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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is alpha bias? |
Refers to bias within research, it exaggerates/other estimated differences between sexes |
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Beta bias |
Ignores differences between men and women, this often happens when females are not part of the research process |
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Androcentrism |
Male centred, when 'normal' behaviour is judged by male standard |
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Evaluation: Gender bias 6 AO3 |
-becomes normal for women to feel abnormal
-sexism within research, aschs lines study, 123 men
-not studied areas, psychological affects of pregnancy, LGBT isn't looked at, homosexual relationships
-more female psychologists, but men more likely to get work published
-reflexivity, being aware of who you are to void bias, women psychologists need to be aware of male so it will not influence research
-feminists, never to lab studies because they too scientific and science is dominated by men, instead to do unstructured interviews, natural things, more real |
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Defintion: Universality |
There is a underlying characteristic that can be applied to everyone, ex, everyone feels fear, hunger, aggression |
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How much of research was done by American psychologists? |
64% of 56,000 researchers |
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What is ethnocentrism? |
Refers to a particular form of cultural bias and is a belief in the superiority of ones own cultural group |
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What is an Etic approach? |
Assuming what happens in your country is normal and applying it to other cultures |
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What is an Emic approach? |
Looking at behaviour within the culture |
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Who created the terms Etic and Emic? |
Berry |
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Evaluation: Cultural Bias |
-African carrabien, 7x more likely to be diagnosed with a mental illness, possible ICD and DSM are not as valid as they should be
-collective and individualist cultures are out of date, Japan example is less collectivist, so there isn't as much of a difference
-are universal behaviour, interactional synchrony and imitation is universal
-lack of scientific rigour in non western countries m, twin research in other cultures psychologists just 'look at them to see if they're identical'. However this is offensive, it implies we do it properly and other cultures don't
-demand characteristics higher in other cultures as they aren't used to science
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What is free will? |
Human beings can do what they like, we're free to chose are thoughts and actions |
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What is determinism? |
Suggests free will has no place in explaining behaviour, there are hard and soft ones |
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What is Hard determinism? |
'Fatalism' little chance to chose how you want to behave, there is always a clear cause |
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What is Soft determinism? |
Closer to free will then hard determinism. We have free will to an extent, all actions have causes but our conscious choices can override these |
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What is biological determinism? |
Biology influences are the reason for our behaviour |
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What is Environmental determinism? |
Free will is an 'illusion' argued all behaviour is a result of conditioning |
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Psychic determinism |
Free will is an illusion, things that are in our unconscious mind will Influence are behaviour |
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Are lab experiments deterministic? |
Yes, it leads to a nomothetic theory, everyone does something because of there key cause |
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Determinism: AO3 Strengths |
-consistent with the aims of science
-real life application of more scientific psychology research such as drug treatments for mental illness
-illness like Sz casts doubt on free will, it can involve the loss over control of thoughts, people wouldn't chose to have this condition |
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Determinism AO3 Weaknesses |
- hard determinism is not in line with our legal system, offenders are held morally accountable
- also unfalsifiable 'causes of behaviour will always exist, even if they haven't found why' not as scientific as it appears |
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Free will: AO3 Evaluation strengths |
-we always exercise free will, who we talk to, what we say, etc. Gives it face validity
-people with an internal locus of control who believe they have a higher degree of influence over there lives are likely to have a better mental health |
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Free Will: AO3 Evaluation Weaknesses |
-Chun Siong Soon, demonstrates that the brain activity that determines the outcome of simple choices may predict our knowledge of having made such a choice. Researchers asked participants to press a button with the left or right hand, this occurs in the brain 10 seconds or so before a person knows they have made that decision. |
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What is nature? |
Human characteristics even some aspects of knowledge-are innate, the result of heredity |
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What is nurture? |
Concept of nurture references environmental influences. Locke 'mind is a clean slate' Lerner identified different levels of the environment I.e pre/post natal conditions like culture, physical state of mum etc |
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What it the interactionist approach in the nature nurture debate? |
Nature can cause nurture. Ex. A child's innate temperament will determine parents response, therefore responses will in turn affect child's behaviour |
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What is the diathesis stress model in regards to the nature nurture debate? |
Suggest psychopathology is cause by a bio/genetic vulnerability which is only expressed when couple with a bio/environmental 'trigger'. |
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What is epigeneticsl in the nature nurture debate? |
Change in genetic activity without changing our genetic code. I.e. Person smokes, leaves epigenetic marks on DNA-passed down. Reference to lab rats being shocked+perfume. |
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Nature nurture debate: Evaluation 4 AO3 |
-nature links to hard determinism which has further support with the biological approach
-however, it's too deterministic, it's lead to controversy linked to race, genetics, intelligence. Empiricists say any behaviour can be changed by altering environmental conditions. 'Behaviour shaping' has had practical application in therapy, destined behaviours are reinforced, may lead to a model society.
-people create there own nurture, select environments that are good for their nature. Ex. Naturally aggressive children will feel more comfortable around people who also admit this behaviour. They chose environment accordingly.
-can't separate the two. Lots of evidence comes from twins, likely to have the same environment though. They may show different reactions to certain things, i.e. Parents splitting up, this isn't inherited? Nurture? |
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What is holism? |
The idea any attempt to break up behaviour and experience is wrong as these should only be understood as a whole |
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What is reductionism? |
The belief that human behaviour best explained by breaking it down into smaller parts |
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What is are the levels of explanation in the holism and reductionism debate? |
Hierarchy of science. More precise 'micro data' at the bottom of the hierarchy and more general and 'macro' of these at the top.
Sociology Psychology Biology Chemistry Physics |
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What is biological reductionism? |
Attempts to explain social and psychological phenomena at a lower biological level. Ex. Psychoactive drugs on the brain have helped to understand neural processes like explaining mental illnesses like Sz, ocd |
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What is reductionism based on? |
It is based on the scientific assumption of parsimony - that complex phenomena should be explained by the simplest underlying principles possible. |
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What is environmental determinism? |
the view that all behaviour can be explained solely in terms of the effects of external (environmental) factors. |
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Holism: Evaluation strengths |
Some things do need to be studied as a whole. Ex. Stamford prison experiment can't be understood by studying individual participants. The interaction with people is important |
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Holism evaluation: Against |
Not normally scientific. Ex humanistic psychology is criticised for its lack of empirical evidence 'loose set of concepts'
Also, if we say many things cause depression we don't know the most important/which one to use as a basis for therapy |
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Reductionism: Evaluation Strengths |
Scientific research. They have operationalised variables. Means you can conduct experiments or record observations in a way that is meaningful/reliable |
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Reductionism: Evaluation Weaknesses |
Accused of over simplifying, leading to a loss of validity. Ex. The physiological process of pointing ones finger will be the same regardless of the context. However an analysis of this will not tell us why the finger is pointed, maybe act of aggression? Reductionism explanation can only ever be a part explanation |
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What is ideographic? |
An approach to research that focuses more on the individual case as a means of understanding behaviour |
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An example of the idiographic approach |
Humanistic approach, more interested in studying the unique experience 'on its own merits' than producing general laws of behaviour |
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What is a nomothetic approach? |
Approach attempts to study universal laws as an explanation for behaviour |
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An example of the nomothetic approach? |
Nomothetic is a feature of approaches that are reductionist, determinist and employ scientific methods of investigation. Research conducted by behaviourists/cognitive/biological would normally meet criteria for nomothetic approach. Ex. Biological brain scans studies to make generalisations about localisation of function. Hypothesis are rigorously tested, analysed and general laws are proposed and developed |
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Evaluation: Idiographic approach, For |
Qualitative methods provides a complete and global account of the individual. A single case may generate hypothesis for further study. True for brain damaged individuals like HM, findings may reveal important insights about functioning, may contribute to overall understanding |
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Evaluation: idiographic, Against |
Still narrow and restricted nature if work, criticism at say, Freuds work, detailed conclusions made from one case, ungeneralisable.
Also less scientific, conclusions often reply on subjective interpretation of the researcher, open to bias |
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Evaluation: Nomothetic, For |
More scientific, testing in standardised conditions, uses data that provides group averages, statistical analysis, prediction and control. Enabled psychologists to establish 'norms' of typical behaviour, gives psy scientific credibility |
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Evaluation: Nomothetic, Against |
Accused of 'loosing the whole person'. Knowing there is a 1% lifetime risk of developing Sz tells us little about what life is like for someone developing/suffering from the illness. Approach can sometimes overlook richness of human experience. |
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What are ethical implications? |
The impact that psychological research may have in terms of the rights of other people, especially participants |
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Example of socially sensitive research |
Some research is more sensitive then others. The cognitive process of LTM are unlikely to be socially sensitive, where as genetic basis of criminality might. Studies that tackle areas like race and gender attract a lot of attention from psychologists and media. This shouldn't lead psychologists however to 'shy away' |
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Seiber and Stanley 3 points to be mindful of in social sensitive studies |
-implications, some studies may be giving scientific credence to prejudice and discrimination. Ex. Studies examining racial basis of intelligence
-use/public policy, what's the purpose of the study? Studies may be adopted by governmental parties
-validity, findings from past that were classed as objective/ value free in past have turned out to be highly suspect, even fraudulent |
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Evaluation: Ethical implications |
-benefits of social sensitivity Scarr, studies of underrepresented groups/issues may promote greater sensitivity and understanding of these. Reduce prejudice and encourage acceptance
-Real life applications, research into the (un)reliability of EWT has reduced the risk of miscarriages of justice within the legal system
Social control, sensitive research used to be used negatively. Scientific+psychological community in 20s said 'low intelligence and drug alcohol addicts should not be allowed to breed!'
-costs and benefits, ethical commuter have to weigh up potential costs of the research. However the only true way we'll know if it offends people is when it's released to the public, i.e. Too late
-who gains? Research that involves public manipulation has obvious ethical implications (cinema+popcorn) |
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Evaluation: Ethical implications |
-benefits of social sensitivity Scarr, studies of underrepresented groups/issues may promote greater sensitivity and understanding of these. Reduce prejudice and encourage acceptance
-Real life applications, research into the (un)reliability of EWT has reduced the risk of miscarriages of justice within the legal system
Social control, sensitive research used to be used negatively. Scientific+psychological community in 20s said 'low intelligence and drug alcohol addicts should not be allowed to breed!'
-costs and benefits, ethical commuter have to weigh up potential costs of the research. However the only true way we'll know if it offends people is when it's released to the public, i.e. Too late
-who gains? Research that involves public manipulation has obvious ethical implications (cinema+popcorn) |
