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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Allele |
One of the different forms of a gene that can exist at a single locus on a chromosome |
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Autosomes |
All the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes found in somatic cells |
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cDNA |
A single- stranded DNA complementary t an RNA from which it was synthesized using reverse transcriptase
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Clone |
A large number of cells or moleculesderived from a single ancesteral cell or molecule |
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Denaturation |
Conversion from the doulbe-staranded to the single-stranded state, most often accomplished by heat |
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Diploid set of chromosomes |
Contains two copies of each autosome and two sex chromosomes |
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
A double chain of linked nucleotides( having deoxyribose as their sugars); the fundamental unit of which genes are composed |
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Eukaryotic cell |
A cell containing a nucleus |
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Exons |
DNA sequences that are transcribed into protein structures |
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Gene therapy |
Introduction of a fully functional and expressible gene into a target cell, aimed at correcting a specific disease permanently |
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Gene |
Fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity; a segment of DNA that makes transcription possible |
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Genetic code |
The correspondance between tripletes in DNA ( or RNA) and amino acids in protein |
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Genome |
The complement of genetic information unique to each species of organism |
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Haploid set of chromosoes |
One copy of each autosome and one sex chromosome characteristic of germ cells |
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Heterozygone |
An individual with different alleles of a particular gene e.g. HbAS (sickle cell trait) |
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Histone |
A type of basic protein that forms a unit around which DNA is tightly coiled in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Homozygone |
An individual with identical alleles for a particular gene e.g HbAA (normal) HbSS( sickle cell disease) |
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Hybridization |
Variety of related techniques based on observation that two singlestranded nucleic acids of complementary base sequences will form a double stranded hybrid |
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Hyperchromocity |
The increase in optical density that occurs when DNA is denatured |
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Intros (intervening sequences) |
DNA that is transcribed but not translated into protein |
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Karyotype |
The entire chromosomal complement of cell or species (as visualized during mitosis) |
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Linkage |
The association of genes on the same chromosome |
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Linkage disequilibrium |
A situation in which some combinations of genetic markers occur more or less frequently in the population than would be expected from their distance apart |
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Locus chromosomal |
location of a gene or other piece of DNA |
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Marker allele |
Any allele of interest in an experiment |
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Marker DNA |
Fragment of known size used to calibrate an electrophoretic |
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mRNA( messenger RNA) |
An RNA molecule transcribed from the DNA of a gene and from which a protein is translated by the action of ribosomes |
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Missense |
A single base change mutation that alters an amino acid in the gene product |
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Mutation |
A process that produces a gene or chromosome set different from that of the wild type or the result of such a process |
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Nucleases |
Enzymes that can degrade nucleic acids by breaking the phosphodiester bonds |
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Nucleotide |
A molecule composed of a base, a sugar and a phosphate group; the basic buiding bloc of nucleic acids |
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Oncogene |
A gene that has sustained some genetic damage and, therefore produces a protein capable of cellular transformation |
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Polymorphism |
A variation in DNA sequence within a population |
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Prokaryotic cell |
A cell with no nucleur membrane. hence, no separate nucleus |
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Proto-oncogene |
A gene whose protein product normally controls the cell cycle but has the capacity to induce celular transformation given it sustains some genetic insult. |
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Restriction enzyme |
A bacterial endonuclease that recgnizes pecific base sequences in DNA and breaks the DNA chain at those points |
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Ribosomes |
Complex of protein and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) that catalyzes the translation of mRNA into an amino acid sequence |
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RNA (ribonucleic acid) |
A single stranded nucleic acid ( may fold back on itself to form double-stranded regions), having robose as sugar and uracil rather than thymine as one of its bases |
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Splicing |
The removal of introns and joining of exons in RNA; introns are spliced out and exons are spliced together |
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tRNA |
A class of small RNA; molecules that take specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation such that amino acids are inserted to form a polypeptide chain |
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Wild type |
The genotpe or phenotype ound in nature or in a standard labrotory stock |