Introduction To Psychology Exam 1

Front 1

Psychology

Back 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 2

Behavior

Back 2

Anything an organism does, action that can be observed or recorded

Front 3

Mental Processes

Back 3

Internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs)

Front 4

What does Psychology evaluate?

Back 4

Psychology evaluates competing ideas with careful observation and rigorous analysis

Front 5

Socrates and Plato

Back 5

Concluded mind is separable from the body and continues after death, knowledge is innate (born with us)

Front 6

Aristole

Back 6

Derived principles through observation: contradicted Socrates and Plato

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Descartes

Back 7

Agreed with Socrates and Plato: conjured nerve paths to the brain

Front 8

Francis Bacon

Back 8

Founder of modern science

Front 9

John Locke

Back 9

- "Mind at birth is a blank slate"

- "A white paper"

- On which experience writes

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Empiricism

Back 10

Knowledge originates in experience; science rely on observation and experimentation

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Father of Psychology

Back 11

Wilhelm Wundt

Front 12

Wilhelm Wundt accomplishments?

Back 12

- Sought to measure "atoms of the mind"

- First experiment: Ball > pressing telegraph key

Front 13

Edward Titchener

(4 Things To Remember)

Back 13

- Introduced structuralism

- Engaged people in self-reflective introspection (looking inward)

- Recorded sensations, feelings, imagery

- Introspection was deemed as generally unreliable

Front 14

William James

Back 14

- Founder of Functionalism

- Encouraged exploration of down-to-earth emotions, memories, will power, etc.

Front 15

Functionalism

Back 15

Study of the function of the brain: thoughts and feelings

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Structuralism

Back 16

Study of the elements of the mind

Front 17

Thought about Psychology before 1920?

Back 17

Defined as "the study of observable behavior"

Front 18

John B. Watson

Back 18

Formed "the scientific study of observable behavior"

- Behaviorism

Front 19

Rogers and Maslow

Back 19

Studied need for love and acceptance

Front 20

Cognitive Psychology

Back 20

Study of mind processes and ability to retain information (Important for treating disorders)

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Nature vs. Nurture

Back 21

Biology vs. Experience

Front 22

Natural Selection (Darwin)

Back 22

Nature selects those that enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment (Explains animal structure and behaviors)

Front 23

6 Basic Assumptions of Science

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- Naturalism

- Materialism

- Reductionism

- Determinism

- Evolution

- Relativism

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Naturalism

Back 24

No supernatural

Front 25

Materialism

Back 25

Everything composed of matter

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Reductionism

Back 26

All things reduce to chemicals

Front 27

Determinism

Back 27

No free will

Front 28

Evolution

Back 28

Humans evolved from lower organisms

Front 29

Relativism

Back 29

No absolutes, No right and wrong

Front 30

3 Biblical Presuppositions

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- A creator God

- An immaterial essence of human nature

- A fallen, sinful human nature and God's sanctification

Front 31

Biopsychosocial Approach

Back 31

Considers the influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors

(The different perspectives complement each other)

Front 32

Basic Research

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Builds Psychology's Base

(Studies of brain and mind, abilities, from womb to tomb, how we think, percieve, etc.)

Front 33

Applied Research

Back 33

Tackles practical problems

Front 34

Counseling Psychologists

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Help people cope with challenges by recognizing their strengths and resources

Front 35

Clinical Psychologists

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Assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders

Front 36

Psychiatrists

Back 36

Medical doctors licenses to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders

Front 37

Hindsight Bias

Back 37

Example: "I knew it all along."

Front 38

Overconfidence

Back 38

We think we know more than we do

Front 39

Scientific Theory

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Explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events

Front 40

Hypothesis

Back 40

Testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Front 41

Replication

Back 41

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations

Front 42

Case Study

Back 42

An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

Front 43

Survey

Back 43

A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people

Front 44

False consensus effect

Back 44

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors

Front 45

Naturalistic observation

Back 45

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Front 46

Correlation

Back 46

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and this of how ell either factor predicts the other

Front 47

Illusory Correlation

Back 47

Perception of a relationship where none exists

Front 48

Experiment

Back 48

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process

Front 49

Double-blind procedure

Back 49

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo.

Front 50

Placebo effect

Back 50

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition

Front 51

Experimental Condition

Back 51

The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

Front 52

Control condition

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The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

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Random Assignment

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Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences

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Independent Variable

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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

Front 55

Dependent Variable

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The outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the IV.

Front 56

Statistical Reasoning

Back 56

Doubt big, round, undocumented numbers

Front 57

Nervous System

Back 57

An electro-chemical communication system

Front 58

Divisions of the nervous system

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- Sensory Neurons

- Interneurons

- Motor Neurons

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Neurons / Nerve Cells

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The basic building blocks of the nervous system

Front 60

Transmission

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- Synaptic gap is like a river

- End of axon terminal is like a garage

- Keys are the neurotransmitters that are released over the gap: electrochemical transfer

- Inside each garage is a vacuum cleaner

- When neurotransmitters reach the other side, they open the receptors that let in negatively and positively charged ions

Front 61

Neurotransmitters

Back 61

Chemical messengers that bridge the synaptic gap

Front 62

What does Cocaine affect?

Back 62

Blocks the reuptake vacuum until it is discarded

Front 63

Novocain affects ____?

Back 63

Blocks the sodium channels

Front 64

Drugs can effect (5 things)

Back 64

- Synthesis

- Release

- Binding

- Activity

- Reuptake

Front 65

Neuromodulators

Back 65

affect the impact of neurotransmitters and neural passages

Front 66

Types of Neurotransmitters

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- Acetylcholine

- Dopamine

- Endorphins

Front 67

Herion triggers _____?

Back 67

Triggers release of dopamine; acts on other neurotransmitters

Front 68

Amphetamines stimulate ____?

Back 68

Stimulates excess release of dopamine

Front 69

Cocaine/Crack Blocks___?

Back 69

Blocks dopamine absorption

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Serotonin

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Ecstasy stimulates it

Front 71

Norepinephrine

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Bipolar

Front 72

GABA

Back 72

tranquilizers increase anti-anxiety

Front 73

Inhibitory

Back 73

Tells the cell not to fire

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Excitatory

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Tells the cell to fire

Front 75

Agonists

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Mimic or fool receptors

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Antagonists

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Block receptors

Front 77

Diseases involving Neurotransmitters

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- Alzheimer's

- Parkinsons

- Schizophrenia

- Depression

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Addictions involving Neurotransmitters

Back 78

- Heroin

- Cocaine

- Alcohol

- Tobacco

Front 79

Brainstem

Back 79

Responsible for automatic survival functions

Front 80

Limbic System

Back 80

Regulates emotional states and drives

Front 81

Cerebral Cortex

Back 81

Distinguishes us/makes decisions/directs voluntary actions

Front 82

Different lobes of the Brain?

Back 82

- Frontal

- Parietal

- Occipital

- Temporal

Front 83

Stages of Development

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Zygote (0-2)

Embryo (2-8)

Fetus (8-Birth)

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Teratogens

Back 84

Potentially harmful viruses or chemicals

Front 85

Rooting reflex

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Tendency to open mouth, and search for nipple when touched on the cheek

Front 86

Rubinski Reflex

Back 86

Stroking the foot expands the toes

Front 87

Moro Reflex

Back 87

Flails out arms when put in awkward position

Front 88

Early social responses

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Love, smiles, fear

Front 89

Jean Piaget

Back 89

Studied how knowledge is acquired

Front 90

Schemas

Back 90

ways of looking at the world that organize our past experiences and provide a framework for

understanding our future experiences

Front 91

Assimilate

Back 91

to incorporate new experiences into our existing schemas

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Accommodate

Back 92

adjusting our schemas to fit the particulars of new experiences

Front 93

Object Permanence

Back 93

the awareness that objects continue to exist when not perceived

Front 94

Erikson's Stages of Development

Back 94

VERSES