Iridology

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Iridology is the study of the iris of the eye.

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Iri and iris come from the Greek name of the goddess of the rainbow, Iris. The Greeks noted eyes come in many, many colours. And ology also comes from the Greek, meaning ‘study of’. Literally translated, iridology means the study of the

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Eye diagnosis

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Eye diagnosis, also known as ophthalmoscopy, is the study of the diseases affecting any part or combination of eye and surrounding structures.

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IRIDOLOGY AND HEALTH

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Iridology provides insight into: 1. Metabolic body functions 2. Structural defects 3. Constitutional strengths and weakness 4. Psychological and emotional aspects

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ASPECTS OF IRIS DIAGNOSIS

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When performing an iridology assessment of the eye the following areas are investigated: 1. Iris colour 2. Iris signs 3. Sclera signs 4. Pupil signs 5. Constitutions and diathesis 6. Iris sign relationships 7. Eye pathologies

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HISTORY OF IRIDOLOGY

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A number of early cultures have linked the eye with personal energy, psychic and mental excitation.

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THE BEGINNING

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Speculations in various references but mostly undocumented rumours attribute the use of iris maps for medical diagnosis and other purposes to the Hindu, Chinese, Egyptian and Syriac civilisations. Many cultures appear to have developed a symbolic relationship with the eye represented in for example the Indian mandala, the third eye of Shiva, or the Eye

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Phillipus Mayeus

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The first recorded iris “map” was designed by Philippe de May also known as

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Phillipus Mayeus-Iris Map

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Therefore, the first historical principle of iridology is detailed as follows:1. Upper halves of each iris represent quadrants of the body, the upper left and the upper right, while 2. the lower halves of each iris stand for the correspondent lower left and lower right body parts, respectively. The text reads as follows, in lines 6-13 of Chapter Five: “Likewise, an individual who enjoys perfect health and is truly a joyful and strong, should have clear eyes, without veins,

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Ignatz von Peczely (1822-1911) 1

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1. The roots of Iridology lie in the observations of an 11 year old boy from Egernar, near Budapest, Hungary, Ignatz von Peczely. He struggled to defend himself from an owl which was attacking him, and in the ensuing fight the owls leg was broken. He noticed the appearance of a black stripe in the lower part of the birds iris shortly afterwards. This line was gradually replaced with white, crooked lines as the owls leg healed. The black stripe eventually became a tiny black spot, surrounded by white lines and shading.

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Ignatz von Peczely 1822-1911) 2

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Ignatz vpn Peczely qualified in medicine in 1867 at the Vienna medical College. During his internship he had ample opportunity to study the irises of patients BEFORE and AFTER surgery. He published a book Discoveries in the Realms of Natural Science and Medicine: Instructions in the study of Diagnosis from the Eye, establishing his Iris Chart, in 1880. His iris chart gave a topographic overview utilising numbers as codes. Interestingly the positions of the upper and lower body areas, heart, ovaries, lungs and liver are the same as in contemporary charts

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Niles Liljequist

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Around the same time (1871) noticed that the drug Quinine and Iodine that he was prescribed had changed the colour of his eyes. At the age of 20 he published a paper titled “Quinine and Iodine Change the Colour of the Iris”. In 1893 a Swedish pastor named Niles Liljequist publishes Om Oegendiagnosen in which he acknowledges Peczely as being the discoverer of eye diagnosis. It also includes an atlas with 258 B/W drawings and 12 coloured double iris drawings. This book was later translated into English in 1916 titled “Diagnosis of the Eye”.

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THE GERMAN IRIDOLOGISTS

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German iridologists can without doubt be considered as the major contributors to the study of iris diagnosis. After World War II outstanding German iridologists included Josef Angerer(1907-1994) – a student of Rudolf Schnabel (1882-1962), and Josef Deck (1914-

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Emil schlegel-GERMAN

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Emil Schlegel, MD, a homeopath from Tübingen (Germany) wrote a book on von

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Pastor Felke-GERMAN

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Kriege (1969) suggested that Pastor Emanual Felke of Germany (1856 - 1926) superseded most of his predecessors with developing a completely new approach to iris diagnosis. Although Felke never published his theories Andreas Müller (one of his students) published The Eye: Diagnosis Based Upon the Principles of Pastor Felke. Felkes work was highly influential beyondhis death until to this day, influencing outstanding individuals such as Heinrich Hense (1868-1955), Pastor Magdalena Madaus (1857-1925) and her daughter Eva Flink (1886-1959), Peter Johann Thiel (1861-1948), and many others.

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Peter Johann Thiel-GERMAN

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In 1902 Thiel published Disease diagnosis from the eye. He introduced regional and sectional divisions of the iris for the first time. He also pointed to the bipolar

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Josef Deck-GERMAN

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24.5.1914-1.4.1990. Starting in the period of 1950-56 he studied clinically evaluated iris diagnosis under the guidance of Prof E Volhard and Dr F Vida. In 1952 he founded the “Ettlinger International Iridology Course’. Considered Europe’s foremost iridologist. Published “Differentiation of Iris Markings”. Translated by R. Freystuck- Baynham, Ulrike Fuchs, and Hans-Jurgen Fuchs. 2nd ed. Ettingen, Germany: 1982 ; “Principles of Iris Diagnosis”. Translated by R. Freystuck- Baynham, and Hans-Jurgen Fuchs. Ettlingen, Germany 1982.

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Theodore Kriege-GERMAN

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Of Osnabruck, Germany. Work Published - “Fundamental Basis of Irisdiagnosis” -Translated by A.W. Priest. Essex, England: N. Fowler and Co., Ltd., 1969. Deck, Kriege and Angerer have been without a doubt the most important and influential European iridologists.

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Henry Edward Lane AMERICAN IRIDOLOGIST

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In 1904 H.E. Lane published a book with the title Iridology, the diagnosis from the eye which shows similarities to the work of Thiel.

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Henry Lindlahr AMERICAN IRIDOLOGIST

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One of Dr. Lane’s students was Henry Lindlahr, M.D., the champion of "the healing crises". He too, became a surgeon, and amongst his vast written works, placing nature cures onto a scientific basis, in 1919, he published lridodiagnosis and Other Diagnostic Methods".

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Bernard Jensen AMERICAN IRIDOLOGIST

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Of Escondido California, USA. Considered the worlds foremost iridologist. Published books and research papers including: “The Science and Practice of Iridology” - Bernard Jensen, 1952. "Iridology: The Science and Practice in the Healing Arts, Volume II”. Escondido California.: Bernard Jensen, 1982. Editor of Iridologist International Publications.

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Haskel Kritzer AMERICAN IRIDOLOGIST

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Dr. J. Haskel Kritzer, recorded his lifetime of research into iris diagnosis, in his textbook "Iridodiagnosis", soon to be republished by The Holistic Health College, London. It was his work which spurred Bernard Jensen onto further research, developing a more up-to-date iris chart, along with a colleague of Dr.Kritzer, Dr. John R. Arnold, founder of the World Iridology Fellowship. He was the main instigator in changing the term iris diagnosis’ to ‘iris analysis", which more accurately reflects that it is a means of analysing conditions within rather than specific diseases.

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Dorothy Hall

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Australian iridology pioneer. Developed the Australian constitutional classification based on structural iris features rather than metabolic ones. She teaches iridology and naturopathy in her own college in Australia.

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V.L. Fernandiz

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Dr. V.L. Fernandiz, a medical and naturopathic physician, in Barcelona, Spain, published, in 1970, a comprehensive work, "Iridodiagnosis’, clearly illustrating how valuable early diagnosis was, from the iris, before pathological states advance enough to be clinically diagnosed. He stated that "the great advantage of iridology to medical doctors is its reliability as an indicator of the early stages of disease, allowing many more lives to be saved.”

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POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF IRIDOLOGY

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There are many claims that have been made with Iridology to what it can show us in regards to the human body. Although this list is far from complete a large number of iridologists are probably in agreement with the findings listed here. With continued research and development in Iridology, there will be many more valuable findings that will lead to modifications of this list.

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SCOPE OF IRIDOLOGY

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Various iridology authors suggest that iridology can identify the following:1. Constitutional strength or weakness- display of inherent weaknesses and their influence on other tissues in the body. 2. Acidity and catarrhal development. 3. Adrenal exhaustion. 4. Bowel/Intestine/Colon - under activity, sluggishness, spastic, ballooned, stricture, prolapses, inflammation and nervous conditions. 5. Circulation level in various organs/tissues. 6. Condition of tissues in any part of the body at one time. 7. Genetic influence on symptoms present. 8. Genetic weaknesses affecting the nerves, blood supply, and mineralisation of bone. 9. Healing signs indicating increased strength in a tissue, organ, or gland. 10. High or low sex drive. 11. High-risk tissues/organs that may be progressing toward a disease. 12. Hyper/Hypoactivity of organs, glands, and tissues. 13. Influence of one organ on another. 14. Lymphatic system congestion. 15. Organs/tissues that are in greatest need of repair. 16. Overall resistance to disease.

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LIMITATIONS OF IRIDOLOGY

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Iridology can not claim to do the following: 1. Diagnosing diseases by name 2. If the person is male or female. 3. Surgical history 4. Pregnancy 5. Presence of a tumour and its size 6. Presence of kidney stones or gallstones. 7. Presence of AIDS. 8. Blockage of cardiac artery 9. Differences between drug side effects and disease symptoms. 10. Presence of haemorrhage 11. Blood pressure levels, blood sugar levels, other specific diagnostic findings + lab results. 12. Drug/medication history 13. Numerical value of uric acid levels in the body.14. Time and cause of an injury. 15. Number of organs with which a person was born with. 16. Presence of yeast infections. 17. Necessity of an operation 18. Dietary intake of a person 19. Correlation between tissue inflammation and specific diseases or symptoms of disease 20. Presence of lead, aluminium, coal tar, cadmium, or any other metallic elements 21. Cause of Death.

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PRACTICAL IRIS EXAMINATION

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There are 3 ways of examining an iris using: 1. The naked eye 2. A magnifying lens- loupe, and light source 3. A specialised microscope with or without computer connection 1) Naked eye The simplest way of viewing the iris is with the naked eye. However, this does not give the required magnification for a proper iris analysis. 2) Loupe The use of a 6x or 10x magnifying glass allows a larger view of the iris and the iris microscope offers a unique view with a great deal of magnification.

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LOUPES

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There are 2 types of loupes:a) Loupe and light source separately: The advantage of separate loupe and light source (pen torch) is that the iris can be investigated in 3 dimensions by changing the angle of the light source thus throwing shadows. The disadvantage is that both hands are needed requiring swapping of tools and lens when taking notes. b) Loupe and light source integrated Here, the loupe has an inbuilt light source. The advantage is easy handling with the main disadvantage being the inability of positioning the light source independently.

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ANATOMY OF EYE AND IRIS ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYE

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Accessory structures of the eyes include the eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes and the lachrymal apparatus. The lachrymal apparatus consists of structures that produce and drain tears.

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ANATOMY OF THE EYEBALL

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Adult eyeball measures about 2.5 cm in diameter. Only 1/6th is exposed the remainder recessed and protected by the orbit. Anatomically the wall of the eyeball is constructed of three layers: 1. Fibrous tunic 2. Vascular tunic- choroid, ciliary body, and iris 3. Retina or nervous tunic

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Fibrous Tunic

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A fibrous tunic consists of a) anterior cornea and b) posterior sclera.

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Fibrous tunic-Anterior Cornea

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Is a non-vascular transparent coat that covers the coloured iris. Helps focus the light due to its curve. Outer surface consists of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Middle coat consists of collagen fibres and fibroblasts. Inner surface consists of simple squamous epithelium

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Fibrous tunic-Posterior Sclera

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‘White' of the eye. Consists of a coat of dense connective tissue made of mostly collagen fibres and fibroblasts. It covers the entire eyeball except the cornea. It gives shape to the eyeball and makes it more rigid and protects its inner part.

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Vascular Tunic / Uvea

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The vascular tunic is the middle layer of the eyeball it has 3 portions: a. Choroid b. Ciliary body c. Iris

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Choroid

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Highly vascularised portion of the vascular tunic and lines most of the internal surface of the sclera. Provides nutrient to the posterior surface of the retina. Melanocytes give the choroid a brown-black appearance.

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Ciliary body

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Ciliary body is in the anterior portion of the vascular tunic, the choroid becomes the ciliary body. It extends from the ora serrata (the jagged interior margin of the retina to a point just posterior to the sclerocorneal junction.The ciliary body consists of: i. Ciliary processes Are protrusions of folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body. They contain blood capillaries that secrete a watery fluid called aqueous humour. ii. Ciliary muscle Is a circular band of smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens for near or far vision.

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Iris

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The coloured portion of the eyeball and is shaped like a flattened donut. Suspended between the cornea and the lens and is attached at its outer margin to the ciliary processes . Consists of circular and radial smooth muscle fibres. A hole in the centre called pupil. Principal function of the iris is to regulate the amount of light entering the vitreous chamber of the eyeball through the pupil. When bright light stimulates the eye parasympathetic neurones stimulate the circular muscles (constrictor or sphincter pupillae) of the iris to contract. In dim light sympathetic neurons stimulate the radial muscles (dilator pupillae) of the iris to contract causing dilation of the pupil's size. These responses are autonomic reflexes.

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Retina (nervous tunic)

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The retina is the third and inner coat of the eyeball, the retina lines the posterior three quarters of the eyeball and is the beginning of the visual pathway.The retina consists of a pigment epithelium and a neural portion.

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RETINA-Pigment epithelium

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Is a sheet of melanin-containing epithelia cells that lies between the choroid and the neural portion of the retina.

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RETINA-Neural portion

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Is a multi-layered outgrowth of the brain. It processes visual data extensively before transmitting nerve impulses to the thalamus, which then relays nerve impulses to the primary visual cortex. The tree distinctive layers of retinal neurons are separated by 2 zones where synaptic contacts are made, the inner and outer synaptic layer.

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RETINAL NEURON LAYERS

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The 3 layers of retinal neurons, in the order in which they process visual input are the: 1. Photoreceptor layer 2. Bipolar cell layer 3. Ganglion cell layer. Note that light passes through the ganglion and bipolar cell layers before reaching the photoreceptor layer. 2 other layers of cells are present in the retina called horizontal cells and amacrine cells. They form laterally directed pathways that modify the signals being transmitted along the pathway from photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells.

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INTERNAL STRUCTURE

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The interior of the eyeball is divided by the lens into 2 cavities: the anterior cavity, located in the front of the lens; and the posterior (vitreous) chamber, located in behind the lens.

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ANTERIOR CAVITY

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The anterior cavity is filled with aqueous humour, which is a watery fluid that is continuously filtered from blood capillaries and nourish the lens and cornea. This fluid continuously floes between the anterior and posterior chamber and is replaced about every 90 minutes. The intraocular pressure remains constant between 1.3 & 2.6 kPa. An increase in this pressure is the cause of glaucoma.

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VITREOUS CHAMBER (POSTERIOR CHAMBER)

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Behind the lens, and filling the cavity of the eyeball is the vitreous chamber filled with vitreous humour. This is a soft, colourless, transparent, jelly-like substance composed of 99% water, together with some salts and mucoprotein. It maintains the intraocular pressure to support the retina against choroid and prevent the walls of the eyeball from collapsing. The eyeball size remains fairly constant throughout life.

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LENS

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The Lens is the only structure of the eye that changes its refractive power. Light from distant objects need little refraction, but, as the objects become closer, the amount of refraction required is increased. To increase the refractive power the ciliary muscle contracts, releasing its pull on the Suspensory muscle and the anterior surface of the lens bulges forward, increase its convexitivity. Looking at ‘near’ objects causes the eyes to become tired quicker. This is due to thecontinuous use of the ciliary muscle. When the ciliary muscle relaxes it slips backward, increasing the pull on the Suspensory ligament, and the lens become thinner.

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OPTIC NERVE

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The fibres of the optic nerve originate in the retina. All the fibres converge to form the optic nerve approximately 0.5 cm to the nasal side of the macula lutea. The nerve pierces the choroid and sclera to pass backwards and medially through the orbital cavity, then passes through the optic foramen of the sphenoid bone, backwards and medially to meet the nerve from the other eye at the optic chiasma.

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OPTIC CHIASMA

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The optic chiasma is immediately in front of and above the pituitary gland. In the optic chiasma the nerve fibres of the optic nerve fibres from the nasal side of each retina cross over to the opposite side. The fibres from the temporal side do not cross, but continue backwards on the same side along the pathways of the optic tracts

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OPTIC TRACTS

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The optic tracts are the pathway posterior to the optic chiasma. Each tract consists of the nasal fibres from the retina of one eye and the temporal fibres from the retina of the other eye. They pass backward through the cerebrum to synapse with nerve cells of the lateral geniculate bodies. From here they proceed as optic radiations to the visual area of the cerebral cortex in the occipital lobes of the cerebrum.

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MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE EYEBALL

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Muscles that move the eyeball are called extrinsic muscles. They originate outside the eyeballs (from the orbit) and insert on the surface of the sclera. The movement is controlled by 3 pairs of extrinsic muscles: 1. superior and inferior recti 2. lateral and medial recti 3. superior and inferior oblique The nerves that innervate these muscles are cranial nerve III, IV, and VI.

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PHYSIOLOGY OF VISION

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Rods and cones are the 2 photoreceptors that convert light energy to electrical impulses. Rods are responsible for black and white vision. Cones on the other hand are responsible for colour vision. These receptors are located in the retina and connected to the optic nerve via nerves. The actual conversion of the light energy is performed with the aid of photo pigments that are part of the rods and cones. Although there are different types of pigments they are all synthesised from vitamin A. Consequently good vision depends on adequate intake of carotenoid containing foods such as carrots, spinach and other.

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SPECTRUM OF LIGHT

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The spectrum of light is broad, but only a small part is visible to the human eye.Beyond the long end there are infrared (heat), radar and radio waves. Beyond the short end there are ultraviolet (UV), X-Ray and cosmic waves. UV light is not normally visible because a yellow pigment in the lens, which probably protects the iris, absorbs it. Following the removal of the lens, (as in a cataract operation) the iris seems to be open to long-term damage from UV light.

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COLOUR VISION

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The specific colour seen by the eye is the colour of light that is reflected from

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CLEAR VISION

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In order to achieve clear vision, light reflected from objects within the field of vision is focused onto the retina of both eyes. Therefore, clear vision is a product of both the refraction of light onto the retinas of both eyes, and also the anatomical accommodation of both eyes working together and focusing on the objects.

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REFRACTION OF LIGHT RAYS

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When light rays pass from a medium of one density to a medium of a different density, they are refracted. The eye uses this principle to focus light on the retina. Before reaching the retina, light rays pass successively through the conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous fluid, lens and vitreous body. They are all of greater density than air, and with the exception of the lens, they have constant refractory power, similar to water.

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IRIS FEATURES

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The iris is divided in three ways: 1. Radials 2. Circles 3. Sectors

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RADIALS

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Like a clock or compass the iris can be divided into seconds, minutes and hours, or degrees along the ciliary edge Although hours are widely used, minutes allow far much more accurate positioning and therefore should be applied as a matter of standard.

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IRIS CIRCLES AND ZONES

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The iris is further divided into circles representing the layers of the body (from the outside in): 3rd major zone – maximum utilisation and elimination zone 2nd major zone- utilization by muscles, bones and organs of humoral distribution 1st major zone- digestion zone 1st minor zone – pupillary edge- CNS. Stomachdigestion; 2nd minor zone – intestines- digestion, absorption 3rd minor zone – blood, lymph and glandular zoneabsorption, distribution of nutrients, hormonal balance 4th minor zone – muscles, organs 5th minor zone – bones, organs

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IRIS SECTORS

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Wedges of the iris fan out to encompass main organ, gland or body area

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IRIS MAPS

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There are a number of different iris maps including those from Jensen, Hall,

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THEORETICAL BASIS OF IRIDOLOGY

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The nerve fibres (of the iris) receive their impulses by way of their connections to the optic nerve, optic thalami and spinal cord. It is this connection that is assumed to be responsible for the development of signs from the body in the iris for interpretation. However, a survey of scientifically reputable literature shows there is no connection between the iris and optic nerve.

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HEALING CRISIS

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There are a number of apparently different types of healing crises:

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HEALING CRISIS-removing toxic accumulations

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Removing toxic accumulations Many Natural therapists consider toxins and the consequent disturbance and/or blockage of the Vital Force to be responsible for many of the symptoms and causes of particularly chronic illness. It is suggested that in order to heal the patients blocked Vital Force needs to be unblocked by eliminating the toxins causing the blockage which can lead to the appearance of a range of symptoms related to elimination.

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HEALING CRISIS-healing crisis as a natural

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Healing crisis as a natural reaction some authors refer to the healing crisis as intrinsic to the normal healingprocess. The healing crisis is considered to be either a reaction of the body to a pathogen or due to a successful therapeutic intervention both of which will produce perceptible symptoms rather than “feeble and therefore ineffective reactions” such as seen in chronic disease.

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HEALING CRISIS-Regressing through medical history-herings law

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Regressing through medical history- Hering’s law

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HEALING CRISIS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS

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Healing crisis and psychological effects In the German tradition the term Heilungskrise (healing crisis) seems to be also applicable to a crisis brought on by psychotherapy or fasting. The former most likely refers to the effects of Primal Therapy while the latter would be associated with the release of toxins stored in tissue and released during the fasting process.Despite these obvious inconsistencies healing crisis remains a cornerstone in naturopathic, herbal, and homoeopathic philosophy and practice. Even other complementary therapies such as aromatherapy appear to have incorporated healing crisis into their practice. It is used not only to determine the patients’ progress and response to various therapeutic interventions but also as a goal that needs to be achieved in the therapeutic interaction.

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VITALISM

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VITALISM The Encyclopaedia Britannica (2001) defines vitalism as “school of scientific thought--the germ of which dates from Aristotle--that attempts (in opposition to mechanism and organicism) to explain the nature of life as resulting from a vital force peculiar to living organisms and different from all other forces found outside living things. This force is held to control form and development and to direct the activities of the organism. Vitalism has lost prestige as the chemical and physical nature of more and more vital phenomena have been shown.” although the various natural therapies are considerably different they share the belief in a vital force and the associated

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SAMUEL HAHNEMANN

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Samuel Hahnemann (1755-1843), founder of homoeopathy, based his healing system on the fact that a small amount of medication will be able to stimulate the spiritual, self-acting vital force which is present in the organism causing the organism to return to a state of health (Hahnemann 1980). Hahnemann states that the vital force animates the body, maintains harmony among all its members and that without it the body would be an inert corpse. Furthermore, it is the vital force that is responsible for resistance against pathogens and illness. And its the function of the homoeopathic medicines to rouse the vital force to overthrow the pathogenic factors and restore health (De Schepper 1999:14).

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IRIDOLOGY COLOUR AND PIGMENTATION

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IRIS COLOUR AND PIGMENTATION Iris diagnosis and iridology is based on 4 groups of signs that can be observed in the eye: 1. COLOURATIONS AND PIGMENTATIONS 2. IRIS SIGNS 3. SCLERA SIGNS 4. PUPIL SIGNS

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IRIDOLOGY COLOUR AND PIGMENTATION-COLOURATIONS

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colourations This refers to the basic colouration of the iris as well as abnormal pigmentation. These colours and pigments are generally associated with metabolic functions.

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IRIDOLOGY COLOUR AND PIGMENTATION-IRIS SIGNS

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iris signs These signs are signs arising from abnormalities in the iris structure. They will often have different interpretations depending on the associated pigmentation.

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IRIDOLOGY COLOUR AND PIGMENTATION-SCLERA SIGNS

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sclera signs These signs are found on the sclera (the eye white). They mainly are formed by blood vessels, pigmentations and abnormal tissue growth.

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IRIDOLOGY COLOUR AND PIGMENTATION-PUPIL SIGNS

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pupil signs The shape, position and movement of the pupil offers the last group of iridology signs. The interpretation of these signs will further be modified by the respective location of the sign in the iris or on the sclera.

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IRIDOLOGY COLOUR AND PIGMENTATION-CAUSES OF COLOURATION

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causes of colouration Colours of the iris arise from the various pigment layers and/or metabolic

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IRIS COLOURS

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Four basic iris colour is genetically determined. More specifically, however, there are 3 main factors responsible for the colour a. Pigment granules in the iris pigment epithelium. This pigmentation is at maximum in all individuals except albinos b. The concentration of the pigment within the iris stromal melanocytes c. The light-scattering and absorptive properties of the extracellular components of the iris stoma. Pigment cells. There are three cell types that contain pigment within the iris: Stromal melanocytes, which are derived from the neural crest; Iris pigment epithelium, which is derived from the neuroectoderm of the optic cup; Clump cells, which are thought primarily to be of pigment epithelial and histiocytic origin.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IRIS cell layers

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Cell layers The pigment-containing cells are concentrated in 2 layers: a. Anteriorly in the iris stroma and anterior border layer. In the blue iris there are fewer melanocytes as well as there are amelanotic cells containing nonpigmented granules. b. Posteriorly there are pigmented granules that lie within the cells of the posterior pigmented epithelium. Developmentally the iris stroma is a mesenchymal or neural crest derivative while the posterior pigmented epithelium is formed from the neuroectoderm of the optic cup

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IRIS pigment types

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Pigment types The iris pigment consists primarily of melanin and more specifically eumelanin, which is contained in cytoplasmic structures called melanosomes. Although Morrision et al (2000) only discuss these 2 types of pigments according to Kreige (1969) pigments can be classified into: Melanin: Colour brown to black

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IRIS endogenous/exogenous pigment deposits

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Exogenous haemosiderin-(red to brown), ferritin haemoglobin melanin-(brown to black), tyrosin lipofuscin-(light yellow to dark brown), fats autogenous Endogenous Pigment deposits in the IRIS If melanin deposits are found on the surface of the iris then this is an indicator of serious metabolic disturbance. Haemosiderin (Haemofuscin) Colour red to dark brown This is an iron containing pigment. It results from the destruction of large quantities of red blood cells. It can also appear following internal or concealed haemorrhage. According to Kriege (1969) it does not indicate haemorrhagic tendencies but is only a sign of large quantities of destroyed red blood cells. Lipofuscin Colour light yellow to dark brown. Also known as ‘wear and tear’ pigment. It is formed within the ganglion cells of Nucleus niger and Locus ceruleus and appears mainly as ‘wear and tear’ pigment in old age. But it also is a degeneration product in young people as a sign of exhaustion of particular organs which is why it is also c

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IRIS COLOURS CAUSATION OF COLOURING

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causation of colouring The melanin-containing stromal melanocytes are believed to be the most important contributors to iris colour. However, in a study (Wilkerson et al 1996) it has been shown that neither the melanocytes number, melanocytes density, nor iris stromal cellularity are major contributors to colour. It is suggested that other factors may contribute to visible iris colour. For example, variations in the ratio of different melanin types (there are two typeseumelanin, which is brown-black, and pheomelanin- which is red-brown) and extracellular components of the iris stoma (primarily collagen)

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IRIS OTHER ISSUES

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other issues-Newborns Newborn babies all have blue eyes because at the time of birth they have not yet begun to produce melanin in their irises. A baby's eyes may change to green, brown or other colours as melanin production begins. Genetics of eye colour Albinos have no pigment in their irises so the blood vessels in the back of the eye reflect light making the eyes look pink. Albinos also lack melanin in their skin and hair. Since albinism is caused by a recessive allele, two normal parents may produce an albino. An albino can have normal offspring if the other parent is normal for melanin production.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IRIS CAUSES/TYPES OF COLOURATIONS

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Generally there are 5 causes/ types of iris colourations: a) Basic genetic pigmentation b) Tissue activity pigmentation c) Constitutional organ pigmentation d) Specific pigmentations e) Chemical compound pigmentations A. BASIC GENETIC PIGMENTATION There are 3 basic iris colours: a. Blue b. Grey c. Brown -Caucasian: have always some type of fibre structure -Ethnic: no fibre structure, like velvet. Need to look at signs; if no signs then assume silk constitution and d. Mixed: some blue with some brown (German) All other iris colours are the result of a mix of abnormal colours over the basic iris colours. For example yellow over blue creates green eyes. It seems more than ever, through so much inter-marriage of races in the world that we are likely to see a genetic mix of colours.

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF IRIS TISSUE ACTIVITY PIGMENTATION

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tissue activity pigmentation The basis for this colouration is found in circulatory fluids - lymph, blood. It is affected by external and internal influences, eg: Tissue inflammation and destruction, Tissue function/dysfunction, Metabolic auto-intoxication, Uric acid or biliary disturbances, Medication/Chemical compounds. Iridology recognises 5 stages of tissue activity: 1. Acute stage 2. Sub-acute stage 3. Slowing down stage 4. Hypoactive stage 5. Chronic stage 6. Degenerative stage

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TISSUE ACTIVITY PIGMENTATION WHITE- ACUTE STAGE

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white acute stage Indication i) Inflammation sign Appear with acute disease The whiter the sign the more acute, inflamed and/or painful the tissue Disappears with healing or becomes darker with transition to chronic disease - changes to blue-white, dirty white, yellow, and brown (if black than loss of tissue substance) Only in blue or grey iris appears to be really bright In brown iris appears as a lightening of the brown iris tissue ii) Unnatural substances Uric acid crystalline deposits, Arteriosclerosis iii) Other Over-stimulation Increased activity Heightened rhythm (eg peristaltic) Irritation of nerve fibres – inflammation Symptoms Discharges, Swelling, Heat, Overactivity Active elimination, Fever, Hyper-function Causes for white colour Deposition of toxic wastes and residues in the interstitial connective tissue. Due to incomplete intermediate metabolism Can therefore lead to degenerative process Is a progressive process Affects always the connective tissue as well as vascular and nerve tissue.

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TISSUE ACTIVITY PIGMENTATION YELLOW-WHITE- SUB-ACUTE STAGE

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YELLOW-WHITE- SUB-ACUTE STAGE Indicates Hormone, enzyme and digestive activity increase Eliminative process more active Symptoms Fatigue, thirst, low resistance, sensitivity to stress, and difficulty in digesting fats

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TISSUE ACTIVITY PIGMENTATION YELLOW- SLOWING DOWN STAGE

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YELLOW SLOWING DOWN STAGE Indicates Kidney disturbance Acid mechanism of digestive system acts as an oxidant and converts vit B into yellow pigment Toxins collect Metabolism slowing down

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TISSUE ACTIVITY PIGMENTATION GREY - HYPOACTIVE STAGE

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GREY-HYPOACTIVE STAGE Colours are grey to dark grey, not black Indicates Insufficiency of digestive juices and enzymes Poor vitality Elimination slows down Hypoactive metabolism Insufficient stimulation Atony

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TISSUE ACTIVITY PIGMENTATION BROWN-CHRONIC STAGE

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BROWN- CHRONIC STAGE Indicates Abnormal function Toxic accumulation Deficient elimination Low oxygen level Symptoms Exhaustion, slow recovery, weak immunity, tissue erosion, constipation, liver weakness in every case

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TISSUE ACTIVTY PIGMENTATION BLACK- DEGENERATIVE STAGE

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BLACK DEGENERATIVE STAGE Originate from destruction of secondary iris layer (vascular) which allows exposure of pigment layer Indicate Loss of substance Final destruction of nerve fibres Accidents Effects of surgery Degenerated tissue Advanced stages of chronic disease

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CONSTITUTIONAL ORGAN PIGMENTATION

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CONSTITIUTIONAL ORGAN PIGMENTATION It has been noted that brown eyed people seem more subject to glandular and blood related disorders while blue eyes seem to be subject to lymphatic, catarrhal and acidic disorders. Other localised and specific pigmentations indicate reduced functional organ capabilities or increased susceptibility to stress. The main organ colourations are: Straw Yellow – Kidneys, renal function, fluid balance, hydration levels, Orange – Pancreatic disturbance with possible diabetes. Linked to glandular weakness constitution. Can also be associated with the liver. Fluorescent Orange - Gallbladder, Pancreas and Liver Brown (light, medium, dark, reddish) – Liver Black/Tar - Pre-cancerous and liver Some iridologist suggest further colour-organ associations: Red- pituitary Yellow-orange- thyroid

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SPECIFIC PIGMENTATIONS-BLACK

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Black pigments Black Hair Pigment Clearly seen as a pigment spot with black hair on the surface of the iris. This sign appears mostly in the middle or peripheral part of the ciliary zone. The black hair pigment may indicate cancer of glandular organs. Black Pigment When seen in isolation indicates cancer of the corresponding zone.

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SPECIFIC PIGMENTATIONS-BROWN

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Brown pigments Brown (Tar) Pigment Is usually seen in diabetes. This pigment is as a result of either the liver not sufficiently detoxifying or inadequate production of trypsinogen (which breaks down protein) by the pancreas. Brown Pigment Indicates a liver/pancreas problem. Brown/Red Pigment In the iris indicates a pancreas problem. Candida Overgrowth Syndrome Seen in the iris as a dull brown pigment spreading from the pupil and spilling over the collarette producing a central heterochromia. This indicates abnormal overgrowth of candida albicans. Lattice Pigment A net structure with a very large mesh and irregular fringe edge. It is black/brown in colour and occurs rarely. It is large and often covers a part of the iris from the collarette to the ciliary edge. Indicates a disposition to diabetes, chronic liver disease and formation of tumours. Pancreas Pigments Are dark brown spots of pigment, which seem to ‘float’ on top of the iris structure. Their position is not significant Dark brown Pigment Spots

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SPECIFIC PIGMENTATIONS RED

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Red Red/Yellow Pigment In the iris indicates a pancreas problem. Red (Rufin) Pigments When seen in the liver zone with vascularised liver transversal may indicate carcinoma of the liver. Orange/Yellow Pigment Inside the collarette a problem with protein metabolism and shows putrefaction of protein. Outside the collarette kidney malfunction is indicated.

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SPECIFIC PIGMENTATIONS YELLOW

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Yellow Yellow Pigment Associated with the kidneys and digestion and usually develop in the lymphatic iris type or through a high intake of meat products. Yellow pigment may develop in the kidney zone or the intestinal zone. Yellow/Orange Pigment In the iris inside the collarette indicates a problem with protein metabolism. Yellow/Pink Pigment In the iris outside the collarette indicates a kidney problem. Pink/Yellow Pigment In the iris outside the collarette indicates a kidney problem.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS ALUMINIUM

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ALUMINIUM May show up as blue-grey spots in the circulatory area.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS ARSENIC

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Arsenic Early stages of arsenic pigmentation will show as a greyish-white veil-like specks over the gastro-intestinal or respiratory areas. Later stages shows up as greyish white flakes and may appear singly or as irregular groups in the circulatory area.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS BISMUTH

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Bismuth Bismuth ingestion will show as dark-grey irregular circles in the digestive tract.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS BROMIDES

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Bromides Bromides show in the outer-most iris area closest to the sclera as a whitish or yellowish white crescent with the affinity to settle in the brain and nervous system areas. Bromides are used heavily in the pharmaceutical industries.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS COCAINE

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Cocaine Cocaine is similar to that of morphine as it appears in the iris.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS CREOSOTE

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Creosote Creosote produces a fine greyish or ashen grey veil over the whole iris. Long term cases will show up as sparkling white spots in the stomach or intestinal areas.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS ERGOT

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Ergot Ergot shows as a series of bright red, sometimes rust-brown spots in the gastrointestinal tract and may sometimes be found as bright red spots throughout various organs in the iris. It is also seen at times as a red or rust-brown circle in the stomach area.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS IRON

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Iron Iron will show up as a rusty-brown discoloration of the entire gastro-intestinal tract.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS GLYCERINE

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Glycerine Glycerine shows as large white spots or clouds in the skin, kidneys, and lung areas.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS IODINE

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Iodine No other drug shows up more clearly than iodine although signs will differ according to internal or external absorption. Internal absorption will show up as a bright red, reddish brown, or orange coloured spots that sometimes have a white border showing irritation and inflammation, or process of elimination. External absorption shows up as an orange or pinkish hue, and appears in the form of streaks or clouds. This drug sign can show up in any area of the iris, although more frequently in the liver, kidneys, gastro-intestinal, lungs, pancreas, and brain areas. Iodine pigmentation is always a brighter red and more diffuse than psora.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS LEAD

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Lead This drug may be seen in the iris as a lead blue, or bluish grey circular discoloration in the stomach - intestines region. Although this drug has an affinity for the intestines, in severe cases other organ areas may also show deposits.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS MERCURY

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Mercury In a blue eye, mercury shows up as a whitish or silvery grey circular line of a metallic lustre in the circulatory area of the brain region. The brown eye will display a more blue or greenish tint.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS MORPHINE

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Morphine Morphine is similar to opium and cocaine although it appears in the iris as finer white lines which are very superficial.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS NICOTINE

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Nicotine Nicotine is similar in appearance to that of the vaccine virus in portraying the dark, smoky effect. In heavy smokers, it is common to find a number of nerve rings and some abnormalities in the autonomic nerve wreath collarette).

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS OPIUM

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Opium Opium is seen in the iris as pure white straight lines radiating from the pupil or the autonomic nerve wreath outward. This is most noticed in the upper part of the iris.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS PHOSPORUS

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Phosphorus Phosphorus can show up as whitish, greyish, and faded yellow specks and clouds in the gastro-intestinal, brain, limbs, diaphragm, and heart areas. May appear a lighter amber colour in brown eyes.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS QUININE

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Quinine Depending on certain chemical combinations associated, Quinine shows as a yellowish, cloudy discoloration or sometimes greenish cloudy hue. Quinine has an affinity to settle in the brain areas, eyes, ears, and digestive systems.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS SALICYCLIC ACID

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Salicylic Acid Salicylic acid shows as a whitish grey cloud or veil spreading unevenly over the outer margin of the iris, being more pronounced in the upper part. It is frequently associated with he sodium ring. This drug also has an affinity for the gastro-intestinal tract.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS SODIUM

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Sodium Sodium will show up as a slight metallic lustre in the circulatory or lymphatic areas (sodium ring). This ring may fully surround the iris or may be found in parts depending on the quantities of inorganic salt not eliminated in certain circulatory areas.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS STRYCHNINE

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Strychnine Strychnine shows in the iris as a white wheel-like circle in proportion around the stomach area. Close inspection may find lines or spokes radiating from the pupil.

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SOURCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND PIGMENTATIONS SULPHUR

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Sulphur Sulphur shows up in the gastro-intestinal area producing a yellow or dark brown, sulphur like colour. When the sulphur sign is seen in the iris, irregular conditions in the autonomic nerve wreath may be seen indicating a sluggish condition in the intestinal tract.

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS-RED

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RED Red/brown Pancreas problem, build up of iron, internal bleeding Red/yellow Pancreas problem Ruffin pigments In liver zone with vascularised transversals may indicate liver cancer Red/blue Psychological problems Dark red to orange Uric acid, gout Bright red to rust brown spots in the GIT area Ergot Bright red, reddish brown, orange spots, sometimes with white border Iodine accumulation

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS ORANGE

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ORANGE Orange/yellow Inside ANW protein metabolism problems, outside ANW kidney malfunction Brown/yellow or orange to

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS YELLOW

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YELLOW Pink/yellow outside ANW Kidney problems Yellow and straw yellow Associated with kidneys, esp in lymphatic constitutions

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS GREEN

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GREEN Green/yellow Blood toxicity, liver and gallbladder problems; quinine toxicity esp in brain, eyes, ears and digestive areas

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS BLUE

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BLUE Dark blue Pale, loose skin, small muscles, bad body odour Steel blue Prone to infections Blue/white Suspect lymphatic involvement Lead blue, bluish grey central heterochromia Lead toxicity Blue/grey spot in circulatory area Aluminium toxicity Blue (anaemia ring) in sclera Partial or generalised anaemia and/or hypoxia

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRISVIOLET

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VIOLET Violet/blue Lots of beetroot, spicy foods, alcohol;diabetes

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS GREY

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GREY Steel grey Possible TB tendency Dark grey Underactive organs, esp stomach zone in lymphatic constitutions Grey/blue haze Degeneration Grey/yellow Possible meningitis, vertigo, headache Grey/white veil or speck or

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS BLACK

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BLACK Black/brown in brown iris Hereditary TB, esp with dark spots and deep lacunae around periphery Black hair pigment Pigment spot with a black hair on the surface of iris may indicate cancer of glandular organs Black pigment in isolation Cancer of corresponding zone

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS WHITE

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WHITE White Inflammation of area affected Whitish or silvery grey circular line with metallic lustre in circulatory zone of the brain Mercury toxicity; in brown iris may be bluish or greenish tint White or yellow/white crescent close to sclera, -esp in brain and NS areas: Bromide toxicity Whitish, greyish and faded yellow specks and clouds -in GIT, brain, limbs, diaphragm or heart: Phosphorus toxicity White with metallic lustre - arc or complete ring in lymph and circulatory zones: sodium toxicity White wheel-like circle around pupil Strychnine poisoning Whitish grey cloud or veil -spreading unevenly over the outer margins of the iris: salicylic acid poisoning Pure white, straight lines radiating form the pupil or ANW outwards Opium, morphine, cocaine

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS CREAM

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CREAM Cream Hormonal imbalances Creamy yellow to creamy brown spreading outwards from the pupil Candida

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COMPLETE LIST OF COLOURS IN THE IRIS BROWN

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BROWN Various shades of brown Liver, pancreas Tarry brown Diabetes; poor liver detoxification; insufficient trypsinogen from pancreas

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ASSESSING COLOURATION IN THE IRIS

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Hauser et al (2000) suggest a 7 step approach to assessing iris pigmentation: 1. Structure, size, shape and pigment border 2. Location 3. Single vs multiple areas 4. Within or outside ANW 5. More than one colour 6. Consider base colour 7. Other neighbouring structural or pigmentation signs.

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IRIS LANDMARKS

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Iris landmark signs include:1. Absorption ring 2. Crypts 3. Pupillary zone

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ALTERNATE NAMES

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Some alternative naming Aberrant radial furrows (see Radii solari) Cholesterol ring (see Sodium Ring) Circular contraction furrows (see Nerve rings) Circular folds (see Nerve rings) Collarette (see Autonomic Nerve Wreath) Congestion furrows (see Radii solari) Contraction furrows (see Nerve rings) Cramp rings (see Nerve rings) Frill (see Pupillary ruff) Parchment rolls (see Radii Solari) Radial furrows (see Radii solari) Reflexive signs (see Transversals) Solar rays (see Radii solari) Stress rings (see Nerve rings) Tophi (see Lymphatic rosary)

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ABSORPTION RING

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absorption ring is also known as the papillary ruff See Pupillary ruff

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ACID WASH

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acid wash Usually only seen in blue or grey irises (rarely brown) Appears as thick white colour overlying the blue iris fibres. Associated with uric acid diathesis. Common sign in fine fibre structure- not uncommon in linen. In 99.9% of cases it is inherited. It cannot be eradicated from the iris. Indication Genetic predisposition to, and possibly symptoms of, rheumatism and arthritis. If acid wash over specific area- indicates physical injury. Predisposition to excessive mucous secretions

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ANGLE OF FUCH'S

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angle of fuch’s Refers to an extremely raised ANW (looks like a mountain range). Indication Difficult assimilation, absorption and putrefaction (difficulty in breaking down proteins leading to smelly stool).

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ARCUS SENILIS

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arcus senilis Presents as a partial sodium ring over head area Can be found superior, medial, inferior or lateral. Technically only superior arcus is an arcus senilis. Indication A frontal (upper) arcus characterises cerebrovascular insufficiency. A medial or lateral arcus is notable in coronary and/or pulmonary artery blockages. A ventral (lower) arcus can reflect insufficiencies of iliac, femoral or distal leg arteries. The frontal arcus must not be mixed up with the expansion of the sclera over the upper paralimbic border of the cornea. Explanation The opacity is produced by the discharge of tiny fat droplets in the Bowman’s and Decemet’s membranes of the corneal stroma.It results from cholesterol deposits in or hyalinosis of the corneal stroma and may be associated with ocular defects or with familial hyperlipidaemia. Called also a. adiposus, a. juvenilis, a. lipoides corneae, and a. senilis.” When the arcus is present check also for liver and endocrine signs as well as

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AUTONOMIC NERVE WREATH(collarette)

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ANW Also known as Collarette, Iris-Wreath, Ruff

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NORMAL ANW DENSITY SHAPE AND COLOURATION

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Normal ANW Density The density refers to the actual thickness of the fibre that makes up the ANW. The thickness should be approximately the same as that of the normal iris fibre displayed in the investigated iris. Shape

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ANW FIBRE DENSITY

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anw fibre density-Hyperplastic/ thick, raised ANW The ANW fibre are thicker then the surrounding iris fibres. Indication Indicates an irritable autonomic nervous system

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ANW Parallel Track/ Double Collarette

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Parallel Track/ Double Collarette The ANW appears as 2 fibres, running parallel.Indication Associated with psychoneurotic and psychosomatic tendencies.

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Sectoral Absence

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ANW sectoral absence In some areas the ANW is absent or obscured by colour overlay. Indication Indicates an insufficient autonomic nervous system. Reaction and resistance to negative influences is usually difficult. Some authors associate this sign with psycho-emotional disturbances producing a feeling of hopelessness, and fatigue symptoms. If detected in children may indicate the presence of intestinal colic, low calcium absorption, body development disturbances, stomach weakness, anorexia, food intolerance’s, nausea, and excess catarrh. A sectoral absence may be interpreted as ineffective enzyme synthesis in the digestive tract with poor vitamin absorption, especially vitamin A.

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ANW Funnel

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FUNNEL The funnel type appearance is an indication of weak muscle and connective

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ANW SHAPES Distensions

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Distended ANW Represents a widening of the pupillary zone. Reveals a weak tonus within the gastrointestinal tract due to defective innervation of the musculature. A total distension includes a tendency toward chronic constipation (atonic) and flatulence. Also know as the

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ANW SHAPES Distensions CENTRIFUGAL TYPE

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Centrifugal Type, the individual often tends to over-eat and has difficulty storing energy.

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ANW SHAPES Distensions BILATERAL

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Bilateral Distension Indicates a slackening of the small and large intestines. Tendency towards chronic atonic constipation, dysbacteria and flatulence. hyperventilation. Called also Da Costa's syndrome, effort syndrome, and irritable or soldier's heart.”

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ANW SHAPES Distensions LATERAL

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Lateral Distension Tendency towards weak intestinal peristalsis with slow transit time. Potential colon prolapse2, cardio-abdominal symptoms, dysbacteria and dysfunction of the ANS fibres in the muscular coats of the intestine. If distension is seen in the left iris, disturbances of the spleen and /or pancreas tail may be found. Lower capacity to digest small amounts of food is indicated. When distension is found in the right iris, disturbances of liver metabolic

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ANW SHAPES Distensions INFERIOR

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Inferior Distension Indicates a slackening of the tonus of the abdominal blood vessels. Tendency towards haemorrhoids, prostate hypertrophy, lower back pains, energetic weakness in lower extremities.

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ANW SHAPES Distensions WAVY

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Wavy Distension Indicates weak tonus of the entire intestinal musculature, flatulence, dyspepsia and chronic catarrh oppression. Suggests that the GI tract should be the main focus for heath maintenance.

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ANW SHAPES LOCAL PROTUBERANCE

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Local Protuberance Implies a weakness to the corresponding intestinal section due to lack of nerve provision and lack of nourishment leading to diverticulosis and possibly diverticulitis.

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ANW SHAPES Indentations INDENTED

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Indented ANW Represents a narrowing of the entire pupillary zone. Also known as the Centripetal Type, a tendency towards hypertonicity (tenseness) of the gastrointestinal tract with a disposition to the spastic variety of constipation.

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ANW SHAPES Indentations Superior Indentation (=Prolapse)

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SUPERIOR Indicates prolapse of transverse colon with tendency to cause pressure in lower abdominal organs. 2 Colon prolapse is not recognised in the medical literature. However there is condition – prolapsed anus, which can involve the rectosigmoid and upper portion of the rectum dropping into the lower rectum.

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ANW SHAPES Indentations Local Indentation

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LOCAL Most often an inherited sign-indicating disturbance of the autonomic nerve circuitry from the organ reflected in the iris sector to the autonomic nerve centre.

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ANW SHAPES Irregular shapes

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Breaks in ANWCan be caused by radii solari, crypts, lacunae, etc Indicate diminished nerve supply; create reflex symptoms in other area of the body as well as in the immediate organs and areas. Flower petal ANW Corresponds to the Abdominal reservoir constitution. Weak connective tissue indicating poor GIT tone and function. Zig Zag ANW/Spastic Bowel Represents a hyperkinetic gastrointestinal tract that can include accelerated

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ANW COLOURATION

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Colouration of the ANW includes: a. Colouration of the ANW itself b. Colouration of the immediate surrounding area For details see Collarette heterochromia.

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ANW EMOTIONAL INTERPRETATIONS

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anw emotional interpretations The ANW can also be emotional/ psychological interpreted: Wide ANW Outgoing, more sensitive, can get scattered easily. Tight ANW Reserved, uses caution. Outside stress causes retreat, introverted. Net ANW

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BOWEL POCKETS

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bowel pockets Appear as closed lacunae inside the ANW. Found in stomach (or papillary) zone = zone 1. Represent folds in the large intestine leading to sluggish bowel clearance. Found on ascending, descending, and transverse colon, More common on descending colon then hepatic or splenic flexures (corners of colon). It is also unusual to find it on the ascending colon. Suggested that they represent diverticulae (herniations) of the colon containing faecal matter- therefore they are potential areas of infections (diverticulae). Wider systemic effects due to toxic uptake by lymph and blood. Indication Constipation. Inflammation and discomfort. Prone to diverticuli and dverticulitis Malabsorption of nutrients.

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CILIARY ZONE

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ciliary zone This is the area of the iris from the 6th zone at the iris edge. There are a number of signs located in this area, eg. migraine neurone net, neurone net, scurf rim, anaemia ring. The sclera-ciliary interaction zone where the sclera meets the ciliary edge is where the migraine net and neuron net can commonly be found.

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CRYPTS

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crypts Appear as black rhomboid or diamond shaped small holes located on the ANW. They are always black. Generally located adjacent to major organs. Indication Disease potential or any stage from acute to chronic illness Any kind of stressors can activate the potential of crypts. Deepness and darkness within the crypt determine the extent of the defect. During acute irritation bright fibres will surround the crypt. In chronic conditions crypts are surrounded by red

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ENZYME STIPPLING

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enzyme stippling This sign appears as a series of dark dots

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HETEROCHROMIA

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HETEROCHROMIA Heterochromia constitute a sector or zone in the iris displaying an abnormal or different colour to that of the basic iris. This may be due to constitutional

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COLLARETTE HETEROCHROMIA

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COLLARETTE HETEROCHROMIA a. ANW Colouration

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CENTRAL HETEROCHROMIA

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CENTRAL HETEROCHROMIA A highly pigmented area that appears around the pupil and spreads out as far as the edge of the iris. Colouration can cover the entire digestive zone: pupillary marking or ruff, stomach, bowels and the ANW can be a different colour from the true iris colour. Pigmentation is usually yellow, orange, rust of shades of brown.

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SECTORAL HETEROCHROMIA

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SECTORAL HETEROCHROMIA A term given to an iris when part of the iris is genetically pigmented, usually in one section. This is quite rare and has no significant meaning as of yet. Extends from the ANW or pupil outwards Can cover roughly gland, organ or body segment

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COMPLETE SECTORAL HETERCHROMIA

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Complete sectoral heterochromia Extend all the way from the pupillary margin to the ciliary edge of the iris Diminishes normal function and increases susceptibility to acute and chronic problems

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PUPILLARY/STOMACH HETEROCHROMIA

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PUPILLARY OR STOMACH HETEROCHROMIA Incomplete central heterochromia only extending from the pupillary margin to the stomach ring in yellow, orange, rust or brown colours- colour relates to organs Digestive functions impaired

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HETEROCHROMIA COLOURS YELLOW

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Yellow central heterochromia Caused by sulphur

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HETEROCHROMIA COLOURS ORANGE/BROWN CENTRAL

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Orange-brown central heterochromia Liver and pancreas

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HETEROCHROMIA COLOURS ORANGE MUCOID

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Orange mucoid heterochromia Thick orange mucous around the bowel as a result of poor liver and bowel function If very bright orange due to gall bladder

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LACUNAE

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LACUNAE The presence of lacunae indicate areas where the normal structural strength has been compromised. Both nutritional supply and eliminatory channels are impeded. They can be inherited or caused by extreme stress, overwork or prolonged incorrect living habits.A number of lacunae are considered cancerous or pre-cancerous. However, iridology is not able to clearly establish cancers or tumours despite wide-spread claims. Consequently, it is not recommended to inform clients of such potential indications. An agreeable alternative approach would be to elicit a family history, establish physical signs and symptoms and based on the findings recommend

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LACUNAE BASIC STRUCTURE OF LACUNAE

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BASIC STRUCTURE Open Lacunae Outside lines have not met Acute sign Closed Lacunae Outside lines have met Chronic

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LACUNAE SHAPES Asparagus Lacunae

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ASPARAGUS If in reproductive glands most often in prostate or ovary area In brain area indicates obsession Considered pre-cancerous

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LACUNAE SHAPES Diamond Lacunae

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DIAMOND Can be mistaken for crypts Can be seen over major organs When they only represent a potential then they have iris colour When they are degenerative they are quite black Over the heart they can indicate angina Shape represents a completed disease

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LACUNAE SHAPES Divided Lacunae

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DIVIDED LACUNAE Extend outwards in segments showing the weak connective tissue

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LACUNAE SHAPES Jellyfish Lacunae

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JELLYFISH LACUNAE Open lacunae contains braided reflexive fibres resembling jellyfish Indicates irritation and acute sensitive conditions

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LACUNAE SHAPES Lance

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LANCE Elongated Indicates first sign of degenerative process

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LACUNAE SHAPES Leaf Lacunae

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LEAF Interior veining causes a progression of the divided lacunae. Note that the veining needs to be at the same level as the surrounding lacunae Organ insufficiency; condition getting worse Most common in chest, lung, heart zone

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LACUNAE SHAPES Liver Stakes

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LIVER STAKES Triangle in liver zone with the base of the triangle outside the iris and the peak towards pupil. Inherited weakness

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LACUNAE SHAPES Medusa

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MEDUSA Large sign, usually in kidney, lung Wide, thick fibres High potential for sudden failure of the organ Sign often accompanied by bright, white perifocal fibres, indicating irritation

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LACUNAE SHAPES Pear Lacunae

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PEAR Pre cancerous, develops into asparagus Work to increase circulation, eliminate toxins

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LACUNAE SHAPES Shingle Lacunae

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SHINGLE Strong weakness sign

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LACUNAE SHAPES Step Lacunae

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STEP Predisposition to cancer- genetic tendency towards

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LACUNAE SHAPES Torpedo Lacunae

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TORPEDO Size, colour, and depth indicate hereditary weakness and predisposition to tumours

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INTRAFOCAL LACUNAE SIGNS

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INTRAFOCAL LACUNAE SIGNS Intrafocal lacunae signs appear inside the lacuna

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INTRAFOCAL LACUNAE SIGNS Calcium Luteum Lines- Healing Lines

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calcium luteum lines/healing lines Criss-crossing each other According to Jensen they indicate healing inside tissue. They occur as the disease moves towards the acute healing stage However new theories suggests that these fibres were always there but have been revealed as the colour lightens.

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INTRAFOCAL LACUNAE SIGNS Neurone Lattice Structure

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neurone lattice structure Angular net-like structures Indicates nervous disorders due to nutritional imbalances and acidity

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INTRAFOCAL LACUNAE SIGNS Silver Threads

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silver threads Fine, bright threads running in the same direction as iris fibres Indicate a tendency to muscular spasticity

Front 182

INTRAFOCAL LACUNAE SIGNS Fish Hook Markings

Back 182

fish hook markings Usually appear in the stomach or digestive zone Augment any structural weakness

Front 183

LYMPH TOPHI / LYMPHATIC ROSARY appearance

Back 183

APPEARANCE Lymph tophi appear as cloud-like colourations. They range in appearances from clear to poorly defined and white to yellow-brown in colour. They frequently emerge in the mucous membrane zones of the lung, breast,

Front 184

LYMPH TOPHI / LYMPHATIC ROSARY general

Back 184

GENERAL The lymph system has many responsibilities in the body. These are: managing fluid balance, returning proteins to the blood, transporting fats from the GIT to the liver, and eliminating pathogenic microorganisms.

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LYMPH TOPHI / LYMPHATIC ROSARY indication

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Indication Lymphatic rosary is associated with the hydrogenoid constitution. Lymph tophi indicate points of congestion in the lymphatic system.

Front 186

NERVE RINGS

Back 186

Nerve/Stress Rings are depressions in the iris stroma and are also referred to as neurovascular cramp rings, cramp rings, contraction or nerve rings, and contraction furrows. It is theorised that a buckling of the trabeculae3 in the ciliary zone, due to continuous contraction of the dilator muscle produces the nerve rings. This would be characteristic of abnormal tension in the sympathetic nervous system. Nerve rings may be acquired or inherited.

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NERVE RINGS APPEARANCE

Back 187

Appearance Nerve rings appear like either dark or light circular lines parallel to the ciliary edge. They form a variety of concentric and circular patterns of varying lengths, depths, colours and distances between pupillary and ciliary edges. They can start and stop any place.

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NERVE RINGS INDICATION

Back 188

Indication Dependent on location and severity Mental stress, physical tension, emotional life Mineral deficiencies, especially calcium. Shocks, Accidents

Front 189

NERVE RINGS ASSESSMENT

Back 189

Assessment Nerve rings are assessed according to: 1. Colour

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NERVE RINGS PATTERNS Partial rings

Back 190

partial rings Disturbance of part of location

Front 191

NERVE RINGS PATTERNS Broken

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broken A sign for the chiropractor as they are focal points for neuromuscular activity. Broken areas found in an iris section may correspond to specific organs or

Front 192

NERVE RINGS PATTERNS Life Force Nerve Ring

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life force nerve ring Radiate from 12 o'clock downwards Indicate mental pressures and anxieties regarding basic vitality

Front 193

NERVE RINGS PATTERNS Scurf Rim Nerve Ring

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scurf rim nerve ring Interfere with lymph and blood flow Inhibit flow of perspiration Affects relationship with environment and people

Front 194

NERVE RINGS PATTERNS Deep Tissue Nerve Ring

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deep tissue nerve ring When tensions have moved more deeply into muscular tissue Nerve weakness more chronic Lessened during systemic treatment General work on nervous system Will disappear fairly quickly, within approximately 2 months

Front 195

PSORIC SPOTS (PIGMENTATION, 'DRUG'SPOTS)

Back 195

PSORIC SPOTS Appearance Psoric spots appear as ‘spots’ or freckles on the iris. They are irregular markings of pigment, usually scattered over the iris. They are orange to brown or very dark brown and appear to sit on top of the iris (floating), masking the fibre structure below. They are mostly inherited but may have developed. It is important to ask questions regarding family history and medication or drug use. Generally they are static but there have been reports of psoric spots changing position. They can be found anywhere including within ANW. In all cases they can be symptomatic or entirely asymptomatic (ask questions regarding family history and medication use).

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PSORIC SPOTS INDICATION

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PSORIC SPOTS Indication Psoric spots as an Inherited signs

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PSORIC SPOTS COLOURATION-ORANGE

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Colouration Orange - See assoc. organ colour (ie. Pancreas) Probably drug accumulation See where it's located If around ANW had drug treatment – tranquillisers Not all drugs show up as spots (eg asthma drugs) Usually limited number Heroine and amphetamines don't show but lymphatic and liver congestionsYellow Due to excessive sulphur drugs (eg for skin problems)Definite dark red- iron deposit Body does not absorb iron properlyBrown

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PUPILLARY RUFF

Back 198

PUPILLARY RUFF-Appearance It should be a fine ring located on the interior pupillary margin.The ring should be same colour and thickness in both eyes. A healthy pupillary ruff should be thin, even line in a smooth circle. Usually difficult to see except with the aid of large scale magnification (eg photographs). In the neurogenic eye it is normal to see the ruff.

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PUPILLARY RUFF Light white raised border

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light white raised border Indicates excess HCl

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PUPILLARY RUFF Light brown border

Back 200

light brown border Active inflammation

Front 201

PUPILLARY RUFF Dark, thick, muddy brown

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dark, thick, muddy brown Chronic lack of HCl, inactive stomach, tendency to clotting and thrombosis. Low digestive enzymes, atrophy of stomach cells.

Front 202

PUPILLARY RUFF Black

Back 202

black Degenerated CNS and chronic hypofunction of stomach

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PUPILLARY RUFF Orange

Back 203

orange Pancreas involvement

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PUPILLARY RUFF Yellowy / brown and ropy:

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Yellow and brown ropy-Indicates degeneration

Front 205

PUPILLARY RUFF Deep blue

Back 205

Deep blue-Bad poisoning

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PUPILLARY RUFF Light brown

Back 206

Light brown-Inflammation in active stage

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PUPILLARY RUFF Thick, Ragged Border

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Thick ragged border Dark brown or black circle, ragged and thick, around the pupillary edge of the stomach area. If the margin is drawn towards an area, represents a lesion of the greatest irritation in the body. Suggests a marked lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and very limited absorption of nutrients.

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PUPILLARY RUFF Cramp Ring

Back 208

cramp ring- Claw like overgrowths reaching out from the pupil border. May grow onto the pupil are reach out into the intestinal zone Indicates spasms in the body. Spasms in the digestive tract due to muscular cramps, gallstones causing gallbladder cramps, asthma with cramping in the lungs and migraines, with spasms in the head.

Front 209

PUPILLARY RUFF Intestinal Ring

Back 209

Intestinal Ring Droplet shapes inside pupil, emanating from the pupil border. Indicates degeneration of the body’s nutritional

Front 210

PUPILLARY ZONE (OR STOMACH ZONE)

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PUPILLARY ZONE (OR STOMACH ZONE) Area between pupil and ANW – ie encompassing the pupillary ruff, stomach and intestinal area (also see bowel pockets and stomach ring)

Front 211

RADII SOLARIS

Back 211

Also known as congestion furrows, radial folds, aberrant radial furrows,

Front 212

RADII SOLARIS TYPES

Back 212

There are 2 types of radii solari: minor and major

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RADII SOLARIS MINOR

Back 213

These begin at pupillary ruff and are contained within the ANW. Indication Toxins not eliminated from bowel, generally within large bowel Therefore auto-intoxication Tissue of bowel not affected Symptoms Range of bowel problems

Front 214

RADII SOLARIS MAJOR

Back 214

Indication These are more serious indicating a more toxic state, also affecting other tissue. They are considered to affect nerve supply to tissue where they cut through. 2 types, either: a. cut across ANW, into other tissue Indicates long time of toxic build up, also pathology of tissue in question in minor or major b. begin at ANW and extend out Uncommon If they cut into head usually indicate headaches, loss of vitality, exhaustion; sometimes, eg if through pituitary, indicates metabolic dysfunction Can be inherited but shouldn’t be too thick Slow to treat Minimum treatment needed 6 months If after 6-9 months symptoms disappear but radii don’t they are inherited Psychological interpretation Persons may suffer from negativity, have difficulty removing blockages, experience difficulty moving forward and in extreme cases, can be selfdestructive.

Front 215

REFLEXIVE SIGNS

Back 215

REFLEXIVE SIGNS To distinguish these fibres a magnification of 10-20x must be used. These fibres are formed by layers of blood vessels coated with connective tissue. When individual fibres become swollen so that they stand out clearly this is a result of acute irritations

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SCURF RIM

Back 216

SCURF RIM Appears as a dark ring located in the outermost zone of the iris- the skin zone. It is very common If suppressed gets more severe in older age This sign can be lessened. Indication It is associated with poor circulation, and in particular to oxygenation of the skin. It also involves poor organ function and this leads to poor elimination. Often seen with a central heterochromia or lymphatic rosary.

Front 217

IRIS LANDMARK SIGNS-SODIUM / CHOLESTEROL RING

Back 217

SODIUM CHOLESTEROL RING Also called calcium ring, cholesterol ring, circulatory ring, hypercholesterol ring, arteriosclerosis ring, lipaemic ring. Pathologically this is a corneal sign as the discolouration is due to structural changes in the cornea. It is theorised to be a combination of fatty degeneration of the corneal cells with calcium deposits indicating a genetically determined disease of metabolism.

Front 218

CHOLESTEROL RING APPEARANCE

Back 218

CHOLESTEROL RING Appearance Appear as a white ring encircling the iris starting from the sclera-ciliary edge.The proper cholesterol ring circles the entire iris. However, it may be only visible in the superior or inferior portion of the iris (called arcus senilis).

Front 219

SODIUM RING INDICATION

Back 219

SODIUM RING Indication The main indication relates to circulation problems -in particular associated with arteriosclerosis. There appears to be a ratio of 2 to 1 disadvantage towards the development of atherosclerosis and related diseases in persons who show this phenomena. It indicates an excess of non-organic sodium, calcium out of solution, as well as high cholesterol and high triglycerides in the blood. It is also seen as a sign for hypercholesterolaemia. 50 percent of individuals with a corneal arcus have high cholesterol. It is considered a non-specific liver marker due to the role of the liver in fat metabolism. It can be inherited or acquired.

Front 220

SODIUM RING POSSIBLE SYMPTOMS

Back 220

SODIUM RING Possible Symptoms Stiffness, aches and pains on waking High blood pressure If in brain area (arcus senilis): Loss of memory, Confusion, Mental fogginess, Lack of concentration

Front 221

SODIUM RING CONDITIONS

Back 221

SODIUM RING Possible conditionsIf found in people between ages of 30 plus it may indicate a serious potential for stroke. It is a typical ageing sign when seen in later life. It has also been established as a genetic sign. Due to a genetic endogenous disposition, one may even see the arcus phenomena in individuals that are vegetarians. Specific physical dispositions include: Weak connective tissue, arteriosclerosis, high lipid count, angina pectoris, heart weakness, influenza infections, stroke, peripheral circulatory problems, vascular necrosis, venous thrombosis and ulceration’s, poor digestion and absorption of fats, liver congestion and sluggishness, metabolic disorders of the liver, bile ducts, and pancreas, calcium spurs and deposits, joint problems.

Front 222

Inferior Arcus

Back 222

INFERIOR ARCUS The femoral, iliac and distal (hip, thigh and leg) arteries are being obstructed by plaque material. By the time the opacity appears the patient may be suffering complaints of the lower extremity related inadequate circulation.

Front 223

Superior Arcus (Arcus senilis)

Back 223

ARCUS SENILIS The vessels that supply the cranium are indicated. Decreased circulation to the head is noted.

Front 224

Medial or lateral arcus

Back 224

MEDIAL OR LATERIAL ARCUS The vascular supply to the main body of organs especially heart and lungs need to be considered. A yellow lipid deposit in the sclera (pterygium) shows further evidence of a disturbed fat metabolism and indicates high cholesterol or excess blood fats.

Front 225

Ring of determination

Back 225

RING OF DETERMINATION Stubborn personality, rigid, inflexible.

Front 226

SPLENIC TRIAD

Back 226

SPLENIC TRIAD Dark triangular shadow in the spleen area Frequently a light transverse vessel passes through the splenic triad indicating compromised immune dysfunction

Front 227

STOMACH RING (STOMACH HALO)

Back 227

STOMACH RING Extends from the pupil to inside of the ANW. Indication Stomach is either hypoacidic, or hyperacidic Blue iris: stomach zone should be pale grey Brown iris: tan in colour, generally lighter then iris Too bright- hyperacidity Too dark- hypoacidity

Front 228

TOBACCO SNUFFING (PEPPER CORNS)

Back 228

TOBACCO SNUFFING Appear as dark "dots" gathered together in any area of the iris. Indicates a tendency to weakness in liver, or can mean liver damage.

Front 229

IRIS LANDMARK SIGNS-TRANSVERSALS

Back 229

TRANSVERSALS Appear as fibres that are not aligned with the general direction of the iris fibres,ie they cross over normal fibres. The ends of the transversals do not pass into the normal radial fibres. They can have the same colour as the normal fibres or can be white or vascularised. They are generally located over a specific organ, most commonly the liver, heart, spleen or reproductive areas. However, they can be found anywhere. They generally appear as only one fibre, as thin as a piece of hair, but sometimes they can assume odd patterns. It is unusual to find them inside ANW. They are inherited and are irreversible

Front 230

TRANSVERSALS CONTINUED

Back 230

TRANSVERSALS They are assessed according to: i) Location: related to the underlying structures ii) Colour- white, red/pink iii) Pattern Indication They indicate areas of irritation and weakness. If they have a pinkish tint they are considered to be active (vascularised).This then needs immediate attention, with the patient most likely experiencing acute symptoms.Individuals may experience tendencies to mucous membranes afflictions such as TB, pleurisy, chronic lung disease, pericarditis, colds, night sweats, catarrhs, and inflammation.

Front 231

TRANSVERSAL PATTERNS

Back 231

TRANSVERSAL PATTERNS Angular transversals

Front 232

Head zone transversals

Back 232

HEAD ZONE TRANSVERSALS Headaches, etc when in acute Irritation phase

Front 233

Neuron nets

Back 233

NEURON NETS If outside lacunae- more vulnerable to stress, extremes of hot and cold, pollution, etc

Front 234

Normal transversals

Back 234

NORMAL TRANSVERSALS Connective tissue weakness with tendencies to adhesions, cysts, hernias, as well as weaknesses in underlying areas

Front 235

Perifocal and intrafocal transversals

Back 235

PERI/INTRAFOCAL TRANSVERSALS These transversals located around and inside a lacunae respectively

Front 236

Root transversals

Back 236

ROOT TRASVERSALS Congestion and obstruction to function

Front 237

Straight transversals

Back 237

STRAIGHT TRANSVERSALS Usually white and active Indicated functional Disturbances

Front 238

Vascularised transversals

Back 238

VASCULARISED TRANSVERSALS Here phenotypic potential has been activated First fibre becomes whiter and brighter, then pink or red- this is still reversible Indicates pain in corresponding area

Front 239

ZIGZAG FIBRES

Back 239

ZIGZAG FIBRES Appear as distinctly wavy iris fibres located anywhere in the iris Indication No physiological association. Excessive nervous energy (pent-up) Impatience Frustration in achievement of goals

Front 240

INTRODUCTION OF SCLERA

Back 240

Sclerology is concerned with the study of the sclera, i.e. the white of the eye surrounding the iris.The sclera is the tough fibrous outer coat, which maintains the shape of the eyeball

Front 241

NORMAL SCLERA APPEARANCE

Back 241

White, clear sclera indicates optimum health

Front 242

GENERAL SCLERA FEATURES

Back 242

Sclera markings can fade, lessen and even disappear with treatment Sclera markings support iris diagnosis- often sclera markings either point directly to a problem area or one that follows the curve of the edge of the iris Right area corresponds to the left side of the brain and vice versa.

Front 243

SCLERA SIGN FEATURES

Back 243

There are 3 features of sclera signs: 1) COLOUR a) Blood vessel colour b) Melanin c) Miscellaneous 2) LOCATION a) Sclera-ciliary b) Sclera proper 3) SHAPE

Front 244

SCLERA COLOURS-BLOOD VESSEL COLOURS-RED

Back 244

Red Caused by arterial active congestion and inflammation Excessive body heat, congestion of local blood vessels and excessive intake of starch, sugar and fats

Front 245

SCLERA COLOURS-BLOOD VESSEL COLOURS-BLUE

Back 245

Passive venous congestion due to circulatory weakness and poor blood flow to and from the head. Rarely seen in the sclera.

Front 246

SCLERA COLOURS-BLOOD VESSEL COLOURS-BROW/BLACK

Back 246

Melanin IncludesMelanin deposit Vitamin E deficiency

Front 247

SCLERA COLOURS-MISCELLANEOUS

Back 247

Colourless to brown Pterygium Pinguecula Colourless B3 bulge Blue Anaemia ring Venous congestion Red or green Kayser Fleischer ring

Front 248

SCLERA SIGNS- LOCATION-CILIARY

Back 248

Sclera-ciliary This refers to the area immediately next to the iris. Signs in this area allow both physical interpretation (eg anaemia sign, migraine net, etc- for details see below), well as emotional interpretation.

Front 249

SCLERA SIGNS- LOCATION-SCLERA PROPER

Back 249

Sclera proper The sclera is organised in a similar fashion to the iris. To this end there is a sclera map that can be used to interpret the sign.

Front 250

SCLERA SIGNS- SHAPE

Back 250

Shapes refers mainly to blood vessel signs were specific shapes have specific

Front 251

SCLERA SIGN INTERPRETATION

Back 251

Sclera signs can be grouped into: 1) BLOOD VESSEL SIGNS 1) Arterial signs 2) Venous signs 3) Other signs 2) PIGMENT SIGNS (MELANIN) 3) METABOLIC SIGNS1) Anaemia sign 2) B3 bulge 3) Kayser fleischer ring 4) Migraine neurone net 5) Pterygium 6) Venous congestion 7) Vitamin E deficiency

Front 252

SCLERA SIGNS-BLOOD VESSELS SIGNS

Back 252

Interpreting sclera blood vessel signs depends on 2 factors:(1) Shape; (2) Colour (although usually only red); and (3) Location of the blood vessels.

Front 253

SCLERA SIGNS-BLOOD VESSEL SIGNS-ARTERIAL SIGNS

Back 253

ARTERIAL SIGNS Curls Indicate blood pressure issues Engorged vessels Local dilation of the walls of the artery Liver and heart, Weak blood vessel Lake sclera vessels Overflowing sclera vessel indicate narrowed arteries

Front 254

SCLERA SIGNS-BLOOD VESSEL SIGNS-VENOUS SIGNS

Back 254

VENOUS SIGNS Curved sclera marking Snake like pattern Indicates weakness with varicose veins and haemorrhoids If very curved and swollen indicates hypertension Parallel sclera marking Congested veins

Front 255

SCLERA SIGNS-PIGMENT SIGNS

Back 255

PIGMENT SIGNS Melanin deposit Brown sclera markings around the iris in African, Caribbean and East Indian irises Dorothy Hall suggests constitutional factors- a leprosy miasm Can become clear but usually remains

Front 256

SCLERA SIGNS-ANEMIA RING

Back 256

ANAEMIA RING Blue, pale. Can often look mauve. Looks like a hazy blue border Starts on sclera can impinge on iris The wider the sign the more severe the anaemia Might be difficult to distinguish between anaemia and venous congestion

Front 257

SCLERA SIGNS-B3 BULGE SIGN

Back 257

BULGE SIGN Appears as a colourless bulge usually on the lateral part of iris (between 2-4o’clock and 8-10 o’clock). This can also be read as 10-20 minutes and 40-50 minutes.Similar in either eye Fairly common sign May take long time to shift until all signs of stress have disappeared Indication Lack of B3 (niacin) Sign of metabolic problems effecting Circulation and digestion. There will often be signs of toxicity in these systems. Found in stressed people

Front 258

SCLERA SIGNS-KAYSER- FLEISCHER RING

Back 258

KAYSER FLEISCHIER RING Another sclera sign. Appears as a red or green circle around ciliary edge of iris. Indication Associated with Wilson's disease: a genetic disorder where copper builds up in the brain and other organs, eventually leading to neurological degeneration.

Front 259

SCLERA SIGNS-MIGRAINE NEURON NET

Back 259

Migraine neuron net-Intricate web of red capillary markings at the ciliary edge next to the head area Indicated sensitivity and irritation in relationships Also pain and irritability

Front 260

SCLERA SIGNS-PINGUECULA

Back 260

PINGUECULA Pinguecula are conjunctival calluses that grow adjacent to the cornea, usually at 3 or 9 o’clock axis. They usually take open a yellowish colour and are composed of thickened conjunctiva, but also contain calcium deposits. It may be unsightly but

Front 261

SCLERA SIGNS-PTERYGIUM

Back 261

PTERYGIUM Pterygiums can start out as pinguecula, but can grow as an independent entity as well. Ptergy is latin for “wing.” Pterygiums are wing-like growths that Extend from conjunctiva and grow onto the cornea in the form of a wing. Pterygia must be distinguished from pingueculae, which are more yellow in colour and lie within the interpalpebral space but generally do not encroach beyond the limbus. Pingueculae also lack the wing-shaped appearance of pterygia, the former being more oval or ameboid in appearance. Pterygiums may spread across and distort the cornea, induce astigmatism, and change the refractive power of the eye.Indication A recent study has identified UV radiation as the main causative factor for pterygium growth. Iridology also considers insufficient liver function as a causative factor. Disturbances in fat metabolism and irregular blood lipid composition has also been implicated

Front 262

SCLERA SIGNS-VENOUS CONGESTION SIGN

Back 262

VENOUS CONGESTION SIGN It is similar to the anaemia sign being located on sclera adjacent to outer edge of iris. It has a definite colour- blue, from pale to bright neon blue In blue irises it may be dark navy blue. Contrary to the anaemia sign it does not go around the iris, instead being found usually between 12 and 6 o’clock. It is a common sign of genetic origin- hence it can not be changed. Indication Venous problem, throughout the whole body, not just were it is located. Possible Symptoms Cold extremities Varicose veins (severe) Aching legs, and feet Possibly headaches

Front 263

SCLERA SIGNS-VESSEL NETWORK

Back 263

Ciliary iris edge meets the sclera with a network of small red sclera vessels

Front 264

SCLERA SIGNS-VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY

Back 264

Appearance of vit e deficiency Number of brownish dots, occurring in clumps between 30-40’ on either sclera. Look to area adjacent to sign- indicates which part of body is effected Indication Associated with vit E deficiency in blue, grey or mixed irises. This is a common sign in ethnic brown eyes. In these eyes it is not necessarily associated with Vit E deficiency.

Front 265

PUPIL SIGNS

Back 265

Pupil signs are another important diagnostic feature in iridology. Interestingly there are more variations to the pupil than one would expect. Pupil signs are interpreted by analysing: 1) Pupil Shape a) Basic shapes b) Pupil deformations 2) Pupil Size and contraction 3) Pupil Placement 4) Pupil Colour It is suggested that deformations of the pupil are primarily changes affecting the inner margin of the iris by paralysis or irritation of the nerves controlling the muscles of the iris. Total deformation, in that the natural form diverges toward an oval shape, is believed to Suggest a disturbance with the central nervous system.

Front 266

PUPIL SHAPES-BASIC SHAPES

Back 266

A normal pupil is expected to be perfectly round. If they are not round then the pupil is oval.

Front 267

Pupil ovals-Vertical

Back 267

Serious sign- near death If in both eyes then more serious Can indicate possibility of a sudden stroke

Front 268

Pupil ovals-A-Shaped

Back 268

The l-, and r- pupil are superiorly angled towards each other. Muscular weakness, paralysis and painful spasms Thyroid and parathyroid problems

Front 269

Pupil ovals-V-Shaped

Back 269

The l-, and r- pupil are inferiorly angled towards each other. Disposition to cerebral apoplexy, haemorrhage or paralysis accompanied by muscle spasm

Front 270

Pupil ovals-Right Oblique

Back 270

The l-, and r- pupil are superiorly angled parallel towards the right (anatomical position). Right-sided paralysis and urogenital disturbance Weak legs

Front 271

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS

Back 271

Partial deformation, or sectoral flattening, is an indicator for evaluating the condition of the central nervous system in relation to organs whose areas are concentrated in the section of the iris corresponding to the flattened segment. The ordinary functioning of the nerves to all areas of the body can be dispersed by misalignments of the vertebrae. Examination of pupil tonus can identify problem areas of the spine.

Front 272

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Superior angled temporal

Back 272

Related to CNS

Front 273

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Inferior angled

Back 273

Leg and foot, pelvic, headache and poor elimination

Front 274

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Superior double nasal/temporal

Back 274

Rare- strong mental and psychotic disturbance

Front 275

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Superior angled nasal

Back 275

Liver and GIT problems with eye problems

Front 276

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Inferior angled temporal

Back 276

Shoulder and arm Right- liver and gallbladder Left- arm, solar plexus

Front 277

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Inferior angled nasal

Back 277

Reproductive and urinary Lumbar/ sacral spinal Sexual weakness, impotence or infertility

Front 278

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Medial angled

Back 278

Augment spinal disorders with heart weakness and breathing difficulties Thoracic vertebrae Nervous stomach

Front 279

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Lateral angled

Back 279

Respiratory weakness and breathing problems Cardiac and circulation Thoracic spine

Front 280

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Temporal angled

Back 280

Psychic deafness and tumours Inability to register normal sound Cervical, neck and shoulder pain

Front 281

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Inferior double nasal /temporal (v-shape)

Back 281

Sever condition indicative of syphilitic ancestry

Front 282

PUPIL DEFORMATIONS-Pupil threads or remnants

Back 282

Looks like ANW has fallen over the pupil. Is remnant of foetal pupillary membrane Hall believes it is related to tubercular miasm

Front 283

PUPIL SIZE AND CONTRACTION

Back 283

A normal pupil size should take up approximately 1/3 of the diameter of pupil and iris together. Both pupils are to be of the same size. Both pupils contract rapidly when light is shone into them and dilate when the light source is removed. When the light source affects both eyes the contraction should occur at the same time to an even degree.Abnormal pupil size and contraction is an indication of a series of CNS disorders

Front 284

Dilated pupil (mydriasis)

Back 284

Dilated pupil.Enlarged pupil. Accompanies exhaustion, epilepsy, anaemia, TB, drug addiction(both indicates opioid drug withdrawal as well as effect of cocaine)

Front 285

Contracted pupil (miosis)

Back 285

Constricted pupil. Weakness of the sympathetic nervous system. Effect from drugs (opioid). glaucoma, cluster headaches, CNS lesions, uveitis, and various poisons. Tension and too much control of the will cause this tight pupil.

Front 286

Fluctuating

Back 286

Fluctuating pupils.Weak adrenals combined with a possible over sympathetic nature

Front 287

Anisocoria

Back 287

Anisocoria.Unequal pupil diameters Registers severe diseases, which have affected the nervous system- eg diphtheria, meningitis, and syphilis. Whereas Isocoria (same sized pupils).

Front 288

PUPIL PLACEMENTS

Back 288

Pupil placements refer to the position of the pupil relative to the iris. A perfect

Front 289

PUPIL COLOUR

Back 289

Normal pupils do not have any colour. Consequently any coloration of the pupil is abnormal. Green:Indicates a tendency to glaucoma Grey: Tendency TO CATARACT, POSSIBLY WITH DIABETES AND ARTERIOSCLEROSIS.