Isomers

Front 1

isomers

Back 1

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures

Front 2

structural isomers

Back 2

Differ in how and where atoms are connected. Same formula, different framework and number of atoms bonded together

Front 3

stereoisomers

Back 3

only differ in spatial orientation

Front 4

cis-isomers

Back 4

both substituents are on the same same of the double bond

Front 5

trans-isomers

Back 5

substituents are on opposite sides of double bond

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(Z)

Back 6

both substituents with first priority are on the same side of the double bond (zee zame zide)

Front 7

(E)

Back 7

both substituents with highest priority are on opposite sides of double bond (epposite)

Front 8

chiral molecules

Back 8

non superimposable on mirror image, like your right and left hands

Front 9

asymmetric atom

Back 9

carbon atoms with 4 substituent groups and no plane of symmetry

Front 10

enantiomers

Back 10

chiral pairs of molecules that are not the same

Front 11

Fischer projections

Back 11

3D representation of molecules

horizontal lines = out of the page

vertical lines = behind page

If you switch 1 pair or rotate 90 degrees, it is the enantiomer

Front 12

relative configuration

Back 12

configuration in relation to other chiral molecule

Front 13

absolute configuration

Back 13

describes the spatial arrangement of a molecule using R or S. R goes clockwise, and S goes counterclockwise in numbering the substituents in order of priority ignoring #4.

Front 14

optical activity

Back 14

Ability to rotate plane polarized light by an angle (alpha). Enantiomers rotate the plane of polarized light in opposite directions. Direction of rotation must be determined experimentally

Front 15

dextrorotary

Back 15

rotates the plane clockwise, indicated by +

Front 16

levorotarty

Back 16

rotates the plane counterclockwise, indicated by -

Front 17

specific rotation

Back 17

observed rotation/(concentration(g/ml)xlength(dm))

Front 18

racemic mixture

Back 18

equal concentrations of + and - enantiomers

Front 19

diastereomers

Back 19

stereoisomers that are not mirror images

Front 20

epimers

Back 20

diastereoisomers that vary only at one carbone, important to chemistry of carbohydrates

Front 21

meso compounds

Back 21

molecules with multiple chiral centers that also have an internal plane of symmetry, not optically active because the light rotation of one chiral center is matched by opposite rotation of other chiral center

Front 22

conformational isomers

Back 22

differ only by rotation about one or more single bonds, same compounds in a slightly different position

Front 23

Newman projection

Back 23

line of sight is alond a C-C bond so the second C is drawn as a circle

Front 24

staggered conformation

Back 24

in a Newman projection, none of the atoms overlap

Front 25

anti conformation

Back 25

groups are antiperiplanar to eachother, most stable conformation

Front 26

gauche conformation

Back 26

atoms/groups are 60 degrees appart, must pass through eclipse phase to get to anti conformation

Front 27

eclipse formation

Back 27

in Newman projection, all similar molecules line up, highest energy level, very unstable

Front 28

cyclic conformations

Back 28

cycloalkanes attempt to adopts non planar conformations to alleviate angle, torsional, and nonbonded strains

Front 29

cyclic conformations of cyclohexane

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chair=most stable, hydrogen groups are axial and equatorial

boat=chair flips, hydrogens that were axial become equatorial and vice versa, all atoms are eclipsed

twisted boat=atoms are in gauche formation, so they are slightly more stable

Front 30

monosubstituted

Back 30

bulky groups prefer the equatorial position, so a large group can lock the molecule into one conformation

Front 31

disubstituted

Back 31

cis=bone substituents are on the same side of ring

trans=two groups on opposite sides of ring