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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
empirical evidence |
evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation |
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meta-analysis |
a technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together |
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hypothesis |
a testable educated guess about predicted outcomes between two or more variables |
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case study |
in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual |
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content analysis |
content analysis |
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correlation |
when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but does not necessarily indicate causation |
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ethnography |
observing a complete social setting and all that it entails |
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experiment |
the testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions |
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field research |
gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey |
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Hawthorne effect |
when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed by a researcher |
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interview |
a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject |
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nonreactive research |
using secondary data, does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influence people’s behaviors |
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participant observation |
when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an “insider” perspective |
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population |
a defined group serving as the subject of a study |
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primary data |
data that are collected directly from firsthand experience |
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quantitative data |
represent research collected in a numerical form that can be counted |
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qualitative data |
comprise information that is subjective and often based on what is seen in a natural setting |
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random sample |
a study’s participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population |
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samples |
small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population |
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secondary data analysis |
using data collected by others but applying new interpretations |
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surveys |
collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire |
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code of ethics |
a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology |
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value neutrality |
a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results |