Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
free-swimming larva produced by Ctenophores
|
cydippid
|
|
|
sticky cells covering the pharynx and tentacles; used for prey capture
|
colloblasts
|
|
|
what phylum has a mouth and anal pore (serving as an area where material moves in and out)?
|
Phylum Ctenophora
|
|
|
Are Ctenophores radial, bilateral or biradially symmetric?
|
biradial
|
|
|
How many germ layers do comb jellies have?
|
2
|
|
|
Do comb jellies have an alternation of generations?
|
no, they are monomorphic
|
|
|
What germ layer appears in the acoelomates?
|
mesoderm
|
|
|
What two Phylums are considered ACOELOMATES?
|
Platyhelmithes (flatworms) and Nemertea (ribbon worms)
|
|
|
the concentration of sensory organs at the anterior end of the organism
|
cephalization
|
|
|
What are some evolutionary advances in Acoelomates?
|
-more active lifestyle
-increased muscular + structural support -more complex locomotion -unidirectional movement -organs and organ systems -more elaborate reproductive system |
|
|
Platytheminthes: segmented or unsegmented?
|
unsegmented
|
|
|
What are the four classes of Platyhelminthes and their basic classifications?
|
Turbellaria- free-living, aquatic
Trematoda- 2-3 hosts, endoparasitic Monogenea- flukes, 1 host, ectoparasitic Cestoda- tapeworms, endoparasitic, lack mouth and digestive system |
|
|
What are the three common features of all flat worms?
|
flat, have primitive kidneys, and are simultaneous hermaphrodites
|
|
|
What are protonephridia?
|
primitive kidneys that remove waste, mainly salts, and control osmotic balance so the body cavity is not filled with water
|
|
|
What is the cell responsible for ultrafiltration? Define ultrafiltration.
|
Flame cells. Ultrafiltration is the flow of fluid to the kidneys from flame cells via pressure against the osmotic gradient caused by the beating of cilia within the flame cell.
|
|
|
Define melarian mimicry. What invertebrates does this occur in?
|
A form of mimicry in which both organisms are harmful and brightly colored. Occurs with Turbellarians (free-living flat worms) and Nudibranchs
|
|
|
Where are the rhabdoids located and what is their function?
|
Located inside the dorsal and ventral epidermis of TURBELLARIANS that secrete mucus containing toxins.
|
|
|
Where are the dorsoventral muscles in a Turbellarian and what happens when they contract?
|
They run from the dorsal to the ventral sides of the body, top and bottom, and flatten the animal when they contract.
|
|
|
Where are the longitudinal muscles in a Turbellarian and what happens when they contract?
|
They run from the anterior to posterior end of the animal and cause the organism to shorten in that direction when they contract
|
|
|
Where are the radial muscles in a Turbellarian and what happens when they contract?
|
They are located around the body of the organism and cause them to become skinny (up and down) or flattened
|
|
|
What's the 'stuff' that fills the space between the dorsal and ventral endoderm?
|
mesodermal parenchyme
|
|
|
True or false: Turbellarians have and extendable pharynx?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
What kind of gut do Turbellarians have?
|
a blind gut- used for ingestion and egestion and lined with phagocytic and gland cells
|
|
|
What are the three paharynx morphologies found in Turbellarians?
|
simple, plicate, or bulbous
|
|
|
How is food collected by an animal with a simple pharynx?
|
Food is swept into the pharynx through ciliary action as the flat worm passes over it, allowing it to be absorbed by the ball of nutritive cells into its UNBRANCHED intestine
|
|
|
How does food collecting work with an animal with a plicate pharynx?
|
The pharynx is extended out of the pharyngeal cavity using ____?____ muscles and the food is transferred into the MULTI-BRANCHED intestine and the pharynx is withdrawn.
|
|
|
What is an aceola?
|
the type of intestine morphology that lacks a permanent gut cavity. No storage area for food digested on the spot. associated with simple pharynx
|
|
|
What are the three more complex intestine morphologies of Turbellarians (other than aceola)?
|
Rhabdocoela (simple intestine), tricladia (3 lobed intestine) and polycladia (multi lobed intestine)
|
|
|
Turbellarians possess what types of characteristic in a nervous system (4 things)?
|
-anterior cerebral ganglion
-longitudinal nerve cords -peripheral nerve net -ladder-like arrangement |
|
|
How does the nervous system of a Turbellarian work?
|
the nerves are polarized and are concentrated into specific ganglia and brain-like areas. the nerve cord processes info and sends it along nerve net to motor neurons in muscles
|
|
|
What are the 4 types of sensory organs/cells found in Turbellaria?
|
Photoreceptors/ pigment eye cups, chemoreceptors, tactile cells, and rheoreceptors
|
|
|
Are the photoreceptors of Turbellarians negatively or positively phototactic? What does this mean?
|
Negatively tactic- meaning they will move AWAY from the light until the intensity of it is perceived equally in each eye
|
|
|
Where are chemoreceptors found and what is there function?
|
Located anteriorly, often associated with auricles and are used for locating food (like taste buds)
|
|
|
Thigmotaxis corresponds to what sensory cells in Turbellarians?
|
tactile cells- posses sensitive cilia/bristles in the epidermis
|
|
|
Define positive thigmotaxis and where it occurs on a Turbellarian.
|
Liking to be touched by fluid or solid substance. VENTRAL side
|
|
|
Define negative thigmotaxis and where it occurs on a Turbellarian.
|
NOT liking to be touched by fluid or solid substance. DORSAL side
|
|
|
What are rheoreceptors (positive and negative)?
|
mechanoreceptors that sense the movement of water or current and use it in order to find food: positive is moving UPSTREAM towards food, negative is moving DOWNSTREAM away from predators
|
|
|
What are auricles? What are pseudotenacles?
|
the flat tentacles that are near the front of a Turbellarian. the tentacles that stick out near the anterior end
|
|
|
What is transverse fission?
|
A type of asexual reproduction in Turbellarians in which they produce fission plates, divide and produce multiple clones of themselves; also just subdivision or regeneration of lost parts
|
|
|
Are the cells of flatworms that can regenerate parts totipotent?
|
no
|
|
|
Where are the testes and ovaries found in Turbellarians?
|
the mesenchyme
|
|
|
What is mutual cross fertilization?
|
Because Turbellarians are hermaphroditic, they can fertilize a partner at the same time they are being fertilized (rare)
|
|
|
What is hypodermic insemination?
|
the striking form of sperm fertilization of one Turbellarian on another using hooks and barbs equipped on their penis (PENIS FENCING!)
|
|
|
True or false: eggs are laid either in strings or individually, depending on the species?
|
true
|
|
|
What are the three possibilities that a Turbellarian zygote can develop into?
|
Mueller's larva- via indirect development
Goette's larva- via indirect Juvenille polyclas- via direct |
|
|
What are Trematodes commonly known as?
|
Flukes
|
|
|
What is an obligate parasite? What Class is characteristic of this stage?
|
A parasite that must pass through a host in order to completer its life cycle. ex. adult Trematode
|
|
|
What are the two subclasses that fall under Trematodes?
|
Subclass Digenea and Aspidogastrea
|
|
|
What types of definitive hosts do Digenea choose? Intermediate host? And what type of reproduction is involved at these stages?
|
definitive: vertebrates- sexual reproduction within veins of host
intermediate: gastropods- asexual reproduction within the gonads of host |
|
|
What is the ciliated larvae of the Class Digenea life cycle called?
|
miracidium larvae
|
|
|
What are the stages of Trematode life cycle with only ONE intermediate host and WHERE they are located (within host, outside, etc.)
|
ADULT- within definitive host, sexually reproduce fertilized egg develops into MIRACIDIUM larvae lives within intermediate host, asexually reproduces CERCARIA, lives outside snail- back into vertebrate via water, etc.
|
|
|
What's the order of the stages in a Trematode life cycle containing TWO intermediate hosts and where can they be found?
|
adult (outside)> egg(sewage, water, into 1st intermediate host.snail)> miracidium(1st.snail)> sporocyst(snail)> redia(snail)> cercaria(water)> metacercaria(2nd intermediate host.fish)> [metacercarial cyst within fish ingested by definitive host]> adult
|
|
|
Digenea trematodes have a sucker around their mouth at the anterior end of the body. What is the other sucker called and where is it located and what is its function?
|
acetabulum- midventral or posterior sucker that prevents dislodgement, not for ingestion
|
|
|
Where does the protonephridial waste empty out in a Trematode (Digenea)?
|
the nephridiopore(s)
|
|
|
The Aspidogastrea Trematodes typically have 1 host, in what animal?
|
a mollusc
|
|
|
Aspidogastrea have an oral sucker or ventral sucker divided by septa?
|
ventral sucker w/ septa
|
|
|
Are monogenes ecto- or endo-parasitic?
|
ectoparasitic
|
|
|
What is a prohaptor and opistohaptor (found in Monogenea)?
|
Prohaptor- pair of a adhesive structures w/ suckers or adhesive pads @ ANTERIOR end leading to intestine
apisthohaptor- well developed suckers, hooks or claws @ POSTERIOR end. both like acetabulum |
|
|
What is the common name for Cestodes?
|
tapeworm
|
|
|
What do tapeworms lack?
|
mouth and digestive system
|
|
|
What is a proglottid? Strobila? Scolex?
|
proglottid- successive segments of a tapeworm body
strobila- the region from the neck to end containing all the proglottids scolex- 'head' region that attaches to host |
|
|
Is each proglottid assembled with testes AND ovaries, capable of self-fertilization?
|
yes, but only in the mature proglottids
|
|
|
What are characteristics of a ribbonworms circulatory system?
|
its CLOSED, has blood that flows unidirectionally and may contain respiratory pigments (hemoglobin), three longitudinal tracks (to lateral, one mid-dorsal vessels)
|
|
|
Most Nermertea eggs develop into a ciliated, free-swimming larvae known as what?
|
pilidium
|
|
|
Why are mollusc an important member of the fossil record?
|
they're shells preserve well
|
|
|
What does HAM stand for and what was its hypothetical lifestyle and anatomy?
|
Hypothetical Ancestral Mollusc
inhabited shallow inshore waters, most abundant on hard surfaces, small, slow-moving, bilaterally symmetrical and oval-shaped |
|
|
What is the calcium carbonate of a mollusc shell secreted by?
|
the mantle tissue
|
|
|
What is the outer lobe of a molluscan mantle also known as and what is its function?
|
the mantle secretory lobe- contains glands for secreting new calcium carbonate, forming new shell material
|
|
|
What is the middle lobe of a molluscan shell also known as and what is its function?
|
the mantle sensory lobe- conatins sensory tissues, like photo/mechanoreceptors
|
|
|
What is the inner lobe of a molluscan shell also known as and what is its function?
|
the mantle muscular lobe- muscles attach so when they contract it pulls the visceral mass and lobes in for protection
|
|
|
Where is the radula located and what is it used for?
|
The radula is located inside the mouth and can be pushed out, used for scrapping food on substrate with the rows of teeth
|
|
|
What are the muscles used to push out the radula from inside the mouth? Used to pull it in?
|
Protractor to push out, retractor to pull back in
|
|
|
Where might fertilization of a mollusc take place (2)?
|
externally (in primitive molluscs) or within the mantle cavity
|
|
|
What two classes transfer sperm directly (using a copulatory organ)?
|
gastropods and cephalopods
|
|
|
What are the two free-swimming larvae stages of some molluscs?
|
trochophore, which advances to, veliger
|
|
|
What is the common name for aplacophoras?
|
channel stomach
|
|
|
Do aplacophora have a shell?
|
nope
|
|
|
What features do aplacophorans lack?
|
head, mantle, foot, shell and kidneys
|
|
|
Which of the following is(are) FALSE about monoplacophorans?
-found in shallow waters -bilaterally symmetrical and eliptical -possess two dome-shaped shells (not spiral) -possess retractor muscles, kidneys, heart chamber, gonads and multiple pairs of gills |
found in DEEP waters and only ONE shell (mono-)
|
|
|
How many plates do polyplacophorans have? What does the segmentation allow them to do?
|
8- allows them to curl up, protecting themselves from predetors
|
|
|
What is the girdle of a Polyplacophore?
|
a thick, tough mantle covering the dorsal and lateral sides of the organism, serving as surface in which heat regulation takes place
|
|
|
How is water flow generated in polyplacophores' 'breathing' ?
|
with the cilia on gills, the increased SA helps with gas exchange
|
|
|
What is the main difference between the strucure of a polyplacophore compared to HAM?
|
there are plates on the shell rather than a dome
|
|
|
What are two commercial importances of gastropods?
|
food and serving as an intermediate host in fisheries
|
|
|
The three subclasses of gastropods are...?
|
prosobranchia, opistobranchia and pulmonata
|
|
|
How do snails attach to their shell?
|
the columellar muscle attaches to the columella (central axis of shell)
|
|
|
Define operculum.
|
the solid plate of a gastropod that protects the visceral mass after it is pulled back in to the shell.
|
|
|
Where are the body whorl, spire and siphon of a gastropod?
|
the body whorl is the region front he siphon to the first complete whorl of the shell, the spire is the region after the body whorl until the apex, and the siphon is at the bottom is which water flows through
|
|
|
What is a protoconch?
|
the earliest or original shell, often embryonic or larval
|
|
|
Define coiling.
|
the arrangement of body into a series of coils in a SINGLE plain
|
|
|
Define spiraling.
|
when the body is coiled but later spirals do not lie in the same place
|
|
|
Define torsion.
|
the process by which the visceral mass is rotated in relation to the head-foot
|
|
|
What is the disadvantage to planospiraling?
|
as the organism gets larger, the shell is not very compact or stable
|
|
|
What is a physiological result from helical spiraling?
|
causes the shell to be displaced to one side, usually the left side (because the shell is most often dextral)
|
|
|
What direction and angle does the visceral mass rotate in torsion?
|
180 degrees COUNTER-clockwise
|
|
|
What tissues are affected by torsion?
|
any posterior to the neck- anus, nephridiopores, ctenidia, and mantle cavity
|
|
|
What are some advantages to having a torted shell?
|
-brings center of gravity forward
-gills are now filtering undisturbed water -osphridia is brought closet to sensory structures of head |
|
|
In what subclasses had detorsion occurred and WHEN does torsion first occur?
|
opistobranchs and pulmonates (nudibranchs and slugs)- during the veliger (last larval) stage
|
|
|
Detorsion is usually accompanied by reduction of loss of what?
HINT: think of the organisms in the subclasses where this occurs and their features. |
shell, mantle and mantle cavity
|
|
|
What are two disadvantages to the 'side effects' of detorsion?
|
no protection except toxicity, and unable to withdraw foot into shell w/o mantle cavity
|
|
|
Tentacles of gastropods are equipped with what type(s) of cells?
|
mechano-, tactile, chemo- and photo- receptor
|
|
|
By what mean do gastropods move?
|
by cilia or muscular wave contractions
|
|
|
What happens when pressure is applied or retracted from a gastropods mucus?
|
pressure is applied and it becomes slippery, retracted and it becomes sticky
|
|
|
What two muscle groups contribute to the contractions of wave motion in gastropods?
|
longitudinal and oblique muscles
|
|
|
What are the two types of rhythmic pedal waves and in what direction do they move in relation to motion?
|
DIRECT: wave moves in SAME direction as motion
RETROGRADE: wave moves in OPPOSITE direction of motion |
|
|
Define monotaxic and ditaxic waves.
|
monotaxic- when the wave extends across the entire width of the foot
ditaxic- when the wave spans only half of the width of the foot and the waves on either side alternate |
|
|
What structure is modified in the pole-vaulting gastropod that allows it to jump?
|
operculum, it has a pointed end
|
|
|
What adaption have prosobranchs made for suspension feeding? And prey capture?
|
piling many organisms on top of each other, ranging in age and gender
a sharp, pointed operculum of stunning and injecting prey |
|
|
What are the two orders within the subclass opistobranchia and what are they commonly known as?
|
Anaspidea- sea hares
and Nudibranchia- sea slugs |
|
|
What is a rhinophore and where are they located?
|
one of a pair of second tentacles that is used to smell located posterior to the main pair of tentacles
|
|
|
On which side are the detorted organs of Opisthobranchians located?
|
right
|
|
|
Where is the shell of a sea hare?
|
buried or lost in the mantle
|
|
|
T or F: nudibranchs have undergone complete detorsion?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Nudibranchs posses one of what two respiratory organs and where are they located?
|
cerata, all over the body, or secondary gills, at the posterior end
|
|
|
What structures are lost in Nudibranchs?
|
the shell, mantle cavity and original gills
|
|
|
Digestive glands of Nudibranchs extend into what structures that also contain cnidobalsts?
|
cerata
|
|
|
What subclass of organisms are important as the intermediate stage of flatworms?
|
Pulmonata
|
|
|
Why are terrestrial slugs and snails usually found in moist areas?
|
they cannot avoid dessication without outside moisture
|
|
|
What is the pulmonary lung found in Pulmonates and what is is usually filled with?
|
the 'lung' is a vaculated mantle cavity filled with either water or air
|
|
|
What is a pseudobranch?
|
secondary gills found in pulmonates made from the folds of the mantle tissue lining the mantle cavity
|
|
|
What is the pneumostome?
|
the respiratory opening of an air-breathing land slug/snail
|
|
|
The mantle cavity of a pulmonate is closed off. What does this keep the animal from doing?
|
retracting all of its foot into the shell
|
|
|
T or F: nudibranchs have undergone complete detorsion?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Nudibranchs posses one of what two respiratory organs and where are they located?
|
cerata, all over the body, or secondary gills, at the posterior end
|
|
|
What structures are lost in Nudibranchs?
|
the shell, mantle cavity and original gills
|
|
|
Digestive glands of Nudibranchs extend into what structures that also contain cnidobalsts?
|
cerata
|
|
|
What subclass of organisms are important as the intermediate stage of flatworms?
|
Pulmonata
|
|
|
Why are terrestrial slugs and snails usually found in moist areas?
|
they cannot avoid dessication without outside moisture
|
|
|
What is the pulmonary lung found in Pulmonates and what is is usually filled with?
|
the 'lung' is a vaculated mantle cavity filled with either water or air
|
|
|
What is a pseudobranch?
|
secondary gills found in pulmonates made from the folds of the mantle tissue lining the mantle cavity
|
|
|
What is the pneumostome?
|
the respiratory opening of an air-breathing land slug/snail
|
|
|
The mantle cavity of a pulmonate is closed off. What does this keep the animal from doing?
|
retracting all of its foot into the shell
|
|
|
T or F: nudibranchs have undergone complete detorsion?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Nudibranchs posses one of what two respiratory organs and where are they located?
|
cerata, all over the body, or secondary gills, at the posterior end
|
|
|
What structures are lost in Nudibranchs?
|
the shell, mantle cavity and original gills
|
|
|
Digestive glands of Nudibranchs extend into what structures that also contain cnidobalsts?
|
cerata
|
|
|
What subclass of organisms are important as the intermediate stage of flatworms?
|
Pulmonata
|
|
|
Why are terrestrial slugs and snails usually found in moist areas?
|
they cannot avoid dessication without outside moisture
|
|
|
What is the pulmonary lung found in Pulmonates and what is is usually filled with?
|
the 'lung' is a vaculated mantle cavity filled with either water or air
|
|
|
What is a pseudobranch?
|
secondary gills found in pulmonates made from the folds of the mantle tissue lining the mantle cavity
|
|
|
What is the pneumostome?
|
the respiratory opening of an air-breathing land slug/snail
|
|
|
The mantle cavity of a pulmonate is closed off. What does this keep the animal from doing?
|
retracting all of its foot into the shell
|
|
|
What features are characteristic of Subclass Octocorallia?
|
pinnate tentacles, in multiples of 8, all colonial
|
|
|
What is coenchyme?
|
the mesoglea surrounding that unites the polyps as a colony
|
|
|
What is solenia?
|
the tubes that connect the gastrovascular cavities of anthozoa polyps
|
|
|
What is gorgonin?
|
the complex protein that makes up the skeleton of gorgonians
|
|
|
What muscles are used to open the mouth of anthozoans?
|
radial muscles
|
|
|
What is the coelenteron?
|
the general body cavity of an anthozoan where digestion, nutrient absorption and gas exchange take place
|
|
|
What are the two orders we need to know within Subclass Hexacorallia?
|
Actinaria (sea anemones) and Scleractina (hard corals)
|
|
|
What features are characteristic of Subclass Hexacorallia?
|
nonpinnate tentacles, in multiples of 6, many solitary, some colonial
|
