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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Circulatory system of Phoronidia |
closed |
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Circulatory system of Brachiopoda |
open |
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Circulatory system of Bryozoa |
none |
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Body regions of acorn worms |
-muscular probicus -collar -trunk |
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Deposit feeders
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ingest sand or mud, extract organic materials |
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Mucociliary feeders
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ingest small organisms that stick to mucus on proboscis, are moved to mouth with cilia
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Use of tube feet in sea urchins and sand dollars |
-locomotion |
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Keystone predator
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a predator species that plays a major role in determining what species are found in a community |
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Evidence that arthropods originated from annelids |
• protostome development |
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Arthropod characteristics in tardigrades |
• Chitinous cuticle covers outside of body and parts of gut |
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Annelid characteristics in velvet worms |
•Longitudinal and circular muscles) |
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Arthropod characteristics in velvet worms |
• Chitinous cuticle, molting |
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Lophophorate characteristics |
• Almost all are marine, a few freshwater |
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Differences among lophophorates |
• Composition of protective covering |
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Similarities of brachipods and bivalves |
• Shell is bivalved and hinged |
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Differences in brachiopods and bivalves |
• Shell valves are unequal in size, shape |
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Composition of protective layer in phoronidia |
chitinous tube |
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Composition of protective layer in brachiopods |
calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate |
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Composition of protective layer in bryozoa |
chitinous, gelatinous, or calcareous body wall |
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Alveolate phylums |
-Ciliophora |
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Rhizaria phylums |
-Foraminifera |
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Flagellated phylums |
-Parabasala |
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Characteristics of Dinozoa |
-Cellulose plates |
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Characteristics of Amoebozoa |
-Lack cilia -Pseudopodia used for movement, feeding, or both |
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Ciliophora characteristics |
-cilia |
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Ctenophora and Cnidarian similarities |
• Radial symmetry |
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Characteristics of flatworms |
-Three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm) |
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Characteristics of Nematoda |
-Unsegmented |
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Body plan of Platyhelminthes |
Acoelomate |
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Body plan of Nematoda |
Pseudocoelomate |
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Body plan of Annelida |
Coelomate |
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Reasons behind many parasitic platyhelminthes |
-Possible predatory ancestors |
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General characteristics of Platyhelminthes |
-Flat and thin |
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Characteristics of Cnidarians |
-Diploblastic |
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Characteristics of Ctenophora |
-Triploblastic ?? |
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Uses of cilia in rotifers |
locomotion and feeding |
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Uses for the foot in molluscs |
-locomotion on surfaces |
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Internal features Rotifers lack... |
-Circulatory system |
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Function of mastax in rotifers |
chewing |
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Reasons Acanthocephala is sister taxon to rotifer |
- Pseudocoelomate |
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Developmental pattern of molluscs |
coelomate protostomes |
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Characteristics of molluscs |
• Coelomic space restricted to certain portions of the body
• Heart with ventricle and atria • Open system – blood flow not entirely restricted to vessels • Complete gut (mouth + anus), with regional specialization • Nephridia • Trochophore larvae |
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Location of photoreceptors in rotifer |
brain or corona |
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Gill location in molluscs |
mantle cavity |
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Reasons for parasitic lifestyle in Acanthocephala |
lack of organ systems |
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Preferred habitat of rotifers |
Calm, still water |
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Substance exoskeleton of arthropods is made of |
chitin |
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Fertilization of freshwater and terrestrial molluscs |
Internal |
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Fertilization of marine molluscs |
External |
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Intermediate hosts of Acanthocephala |
invertebrates |
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Definitive hosts of Acathocephala |
Vertebrates |
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Most common definitive host of Acathocephala |
freshwater fish |
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Internal features Acanthocephala lack |
-digestive tract |
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Uses for rotifers |
-pollution monitors |
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Hosts of parasitic rotifers |
-algae |
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Most common respiratory pigament in Annelids |
hemoglobin |
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Locomotion of Nematoda |
longitudinal muscles only |
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Exceptions to why flatworms are most primitive |
-protostome like development suggests secondary lost of coelom |
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Function of Archaeocytes in Porifera |
-Waste elimination |
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Characteristics of Cnidarians |
-radial symmetry |
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Characteristics of Apicomplexa |
-Endoparasites of animals |
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Characteristics of Foraminifera |
-Multi-chambered shells (“tests”) made of calcium carbonate |
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Use of pseudopodia in foraminifera |
catch food |
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Characteristic of Radiozoa |
-Test composed of silica or strontium sulfate |
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Characteristic of Heliozoa |
1) Pseudopodia thin, fixed in place |
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Characteristics of Euglenozoa |
two flagella |
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Factors of Porifera growth |
• Wave action |
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Choanoderm |
inner surface |
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Pinacoderm |
outer surface |
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Function of shell in molluscs |
• Support the body |
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Gas exchange mechanism in marine and freshwater arthropods |
gills |
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Gas exchange mechanism in some terrestrial arthropods |
lungs |
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Gas exchange mechanism in most terrestrial arthropods |
trachae |
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Characteristics of Echinodermata |
• Water vascular system • 5-fold radial symmetry in adults |
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Characteristics of Chordata |
- Nerve cord is dorsal and hollow - Post-anal tail |
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Characteristics of Rhizaria |
-monophyletic |
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Axopodia |
slender pseudopodia, often rigid & supported by microtubules |
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Most abundant protozoans in marine and brackish waters |
Foraminifera |
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Evidence for The syncytial theory |
Ciliophora such as Paramecium resemble someacoelomates (esp. flatworms, Phylum Platyhelminthes) in |
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Ostia |
small openings which water enters through in sponges |
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Osculum |
water leaves through the large opening |
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Freshwater adaptations in sponges |
-Contractile vacuoles |
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Sponge use of chemical defenses |
1) deter feeding |
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Evidence to suggest sponge and chanoflagelletes |
Choanocysts resemble chanoflagelletes |
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Function of gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians |
digestion and circulation |
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Cnidoblast |
a cell on the tentacles of cnidarians that secretes a stinging thread |
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Use of cnidae |
-capture prey -defense against predators -attack competitors for space |
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Ctene |
long, fused cilia indistinct comb rows |
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Statolith |
a ball of calcium carbonate, suspended by four tufts ofcilia |
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Colloblasts |
cells that extrude a filament with a sticky bulb at the tip |
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synapomorphy of Platyhelminthes |
none |
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Locomotion differences in Nematoda and Platyhelminthes |
• No locomotory cilia |
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Beneficial nematodes |
-soil nutrient cycling -Helminthic therapy |
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Sense organs in annelids |
• Light receptors |
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Usefulness of circulatory system in Annelids |
-Food circulation |
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Differences in gut function in Annelids and Platyhelminthes
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-One directional in annelids
-branching in Platyhelminthes |
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Differences in food circulation in Annelids and Nematodes |
-Annelids use gut -Nematodes use coelomic fluid |
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Possible relatitive of rotifers and acanthocephalas |
nematodes |
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Phylums that are coelomateprotostomes |
-Arthropoda -Annelida -Mollusca |
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Body plan of arthropods |
exoskeleton and paired, jointed appendages |
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Feature rotifers, parasitic platyhelminthes and nematodes have in common |
syncytial epidermis |
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Behavior rotifers, acanthocephalas, and platyhelminthes don't exhibit that nematodes do |
shed cuticles |
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Other phylums aside from rotifers that exhibit eutely |
nematodes and acanthocephala |
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Function of macronucleus in Ciliophora |
cellular functions |
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Function of micronucleus in Ciliophora |
sex |
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Phylum of protozoan responsible for malaria |
Apicomplexa |
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Similarities between naked amoebas and slime molds |
1) Shapeless bodies |
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Test composition in Radiozoa |
silica or strontium sulfate |
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Inner space in sponges |
spongocoel |
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Spicules |
pieces of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide |
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Spongin |
a proteinaceous fiber |
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Mesoglea |
jellylike substance that fills the body between the gastrovascular cavity and the external surface |
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Formation of muscles in cnidarians |
ectodermal and endodermal cells |
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Classification of classes in Cnidarians |
-Life cycle characteristics -Morphological features |
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Classification of classes in Porifera |
spicule morphology |
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Phylum with no germ layers |
Porifera |
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Phylum that is diploblastic |
Cnidaria |
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Ctenophora development pattern |
Unknown |
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Most common form of reproduction in Ctenophora |
sexual |
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Developmental pattern of Platyhelminthes |
Aceolomate |
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Eutely |
increase in size rather than number of individual cells |
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Developmental pattern of Nematoda |
Pseudoceolomate |
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Developmental pattern of Annelids |
Coelomate Protosomes |
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Developmental pattern of Rotifer and Acanthocephala |
Pseudoceolomate |
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Rotifer digestive features |
-mastax -trophi -stomach -gastric glands -intestine -cloaca |
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Use of feet in rotifers |
gripping surfaces |
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Mollusc mantle |
modified portion of dorsal epidermis, secretescalcareous (CaCO3) spicules or shell |
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Mollusc radula |
esophageal teeth, made of chitin, used in feeding |
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Feet in molluscs |
formed from muscles of the ventral body wall, used tocling to substrates and/or move |
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Location of gills in molluscs |
mantle cavity |
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Development pattern of arthropods |
Coelomate protostome |
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Development pattern of tardigrada |
Both deuterostome and protostome |
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Velvet worm characteristics present in both arthropods and annelids |
• Protostomes |
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Lophophorate phyla with nephiridia |
Phoronida and Brachiopods |
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Tube feet |
tubular extensions of water vasular system that projectthrough body wall in certain parts of the body |
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Ambulacral zones |
parts of the body bearing tube feet |
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Location of madreporite |
aboral surface |
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Ampulla |
fluid-filled bulb that is attached to each tube foot |
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Extension of ampulla |
causes muscles in contract, send fluid into foot |
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Retraction of ampulla |
longitudinal muscles in the foot contract, send fluidback into ampulla |
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Aristotle’s lantern |
distinct feeding apparatus |
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Traits for burrowing in sand dollars |
-flattened test -short spines |
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Echinoderm class with specialrespiratory structures |
sea cucumbers |
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Evisceration |
expulsion of digestive system, respiratorytrees, and gonads through anus |
eviction |
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Developmental pattern of acorn worms |
Deuterostomes |
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Sister group to acorn worms |
Echinodermata |
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Circulatory system of acorn worms |
open |
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Part of body that makes up most of tunicates |
pharynx |
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Differences between vertebrates and lancelets |
• No brain |
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Pseudocoelomate |
body cavity present, lined with endoderm on the insideand mesoderm on the outside |
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Coelomate |
body cavity present, and is lined with mesodermon both the inside and the outside |
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Protostomes |
the mesodermal tissue splits internally to forma cavity |
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Deuterostomes |
the coelom forms through a series of infoldings |
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Differences between Protozoan and other protists |
-heterotrophic most or all of the time -may have cell walls, but the walls do not contain chitin or collagen |
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Characteristics of Crinoidea |
• Most of the body is held up by a stalkor claws • Mostlysedentary • Oralsurface usually faces UP • No ampullae – tube feet operatedby muscles • Nomadreporite – water entersthrough numerous pores instead |
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Oldest extant class of echinoderms |
Crinoidea |
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Evidence to suggest Hemichorodata is sister taxa to Echinodermata |
-DNA -Morphological traits resemble chorodata |
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Characteristics of tunicata |
• Notochordand nerve cord occur only in the larvae |
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Part anus opens into in tunicata |
atrium |
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Characteristics of cephalochordata |
-Notochord longer than nerve cord, reaches into anterior end -Notochord consists of a series of flatteneddiscs |
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Composition of tunic in tunicata |
proteins and polysaccharides |
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Location of internal organs in molluscs |
between dorsal mantle and the ventral foot -The mantle secretesthe shell -Mouthopensinto a cavity containing the radula -Coelomicspace surrounds the heart and gonads -Brain is (minimally) a ring around theesophagus -Twoventralnerve cord -Radulachews/scrapes/grinds food -Digestiveglands secrete enzymes into stomach & intestine -Anus empties into mantle cavity |
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Most morphologically diverse phyla |
Mollusca |
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Best supported hypothesis of the evolution of cnidarian life cycles |
Polyps originated first, medusa stages evolved later |
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Theory of atoll formation |
1. Avolcanic eruption creates an island in the middle of the ocean 3.Erosion leads to a gap between dry land & edges of the reef = barrier reef 4. Islanderodes away beneath ocean level, leaving a ring of coral = atoll |
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Colonial theory |
suggests metazoans started as flagellated protozoan that forms aggregations |
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Evidence that supports colonial theory |
-Manyflagellated protozoans form loosely organized aggregations -Thebody walls of the most primitive metazoan animals (Porifera) bear flagellatedcells -DNAdata link the choanoflagellate protozoans to Porifera |
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Arguments against colonial theory |
The aggregating protozoans in question are knownmainly from freshwater, while ancestor of metazoans was likely marine |
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Syncytical theory |
metazoans arose from paramecium-like protozoan |
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Evolutionary process surrounding syncytical theory |
1. Cellsform as some nuclei become partitioned off by cell membranes 2. Anepidermis forms around the central mass 3. Acoelomate animal with a single gut opening |
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Arguments against syncytical theory |
• Acoelomateanimals undergo a complex embryonic development |
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Extrusomes |
organelles that can be rapidly extruded from thecell |
Extrusome |
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Consequences of classification |
1. Germlayers arise |
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Ectoderm |
serves as skin and nervous system |
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Mesoderm |
serves as mucles and internal organs |
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Endoderm |
serves as lining of gut |
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Tagmatization |
groups of segments are modified andfused together, for some specialized function |
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