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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
balance organs |
Statocyst |
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Dactylozooid |
specialized for defense or prey capture |
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Osmoregulation |
Hypoosmotic fluid is secreted into gastrovascular cavity, periodically expelled |
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Theory of atoll formation |
1.. Volcanic eruption |
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Ctenophora and Cnidarian similarities |
• Radial symmetry |
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Peristaltic motion |
waves of contraction of circular muscles |
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Phylum of flatworms |
Platyhelminthes |
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Class of Planarians and other free-living flatworms |
Turbellaria |
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Class of tapeworms |
Cestoda |
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Class of flukes |
Trematoda |
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Class of Alitta |
Polychaetes |
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Class of earthworms and leeches |
Clitellata |
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Class of spoonworms
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Echiura
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echidna
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Ctene |
long, fused cilia in distinct comb rows |
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Characteristics of flatworms |
-Three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm) -True organs, but no circulatory system -Diffusion used for gas exchange, movement of nutrients & wastes -Acoelomate -Gastrovascular cavity present, with one opening |
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Exceptions to why flatworms are most primitive |
-protostome like development suggests secondary lost of coelom -No helpful fossil record |
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Movement of Turbellarians
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cilia and muscles
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involves two components.
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Characteristics of Cestodans |
-Scolex -Progglotoids -Lack of digestive tract |
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Definitive host |
host species in which the tapeworm can achieve sexual maturity |
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Intermediate host |
usually eggs do not reach the definitive host right away; the immature stages spend time in at least one intermediate host first |
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Definitive hosts for beef tapeworms |
humans |
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Intermediate hosts for beef tapeworms |
cows |
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Characteristics of Tremetoda |
oral sucker |
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Problems for parasitic worms |
-Must reproduce in definitive host -Must get fertilized eggs out of the host -Must contact & recognize appropriate host -Must enter host -Must find correct tissues in the host -Must avoid digestion by host, and attack by host’s immune system -Must avoid killing the host |
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Characteristics of Nematoda |
-Unsegmented -Slender -Circular in cross-section -Unique amphids (sensory organs) on sides of head -Shed (molt) their skins -Complete digestive tract – two openings -Most species have separate sexes (not hermaphroditic) -Includes free-living species and parasites of plants and animals -Life cycles usually simpler than those of flatworms |
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Locomotion of Nematoda |
longitudinal muscles only |
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Support that echiurans are annelids |
1) Segmentation in embryo |
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Class of peanut worms |
sipunculans |
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Reasons why sipunculans were classified as seperate phylum
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-Unsegmented
-Lack circulatory system -Lack setae |
Things they don't have that other Annelids do.
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Distinctive traits for sipunculans
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fully protractible probiscis
-U-shaped digestive tract -Urn cells |
Two of the three start with U
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Distinct traits for echiurans
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-anal sacs
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Uranus
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Excretory system of polychaeta
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paired nephiridia
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"Poly" means...
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Excretory system of Clitella (earthworms) |
many, well-developed nephiridia |
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Excretory system of Clitella (leeches) |
simpler, fewer nephiridia |
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Excretory system of echiurans
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one to many pairs of nephridia (plus anal sacs)
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uranus
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Excretory system of Sipunculans
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one pair of nephridia (plus urn cells)
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uno
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Circulatory system of Polychaeta
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closed system with vessels
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Same as Clitelleta
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Circulatory system of Clitellata (earthworms) |
closed system with vessels (similar to Polychaeta) |
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Circulatory system of Clitellata (leeches) |
lack a discrete system (coelomic fluid circulates in channels) |
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Circulatory system of Echiurans
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simple closed system
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similar to clitellatea and polychaeta but one aspect is missing.
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Circulatory system of Sipunculans |
none – but cells in coelomic fluid carry respiratory pigments |
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Support that sipunculans are Annelids |
• Coelomate, with protostome development |
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Most common respiratory pigament in Annelids |
hemoglobin |
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Reproduction in Polychaeta, Echiurans Sipunculan |
-No gonads |
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Reproduction in Clitellata |
-Well developed, permanent gonads |
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Distinguishing characteristics of Anthozoa |
-No medusa stage |
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Distinguishing characteristics of Hydrozoa |
Polyp typically prominent in life cycle |
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Body plan of Platyhelminthes |
Acoelomate |
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Body plan of Nematoda |
Pseudocoelomate |
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Body plan of Annelida |
Coelomate |
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Life cycle of Ascaris
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1. Eggs swallowed with food or water
2.Eggs hatch in small intestine 3. Juveniles penetrate intestinal wall and travel to lungs 4. Juveniles molt twice in lungs 5. Move up bronchi to pharynx, swallowed, mature in intestine 6. So they end up where they started! |
lungs
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Life cycle of Trichinosisa
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1. After mating, males die, females burrow into intestinal wall, enter lymph vessels, & migrate to lymph nodes
2. While migrating, females release ~1500 juveniles over 4-16 weeks 3. Juveniles enter bloodstream & are distributed throughout the body, eventually encysting in muscle tissue |
Mating similar to salmon
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Life cycle of Whipworm |
1. Eggs swallowed, larvae hatch in small intestine |
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Life cycle of Filariasis
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1. Adults live in lymphatic ducts of humans, usually in the lower half of body
2. Juveniles move from lymph vessels into blood 3. Juveniles are ingested by mosquitoes with blood meal 4. Juveniles molt twice in mosquito 5. Migrate to mosquito mouthparts, emerge while mosquito feeds, enter wound |
Mosquitoes are intermediate hosts
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Defining characteristic of monogea |
-haptor
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Reasons behind many parasitic platyhelminthes |
-Possible predatory ancestors -No transport system -No respiratory system -Limited locomotion |
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Intermediate hosts of Chinese liver fluke |
snails and fish |
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Life cycle of Dicrocoelium
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1. Eggs hatch when eaten by a land snail
2. Larvae migrate to “lung” of snail, become engulfed in mucus 3. Snail expels mucus balls 4. Ants seek out and collect mucus balls 5. Infected ants climb up grass blades, sit on the tips 6. Grass tips are eaten by the definitive host (sheep) 7. Ants only climb during cool morning & evening hours! |
Two intermediate hosts
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Definitive hosts of Leucochloridium |
birds |
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Intermediate hosts of Leucochloridium |
snails |
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Life cycle of Leucochloridium |
1. Eggs hatch when eaten by a snail |
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Life cycle of Monogea |
1. Reaches maturity while attached to the host 2. Fertilized eggs are released while adult is attached to the host |
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Definitive hosts for Fish tapeworm |
humans |
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Intermediate hosts for Fish tapeworm |
crustaceans and fish |
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Definitive hosts for Cat tapeworms |
cats |
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Intermediate hosts for Cat tapeworms |
fleas |
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Definitive hosts for Hydatid Cyst Disease |
Dogs and other canids |
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Intermediate hosts for Hydatid Cyst Disease |
humans and livestock |
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Cestodan lifecycles in definitive hosts |
adult tapeworm resides in intestines
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How trematode larva enter host |
1. Enzymes dissolve host tissue |
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General characteristics of Platyhelminthes |
-Flat and thin -No specialized respiratory or circulatory organs |
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Shared characteristic of Cestoda, Monogenea, and Trematoda
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syncitial epidermis
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skin
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Feeding habits of turbellarians |
-Adults are predators and scavengers |
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Benefits for having coelom |
-Gut and body wall are separate, can move independently |
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Trochophores |
free-swimming larvae with distinctive ciliation, u-shaped gut |
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Reproduction in Clitellata |
-Fertilization is internal |
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Function of Pharynx and esophagus in Clitellata |
ingestion |
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Fuction of crop in Clitellata |
storage |
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Function of gizzard in Clitellata
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grinding
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also starts with g
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Fuction of gizzard in intestine |
digestion and absorption |
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Clitellum |
glandular region involved in reproduction |
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Ways nutrients are acquired by beard worms |
-absorption through skin -absorption through bacterial symbiots |
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Reproduction in earthworms
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sperm is stored in internal storage organs, later extruded onto clitellum for external fertilization
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similar to some hymenopterans
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Reproduction in leeches
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sperm is injected, migrates to reproductive tract for internal fertilization
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similar to ours
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Parapodia |
lateral extensions of body wall, found on most segments |
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Characteristics of Cnidarians |
-Diploblastic -Muscle cells develop from epidermis or endodermis -Cnidocysts -Polyps -Polymorphism (over life cycle or within polyp colonies) -Locomotion uses muscles -Usually two separate sexes -One opening to gastrovascular cavity |
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Characteristics of Ctenophora |
-Triploblastic ?? -Muscle cells develop from amoeboid cells in mesoglea -Colloblasts -No polyps -No polymorphism -Locomotion uses cilia -Usually hermaphrodites -Mouth plus anal pores |
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Class of jellyfish |
Schyphozoa |
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Class of Box jellyfish and sea wasps |
Cubozoa |
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Class of hydras and Portugese Man-o-Wars |
Hydrozoa |
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Class of sea anemones and corals |
Anthozoa |
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