should have the right to establish and maintain a state in they ancestral homeland |
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Aliyah |
refers to emigration by Jews from their country of residence to Palestine and to Israel |
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The Balfour Declaration |
basically if Britain won WWI then Palestine would be a home for the Jewish people |
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The British Mandate for Palestine |
Passed by the League of Nations to give England direct administration of Palestine |
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Partitioning of Palestine |
UN commission to split Palestine into two areas, one with Jewish majority and the other with muslim |
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Camp David Accord |
by Jimmy Carter between Egypt and Israel with acknowledgement of Israel's existence by an Arab state |
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Fatah |
rival to Hamas, controlled the West Bank |
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Hamas |
elected to lead the Palestinian Authority; controlled Gaza |
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Arab Spring |
2010-2011 series of uprisings in the Middle East |
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Terrorism |
a strategy by which subnational groups seek to resist states by targeting non state actors, disrupting the flow of everyday life, and spreading generalized fear among the populations of those states |
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Political Islam |
invocation of Islam in contemporary political and economic life, both by political actors within states and by groups opposed to existing governments |
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blowback |
situations in which foreign policies and interventions that seem like good ideas at the time have unforeseen consequences years later |
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jihad |
holy war, struggle |
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politics |
concerns human interactions that involve both power and conflict |
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major fields of political science |
political theory, comparative politics, american politics, public administration, international politics |
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democratic peace theory |
two democratic systems are less likely to go to war with one another
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subfields of international politics |
peace and conflict, international security, foreign policy analysis, international law, global organization |
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functions of theories |
provides concepts, explains outcomes, policy advocacy, parsimony
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neorealism |
war is necessary |
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neoliberalism |
actors other than states can influence international politics |
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economic development in asia |
difficult transition from Soviet-style command economies to market-oriented systems |
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The Great Game |
between the British and Russians lead to multiple proxy wars |
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asian values |
strong paternalism of the state |
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Democratic states in Asia |
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |
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Nuclear states in Asia |
India, Pakistan |
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Silk Road |
trade routes linking Asia, Middle East, Europe |
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political ecology |
combines aspects of geography, anthropology, sociology and political science to examine environmental issues |
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why do you rock |
you just do |
