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320 Cards in this Set
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Alex is friendly and outgoing, always having a kind word for everyone. From his behavior, _____________ , we can make inferences about his_________ .
A. that cannot be seen directly; state of mind B. what we directly observe; internal state C. or what is on his mind; future thoughts D. or internal intentions; external responses |
B
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While reading the morning newspaper, Jordan is struck by a headline proclaiming that, “Children who attend preschool read better in Kindergarten.” Which of the following questions Jordan asks herself best represents critical thinking skills?
A. Which preschools and how many children did they study? B. Should children in Kindergarten be reading already? C. Are there other possible explanations? D. Is it too early to put my child's name on the waiting list for preschool? |
C
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Ashley and Devon are college sophomores, both enrolled in Introductory Psychology. During a lecture on motivation, their professor says the research shows that women are attracted, both biologically and psychologically, to older men. Devon wonders about the implications of this information for her future dating. Ashley, on the other hand, knows several couples where the woman is older than the man, including her own parents. She quickly discounts her experiences as highly unusual and accepts the professor's information as fact. In this case, Devon ________________, and Ashley ___________________ .
A. evaluates the validity of the information presented in class as fact; applies the information presented in class to her own experiences B. is less likely to form simplistic judgments about why women behave this way; dismisses observations that do not agree with research supported findings C. reflects on what the information means; believes the professor is a credible person and would not teach something not factual D. believes everything her professor says; believes nothing the professor says |
C
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Memory researchers studying the capacity and duration of human memory have participants learn word lists and then record how many of the words they accurately remember after the passage of time and interference from new information. When an eyewitness to a crime identifies an attacker in court, this _____________ research might be used to illustrate the limits of memory.
A. applied B. basic C. elementary D. practical |
B
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On a dark and stormy night, a driver, unable to read an obstructed traffic sign, runs off of the road and crashes into a utility pole. Two scientists are called as experts in their field to testify in her defense. Scientist 1 testifies as to the limits of a person's ability to perceive information due to the structure of the visual system. Scientist 2 focuses on the circumstances surrounding the accident, specifically the driver's state of mind and the limited visibility of the sign. Both scientists are using research in defense of the driver. Scientist 1, ______________, and Scientist 2, ____________ .
A. Observable; tested B. applied; basic C. proven; circumstantial D. basic; applied |
D
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Research on memory processes shows us that upon being tested on a word list just learned, the majority of people will recall the words at the end of the list at a higher rate than the words in the middle of the list. This recency effect can be eliminated by involving the participants in a task that prohibits them from rehearsing the words. Using this principal, before Dr. Brown gives an exam, she asks that all books and notes be put away and then takes time to prevent the last minute cramming from being effective by giving the instructions for the exam, the grading procedures, and next week's lesson before allowing students to begin the exam. In this case, Dr. Brown is:
A. tempting students to cheat on the exam. B. relying on students' short-term memory to help them out. C. applying basic research principles in her course. D. collecting applied research data in her class |
C
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Attorney Smith has a client whose car license plate matches that of a car involved in a fatal hit-and-run accident. Desperate to free his client, he does a little investigating and learns that scientific studies show that in a number string of seven digits, people are most likely to reverse the order of the numbers in the fifth and sixth places. To his great delight, when he reverses the fifth and sixth numbers on the seven-digit plate, there are 14 other cars that now match the eyewitness's description of the hit-and-run vehicle. This is an excellent example of how:
A. basic research can also be applied to solve practical problems. B. looking for an alternative explanation pays off. C. applying an interpretation to your own situation is beneficial. D. temporary understanding can lead to interpretation |
A
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Susan goes to the park every Saturday morning. She usually watches the children playing on the playground while she stretches and warms up before her 3-mile jog. After several weeks, Susan notices that the little boys seem to be more aggressive in their play than little girls of the same age. Susan wonders why this is the case, speculating that parents were more permissive of the boys' play and more protective of the girls. Susan asks herself how one could change so that there would be no gender differences. Which of the scientific goals of psychology is Susan forgetting?
A. tentative understanding of the cause B. observation of how people behave C. application to enhance human welfare D. influencing behavior by controlling the cause |
C
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In many eyewitness studies, researchers carefully observe the “victim's” behavior under various conditions. The presence of a weapon appears to decrease eyewitness accuracy in identifying the perpetrator. To test whether or not this is true, researchers reenact a robbery both with and without a gun. As predicted, people viewing the robbery where a gun was used were far less accurate in their description of the robber. This knowledge has been used in courtroom cases, often discrediting eyewitness testimony. In this case, the victim's behavior corresponds to which of the central goals of psychology?
A. describe B. understand C. predict D. apply |
A
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In many eyewitness studies, researchers carefully observe the “victim's” behavior under various conditions. The presence of a weapon appears to decrease eyewitness accuracy in identifying the perpetrator. To test whether or not this is true, researchers reenact a robbery both with and without a gun. As predicted, people viewing the robbery where a gun was used were far less accurate in their description of the robber. This knowledge has been used in courtroom cases, often discrediting eyewitness testimony. In this case, the idea that the presence of a weapon decreases eyewitness accuracy corresponds to which of the central goals of psychology?
A. describe B. understand C. predict D. apply |
C
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The phenomenon of biofeedback holds that with practice, a person can consciously control certain bodily functions such as heart rate and blood pressure and ultimately reduce negative physical states such as anxiety and pain. This application of mind-body interactions provides support for mind-induced physical maladies such as death by:
A. magic curses B. natural causes C. endorphins D. starvation |
A
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In order for the birth of psychology to occur, mounting evidence from the areas of physiology, medicine, and psychophysics had to emerge. After all, if knowledge is gained through the senses and physical damage to areas of the brain are evidenced by behavioral changes, what does this mean for the exalted nature of human beings as a species? Which of the following ideas did not accompany the birth of psychology?
A. Observation is a more valid approach to knowledge than reason. B. Studying the behavior of other species gains insight into human behavior. C. Empirical methods used in the natural sciences could be used to study mental processes. D. Reason is a powerful tool in explaining both human and animal behavior |
D
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Two very early methods of studying human behavior through analysis of the mind and the consciousness were structuralism and functionalism. These two approaches are related in the same way that __________ and ________________ are related.
A. wax and cord; light from a candle B. building blocks; legos C. trees; the forest D. canvas; brush and paint |
A
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The early Structuralists used the method of ______________ to study mental processes. In some respects, this early cognitive school of thought has been replaced by modern _____________ .
A. introspection; psychophysics B. adaptive value; evolutionary psychology C. psychophysics; introspection D. functionalism; evolutionary psychology |
A
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Late in the 19th century, Darwin and Freud both advanced theories that were widely unpopular. Which of the ideas below did both Darwin's theory of evolution and Freud's theory of psychoanalysis support?
A. There is a lack of conscious control over our behaviors. B. There is human beings were exalted over other animal species. C. There is biological continuity between humans and other species. D. Psychological forces control behavior |
A
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Sharon is constantly talking, whether it is in person, on the phone, or even to herself. Sharon is unaware of her excessive talking problem, which according to Freud's psychodynamic perspective me
A. she is unable to stop the excessive talking behavior. B. the causes of her behavior must be unconscious. C. she has been denying herself food. D. she has a biological disease or bodily malfunction. |
B
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Sophia and Olivia meet for the first time in college when they are assigned to be roommates. They try unsuccessfully for hours to find something they might have in common. They are from different family backgrounds, Sophia is an only child, and Olivia is the oldest of four children. Sophia goes on dates every weekend, while Olivia rarely dates and spends most weekends studying. After separate visits to their therapists, they discover they have both been told they have a basic fear of men. Both deny this fear, but from the psychodynamic perspective, they share:
A. a conscious desire to increase their sexual impulses. B. a desire to suppress their inborn sexual drive. C. a lack of attention in puberty. D. inherited shyness. |
B
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In question 17, modern psychodynamic theorists might disagree with Freud as to the nature of the young women's fear of men, focusing more on:
A. hidden aggressive motives. B. hidden sexual motives. C. childhood sexuality. D. early family relationships. |
D
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Despite having lived nearly a century ago, Freud's legacy continues, with perhaps his greatest contribution being:
A. the research it inspired. B. the thousands of people psychodynamic therapy impacted. C. the research psychoanalysts conducted. D. the discrediting of hypnosis in therapy settings. |
A
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As a toddler, Aaron was very difficult to care for. He wanted constant attention and preferred his mother and grandmother's care to his father's. As an adult, Aaron is vain and a perfectionist. Although Freud and Watson might agree that __________________ shaped his adult personality, Watson might also say that his adult personality was influenced by ____________ .
A. too much attention; his immediate environment B. early childhood experiences; habits learned in early childhood C. unmet desire for attention; an innate drive for attention D. lack of identification with his father; a less than stimulating environment as an adult |
B
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It has been said that no two people on earth have the same parents in that parents respond to and treat each child differently. Watson and Skinner would probably___________ with this statement because __________________ .
A. disagree; siblings exhibit similarities learned from their parents B. disagree; one's environment changes based on one's responses to it C. agree; one's environment changes based on one's responses to it D. agree; siblings exhibit similarities learned from their parents |
C
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Unlike the Freudian therapists who believed in innate desires, behaviorists believe human personality is determined solely by the environment. Given these two perspectives, from which perspective might therapy be assumed to be more effective?
A. behaviorists, because what can be learned can be unlearned B. psychodynamic, because when one changes behavior, the root cause of that behavior disappears C. behaviorist, because it is easier to deal with the conscious processes and influences D. psychodynamic, because thoughts are easier to change than the environment |
A
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In response to the psychodynamic and behaviorist perspectives, the humanistic movement:
A. put more control of personality development in the hands of the individual. B. put less control of personality development in the hands of the individual. C. believed personality development could not be influenced by the environment or early childhood experiences. D. Believed most personality characteristics were predetermined. |
A
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Keri has always had a strong desire to paint. Her parents insist she go to college rather than the art school she wishes to attend. Her therapist, who studied psychology from the humanistic perspective, believes:
A. Keri will learn to appreciate another more lucrative career path in college and realize painting was only a teenage rebellion. B. Keri will become frustrated with college and not be able to fulfill herself. C. Keri will forget about painting and learn a new skill as she experiences new things. D. Keri will be successful in college but will treat others cruelly as if saying that if she can't be happy, no one else should be either. |
B
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When Gary loses his job, he becomes depressed and starts binge-eating, thus causing him to seek help from a therapist. To his surprise, the therapist is not at all interested in Gary's relationship with his mother, his family history, or basically anything about Gary's past. Instead, Dr. Thought focuses on what Gary is currently thinking and how he interprets those thoughts. Dr. Thought conducts therapy from a _________________ perspective.
A. psychoanalytic B. behaviorist C. humanistic D. cognitive |
D
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While standing in the desert one night appreciating the brilliant night sky, several psychologists, viewing the same sky, all had different experiences dependent upon their perspective. The functionalists concentrated on which of the following views?
A. the different colors and gases that comprise each star B. the constellations the stars form C. the stars as sources that provide heat and light D. the peaceful feeling the stars stirred within them |
C
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By the 1960s, behaviorists were losing ground for their theory on several fronts. Which of the following was not seen as a threat to behaviorism?
A. Piaget observed that children undertake new ways of thinking as they mature. B. Insight was observed in animals. C. Linguists believed humans are biologically designed to acquire language. D. There was an onslaught of computer phobias with the advances in computer technology. |
D
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The mind-body dualism problem has subsided with the advancement of brain-imaging techniques. In what way is this statement true?
A. Brain activity is linked to mental tasks. B. Electrical recording makes brain activity easier to detect. C. Single-cell functions are already identified in animals. D. Pictures of brain structure pinpoint exact areas in more detail. |
A
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If cognitive science is able to successfully develop a computer that thinks and reasons the way human beings do, what scientific goal may be met?
A. diminished or increased mental capacity B. elimination of lack of creativity C. elimination of human menial labor D. a better understanding of how humans think |
D
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Sam and Ben are brothers living in the same home, with the same two biological parents. Sam attends the local neighborhood school, while his younger brother, Ben, attends an exclusive private school. Sam is very proud of his home and frequently invites friends over to his house to study or just chill. Ben, on the other hand, does not want his classmates to see how poor his family is and is embarrassed by the small house his family lives in. In this case, the opposing views of the same home can be explained from a sociocultural perspective in the following way:
A. Ben's negative view of the world is a result of being the youngest child. B. Each boy's reality is shaped by his different social settings at school. C. Sam has more friends than Ben and is therefore more comfortable with his home. D. Ben's friends value money; whereas Sam's do not. |
B
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Levine et al discovered that in collectivistic countries students would consider marrying someone they did not love in contrast with the students of typically individualistic countries who would not consider marrying without love. The primary reason for this may be the influence of:
A. culture. B. biology. C. patriotism. D. economy |
A
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B. F. Skinner once said that he could raise children to be whatever he designed by controlling their environment. Now, behavior genetics show us that behavioral tendencies are influenced by genetic factors. Suppose three young children participated in an experiment. Child A is an identical twin to Child B. Child C is a sibling of Children A and B. After these three children are raised in totally different environments, measures of the magnitude of their similarities are taken. The most likely ordering of the Similarity magnitudes is:
A. C > B = A B. B > A > C C. A = B = C D. A = B > C |
D
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In western cultures, women are considered the primary caregivers of infants and children. As the population ages and the need for elderly care increases, this role, too, may fall to women. From a sociocultural perspective, it can be argued that it is the cultural norms that would predict this. From an evolutionary perspective:
A. women are biologically predetermined to be caregivers. B. women receive societal rewards for the ability to give care. C. women learn from an early age to care for others. D. women understand that survival depends on the weakest in the group |
A
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Sandra is a bright young woman with a promising career in Investment Banking. Although she dates interesting men, marriage is not something Sandra wants in her future. She is happy and quite content to remain single and child-free. Her lack of a “maternal instinct” has caused enough argument in her family to the point now where she is nearly ostracized. Her co-workers think she will change her mind and want children eventually. Which psychological perspective offers the most satisfactory explanation of Sandra's behavior?
A. behaviorist—Sandra has seen other successful women who do not need children to lead satisfying lives. (learned) B. psychodynamic—Sandra had a very unhappy childhood and, on an unconscious level, does not wish to be reminded of it. (unconscious) C. humanistic—Sandra is striving to make a better life for herself and has the right to put her personal happiness above the happiness of any children she might have. (self-rewarding) D. both a and b |
D
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Sandra is a bright young woman with a promising career in Investment Banking. Although she dates interesting men, marriage is not something Sandra wants in her future. She is happy and quite content to remain single and child-free. Her lack of a “maternal instinct” has caused enough argument in her family to the point now where she is nearly ostracized. Her co-workers think she will change her mind and want children eventually. We can make an effort to understand her behavior using three levels of analysis. In this case, a possible explanation for the family pressure to have children would be:
A. biological B. psychological C. environmental D. mental |
C
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Dr. Pilgrim has been a practicing therapist for thirty years. One day a puzzling case forces him to question his methods as a scientist. A young man has come to him seeking help for depression. The man's history and presenting symptoms point to a diagnosis of depression, and yet Dr. Pilgrim's intuition is suggesting something else. Does he follow his intuition or the information he has observed?
A. intuition—he has experience that dictates better than a textbook. B. intuition—more probing to obtain knowledge cannot hurt. C. observation—psychology is empirical and favors direct observation. D. observation—the simplest explanation is always the best |
C
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The American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Psychological Society (APS) are two of the largest organizations of professional psychologists. Many psychologists are members of and contribute to both organizations. Karen has been working in the cognitive neurosciences area for several years and as a new Ph.D., with limited funds can only afford membership in one organization this year. As a researcher with no clinical interests, she may be better suited for _____________ .
A. APA, due to the organizations strong emphasis on research B. APS, due to the organizations strong emphasis on research C. neither APA nor APS, as they are both clinically oriented D. neither one over the other, as they both have a similar focus |
B
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Since he was a little boy, David has wanted to help people be happier and he always thought he would be a doctor when he grew up. As a sophomore in college, he is being pressured by his school to declare a major but he is reluctant to commit to Pre-Med. David has seen the overuse of medications, and he believes he can help people without them. Which of the following career paths in psychology might David consider?
A. clinical psychology B. educational psychology C. organizational psychology D. a masters in social work |
A
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Julie wants to earn good grades in college and always plans to spend enough time studying to succeed. However, Julie's apartment is a mess, and although it is the quietest place to study, she cannot study while there are dishes in the sink and laundry that needs to be done. By the time she cleans up, she is tired and deserves a break, so she watches her favorite television shows. At 11:00 p.m. Julie is too tired to study and often falls asleep before she has read even two pages. Julie has a problem with:
A. using an active approach to learning. B. prioritizing her tasks C. finding a suitable study place D. playing music too loud to concentrate |
B
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Julie wants to earn good grades in college and always plans to spend enough time studying to succeed. However, Julie's apartment is a mess, and although it is the quietest place to study, she cannot study while there are dishes in the sink and laundry that needs to be done. By the time she cleans up, she is tired and deserves a break, so she watches her favorite television shows. At 11:00 p.m. Julie is too tired to study and often falls asleep before she has read even two pages. From a behavioral perspective, Julie's environment and learning experiences have shaped her behavior. In order to improve her study habits, which of the following would a behaviorist have Julie do first?
A. Study in the library on campus. B. Develop a written study schedule. C. Identify why it is she really does not want to succeed. D. Hire a housekeeper to clean her apartment. |
A
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Unlike the creatures portrayed in Science fiction books and films, mutations in nature make the _______________ of the human species possible.
A. continuation B. strength C. evolution D. stability |
C
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It is may be a common misinterpretation of Darwin's natural selection principle that successful behaviors survive and are passed to the next generation. In reality, what is passed on from one generation to the next is the physical structure only. It is the interaction of two factors, ____________________________, that produce a behavior.
A. biological and environmental B. environmental and psychological C. biological and psychological D. environmental and traditional |
A
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As can be seen by the correlation between the growth of our ancestors brain's and their higher mental processes ability,
A. as the size of the brain increased, their behavior became more complex. B. as their behavior changed, the size of the brain increased. C. the two factors increased together, but causality cannot be determined. D. higher mental processes caused the size of the brain to increase |
C
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If our ancestor's mental abilities increased in parallel with the increase in brain size, why has the size of our brains not continued increasing?
A. The human skull is currently as large as the exoskeleton will support. B. Factors other than the brain also determine human capabilities. C. Although humans continue to evolve, language, memory, and attention are fully developed. D. This evolutionary mechanism is still at work; it just evolves slower than previously thought |
B
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Developmental psychologists created a method whereby even infants too young to have language skills can communicate memory skills. Jane breastfeeds her infant daughter but after a sudden illness, Jane found it necessary to supplement the bottles of her breast milk with some bottles of donor breast milk for her daughter's feeding. Jane noticed that when offered the donor milk, her daughter usually finished less of the milk than she did when Jane's own milk was in the bottle. This human behavior is:
A. adaptive in that it improves bonding between the infant and caregivers. B. adaptive in that it prevents the infant from being exposed to foreign bacteria. C. maladaptive in that it decreases the chance for survival if the caregiver is killed. D. maladaptive in that it monopolizes the caregivers time |
A
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In Nazi Germany, family members were often forced to choose between saving the life of one family member at the cost of the life of another family member. When mothers chose to save the life of their child rather than their husband, an evolutionary perspective on this decision might be that this choice:
A. increases the likelihood her genes will be passed on as younger people have more reproductive value. B. decreases the likelihood her genes will be passed on as older people have more reproductive value. C. increases the likelihood of her own survival as younger children do not need as many sources to survive. D. decreases the likelihood her genes will be passed on as she has lost her mate |
A
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Does an evolutionary perspective of human behavior mean that we are less likely to be able to change our own behavior because remote causes have resulted in natural selection leaving the current environment little influence?
A. No; the role of mutations causes behavior to be less than hard-wired. B. No; the role of proximate causes is also a recognized influence on behavior. C. Yes; if a behavior is adaptive, then continuation of the genes supercedes the current environment. D. Yes; biology is a far greater influence, as it is a more stable factor |
B
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Carol has average size hands for a woman. Her mother has rather large hands and her father, relatively small hands for a man. Carol's sister says Carol has a combination of the large and small hands resulting in Carol's medium hand size. Carol has studied genetics in school and knows this is not true because __________________ traits are passed on, not _______________ ones.
A. physical; averages B. averaged; exact C. specific; blended D. mutated; adaptive |
C
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Janice knows she has many athletic abilities she has not developed partly because she lacks the interest. One might say these abilities are part of her ________________ .
A. phenotype B. genotype C. phylotype D. naturotype |
B
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Stephen has blue eyes, and his wife has brown eyes. Both of their children have brown eyes. Their eldest son marries a woman with blue eyes, and they are now expecting their first baby. Is it possible for the child to be born with blue eyes?
A. Yes; the eldest son may carry the recessive gene for blue eyes. B. Yes; as with any child there is an equal chance for either eye color occurring. C. No; as long as one parent has brown eyes the child will have brown eyes. D. No; the recessive blue eye gene stopped with Stephen |
A
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Unlike a blueprint for a house, a person's genetic blueprint is not always observable. Identical twins may have the same _______________ but given different environmental influences, their _______________ may be quite unique.
A. heritability; DNA B. phenotype; genotype C. characteristics; DNA D. genotype; phenotype |
D
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Marilyn and Margaret are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different parts of the country in different environments. When as adults they were reunited, researchers compared them on several psychological characteristics. Compared to identical twins who have been raised together, Marilyn and Margaret probably have:
A. even more characteristics in common as they were not trying to compete for individuality. B. the same level of similarity from those raised together. C. fewer characteristics in common because of different environmental influences. D. as much in common on their psychological characteristics had they been fraternal twins. |
C
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In a large communications network such as the national telephone company, the actual cables and transmissions could be analogous to the body's _____________, while the technicians and mechanics who support the equipment are analogous to the body's ________________ .
A. neurons; glial cells B. brain; blood C. chemicals; electricity D. neurotransmitters; glucose |
A
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The balance of a scale, in response to increasing or decreasing weight activity, continuously readjusts with each activity no matter how small or large. ____________, the nerve impulse as part of an electrochemical transmission operates on a(n) _____________ .
A. Similarly; additive principle B. Similarly; adjusting principle C. In contrast; all-or-nothing principle D. In contrast; strength principle |
C
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In our fat-conscious culture, the idea of a fatty tissue or substance being a desirable thing to have may sound foreign. However, this fatty substance is important to the body's communication system in that it can aid in the speed of the messages the neurons send. This substance forms:
A. the graded potentials B. the action potential C. neurotransmitters D. the myelin sheath |
D
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College students who attend social functions any given Friday night are well aware of the meaning of the terms, excite and inhibit. For instance, many students feel that engaging in risky behavior is exciting and now that they are away from home they no longer feel inhibited. Or when Fred sees a gorgeous woman walk by, his body sends him a message telling him he is excited. In this social setting he may be feeling less inhibited such that he acts on the message and asks the woman to dance. This communication system is similar to the way neurotransmitters operate. They either:
A. excite the neurons or find them boring. B. prevent neurons from firing or inhibit firing. C. transmit exciting messages or no message at all. D. excite neurons or inhibit them from firing |
D
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Before technological advances enabled us to know otherwise, scientists thought neurons communicated with each other through direct physical contact. With the advent of the electron microscope, the _________ or gap between the neurons is evident. Rather than direct contact, the communication continued through ____________________ .
A. axon terminals; neurotransmitters B. synapse; action potentials C. synapse; neurotransmitters D. dendrites; action potentials |
C
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Ron, a middle-aged bank executive, is in excellent health. Ron jogs five miles four times a week, keeps his weight at a healthy point, and eats a well-balanced diet. He is particularly worried about the effects of aging as both of his parents developed Alzheimer's disease in their later years. Recently Ron has been receiving Botox injections to reduce the wrinkles on his forehead. Little does he know that the Botox injections he receives and the aging disease he so dreads have this neurotransmitter in common.
A. Seratonin B. Acetylcholine C. Botulism D. Endorphins |
B
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Tess, a college sophomore, does not smoke, drink alcohol or take recreational drugs. She does, however, procrastinate in studying for her exams and drinks excessive amounts of coffee and diet colas in order to stay awake to cram for those exams. Caffeine acts as an ______________ for adenosine, providing Tess with more available energy.
A. antagonist B. agonist C. excitatory drug D. epinephrine |
A
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Given that nearly half of all college students are currently or have smoked cigarettes, it becomes important to be aware of the effects of tobacco on behavior. When dopamine is released in the body, it may increase levels of energy and pleasure. As a(n) ______________, nicotine stimulates activity of dopamine.
A. exhibitionist B. inhibitor C. agonist D. antagonist |
C
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By the time Beth's friends arrived at the party, Beth appeared to be quite drunk. Even though she insisted she only had the nonalcoholic punch to drink, she had trouble walking and appeared helpless. If her friends had been able to examine Beth's neuronal activity at the time they would have learned that the increased action of the inhibitory transmitter GABA was responsible for this behavior. Apparently, ______________ had been added to the punch.
A. zinc fingers B. gamma hydroxybutyrate C. norepinephrine D. neuromodulators |
B
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Ashley enjoys listening to classical music. The ___________________ neurons are primarily responsible for her ability to do so.
A. motor B. sensory C. excitatory D. interneurons |
B
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Ashley's parents do not like the newer techno music that Ashley and her friends listen to but prefer the old show tunes to which they can sing along. Along with the neurons that help them sense the music, the ___________________ neurons link that music with their memory for the old show tunes.
A. interneurons B. sensory C. motor D. inhibitory |
A
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Ursula is sound asleep one night when she is suddenly awakened by a loud noise coming from her back yard. She gets out of bed and moves to the window in order to see what made the noise. Ursula is relying on her _________________ nervous system.
A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. autonomic D. somatic |
D
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After a very loud noise in her back yard woke her from a sound sleep, Ursula is lying in bed paralyzed by fear. Her heart is pounding, her face is flushed, and there is a sinking feeling in the pit of her stomach. The ________________ nervous system is responsible for Ursula's body reactions to the noise:
A. autonomic B. automatic C. voluntary D. somatic |
A
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In the wilds of northern Canada, Joe is elk hunting with some college friends. After the hunters separate in search of a lone elk, Joe finds himself staring straight into the eyes of a grizzly bear. Joe's heart rate increases, and as he runs through the woods praying the bear is not following him, he is aware that he has never run faster. Joe has his __________________ nervous system to thank for his speedy flight.
A. central B. sympathetic C. parasympathetic D. somatic |
B
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Mark's father had triple bypass surgery a week ago and has been told by his doctor's to reduce the stress in his life in general and at least for the next several weeks try to maintain calmness about him. After opening a letter from school containing Mark's poor semester grades, his father does his biofeedback exercises in an effort to return his blood pressure to normal and his muscles back to relaxation. For this to work, his _______________ nervous system is working overtime.
A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic C. homeostatic D. central |
A
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Lucy and her older brother Louis have developed quite a fierce sibling rivalry. On vacation in Mexico with their father, Louis and Lucy were being relatively well behaved until one afternoon when Lucy accidentally stepped on her brother's foot and he automatically punched her. Louis apologized profusely saying that he just reacted and didn't even have time to think about what he did before he did it. Louis might claim that his brain was unaware of what he was doing at the time he punched Lucy because this type of response is considered a:
A. nervous twitch B. muscular reflex C. shortcut reflex D. spinal reflex |
D
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Alexis is riding her bicycle to school one day and slides on some loose gravel at the bottom of a hill. Her bike flies out from under her and she looses consciousness. At the hospital Alexis does not seem oriented to the situation and cannot remember even riding her bike let alone falling. The doctors wish to take pictures of the structure of her brain to determine whether or not there are injuries. To do this, they use a
A. electroencephalogram (EEG) B. chemical stimulation technique C. computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan D. positron emission tomography (PET) scan |
C
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George has agreed to participate in a memory experiment where both the structure of his brain and the brain activity will be captured as he performs various memory tasks. He has been assured he will not be exposed to X-rays and the procedure is relatively non- intrusive. George will be having:
A. brain lesioning B. neuropsychological tests C. positron emission tomography (PET) scan D. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
D
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After partying with friends one night, Angela got into her new car to drive herself home. She had been drinking and was involved in a tragic accident. The doctor's at the hospital kept Angela alive on life support systems until her parents arrived. They explained to Angel's grief stricken parents that her _________________ had been damaged and without life support she would die.
A. thalamus B. forebrain C. medulla D. cerebellum |
C
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At Party University the freshman hazing involved chugging fifths of vodka. When two naïve young men fell unconscious after finishing the bottles of vodka, their girlfriends rushed them to the emergency room. It seems their basic body functions had been suppressed by the alcohol and they died from heart failure. Which portion of the brain governs these vital body functions?
A. cerebellum B. medulla C. corpus callosum D. motor neurons |
B
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Julie was a concert pianist until in a serious skiing accident she sustained severe damage to her _________________________ so that she was no longer able to control the timing and coordination of her motor movements.
A. cerebellum B. reticulum C. thalamus D. hypothalamus |
A
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During the championship soccer match Alex, the key defender, suffered a severe kick to the ride side of his head from the striker on the opposing team. The nerve damage he sustained was immediately evident on the right side of his face. When Alex moved from the ambulance gurney to his hospital bed, the paralysis on the ____________ side of his body indicated severe damage to his ______________.
A. Right; left motor cortex B. Right; right motor cortex C. Left; left motor cortex D. Left; right motor cortex |
D
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Kyle is a successful trial attorney, particularly adept at his ability to verbally out maneuver his opponents in the courtroom. Last month Kyle was diagnosed with a degenerative brain disorder so rare that doctors were unable to tell Kyle which part of his brain would be affected and how it would progress. Kyle now wonders how long he will be able to continue working because he is having trouble understanding what his clients are telling him. He hears the words; he is just unable to make sense of their meaning. __________________ area of the brain is apparently involved in his disease.
A. Wernicke's B. Reticular's C. Broca's D. Sacks' |
A
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In the Stoddard et al (1997) study, both the environmental and biological factors that may have contributed to criminal behavior were explored. The men's frontal lobe activity was assessed with PET scans, and when compared to the PET scans of the control participants, results showed that in general:
A. neither the environmental nor the biological factors influenced behavior. B. the environmental and biological factors were equally important factors. C. the environmental factors were less important than the biological factors. D. the biological factors were less important than the environmental factors. |
C
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Jason suffered severe epilepsy and had his corpus callosum cut to keep the seizures from spreading to both hemispheres of his brain. This procedure also inhibits ____________ .
A. impulse control and consequences influence B. motor planning functions C. speech and language functions D. communication between the two hemispheres of the brain |
D
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Caleb is a split-brain patient who volunteers to demonstrate to Dr. Jones psychology classes the effects of his condition. Dr. Jones controls whether objects are presented to either Caleb's right or left visual field. When Dr. Jones presents an ordinary pencil to the right side of Caleb's visual field, he is __________________ due to the language-rich _________
hemisphere. A. able to verbally describe the pencil; left B. unable to verbally describe the pencil; left C. able to verbally describe the pencil; right D. unable to verbally describe the pencil; right |
A
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When Leslie was born, the doctor delivering her used forceps applied incorrectly. As a result, Leslie suffered a basal skull fracture and spent the first two weeks of her life in intensive care. Doctor's told Leslie's parents that she would experience a full recovery but that same fracture is often fatal in twenty year olds. The most likely reason for this is:
A. Leslie's injury received immediate care. B. brains have greater plasticity later in life. C. the number of synapses increases along with development. D. young children have more brain synapses |
D
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The nervous system and the endocrine system work together using different methods to convey information throughout the body. As communication systems, the nervous system uses nerve impulses to ________________ convey information and the endocrine system uses hormones to ______________________.
A. quickly; strengthen the communication B. quickly; sustain a more long-term influence of information C. gradually; quickly deploy the information D. gradually; gradually decrease the impulses influence |
B
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One night on a family camping trip, Samantha is lying awake in her tent thinking about the cute boy she has a crush on at school. All of a sudden, she sees a bright flash of light, so bright, in fact, that it lights the entire inside of the tent. Before she can even lean over to wake her sister, there is a loud rumble that seems to shake the ground she is sleeping on. The light and the rumble are ________________ Samantha, and she _______________ the phenomena as a thunderstorm.
A. startling to; identifies B. perceived by; senses C. sensed by; perceives D. perceived by; knows |
C
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Terry enjoys riding his bike long distances. While riding along busy city streets, Terry must be aware of the vehicles that approach him and then pass him. With expertise, Terry is able to sense an approaching car nearly 90% of the time. This sensitivity means Terry has a (n)_______________ threshold for vehicle detection.
A. low B. high C. absolute D. ultimate |
A
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Alexis is participating in a perception experiment where she will be paid $10 for every letter she sees flashed briefly on a computer screen. If Alexis says there is a letter but there is not, she is not penalized—she just does not receive $10 for those responses. Given this situation, Alexis will do well financially to set her decision criterion __________
A. high; this will prevent making false alarms. B. high; she'll commit more false alarms but also increase her “hits.” C. low; she'll commit more false alarms but also increase her “hits.” D. low; this will prevent making false alarms. |
C
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Judge Anderson is asked to try a date-rape case this afternoon involving a 17-year-old male defendant and the 15-year-old female victim. Whether Judge Anderson has a teenage son or a teenage daughter himself may influence where he _____________ .
A. sets his absolute threshold B. sets his decision criterion C. sets his subliminal criterion D. sets his perceptual signals |
B
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Jane believes she has very low self-esteem. She would like to think better of herself and considers buying some “self-esteem enhancing” tapes at the bookstore. The instructions say to listen to the tapes every night just before bedtime and to experience the benefits of increased self-esteem in just one month. Given the current research on the effectiveness of subliminal messages, if Jane buys the tapes and follows the program, she might:
A. not notice a difference in her self-esteem as the effects are subliminal. B. greatly enhance her self-esteem as the messages have a powerful effect. C. be wasting her money as subliminal messages are not perceived. D. experience enhanced self-esteem due to the placebo effect. |
D
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Jennifer likes to play very loud music while she studies. Upset by how loud the music is, her mother insists Jennifer turn the music down. After ten minutes, Jennifer's mom asks her daughter once again to please turn down the volume of the music. Jennifer insists she already turned it down although her mother swears it is as loud as it always was. The fact that Jennifer hears the music as softer and her mother experiences the volume as unchanged indicates that, clearly, Jennifer and her mother have different ___________________________ .
A. absolute thresholds B. principles of Weber's Law C. difference thresholds D. tolerance levels |
C
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As Jesse closes her eyes, her friend Joe puts two tiny boxes in Jesse's hands. In her right hand, the box is empty, but the box in her left hand contains two small Hershey's kisses. Jesse has no problem picking the box in her left hand as the heavier of the two. However, Joe next takes two equal 2-pound bags of candy and adds the two small kisses to one of the bags. Then Joe puts a bag of chocolate kisses in each of her hands and Jesse is unable to pick which one has the extra kisses. This inability to perceive the weight in the second situation can be explained by:
A. sensory adaptation. B. Weber's law. C. absolute threshold. D. Jesse's dislike for chocolate |
B
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Elizabeth is on a business trip. She is staying in a nice hotel in the heart of the big city. Unfortunately, Elizabeth is unable to fall asleep because her room is on a busy street and the traffic noise is constant. Eventually, Elizabeth's sensory neurons will respond to the constant traffic noise and ____________________.
A. increase their activity, thereby diminishing her sensitivity to the noise B. increase their activity and therefore increase Elizabeth's sensory threshold C. decrease their activity, thereby diminishing her sensitivity to the noise D. decrease their activity and therefore increase Elizabeth's sensory threshold |
C
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Christy's new shoes are very tight, but the salesperson assured her the leather would stretch with wear. At first Christy winces in pain with every step, but by the time she gets to the bus stop, she hardly notices the pain her shoes cause. Fortunately, the feel of the tight shoes had faded from her awareness so she was able to focus on traffic and avoid the crazy bus driver who almost ran her down. This experience is an example of the ____________________ nature of our senses.
A. sensitive B. adaptive C. transductive D. ecological |
B
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Gary's grandfather has not been able to read Gary a bedtime story for quite some time now. Grandpa says his eyes are just getting tired very early in the evening but Gary knows that his grandfather is unable to focus on reading because the lens in his eyes have become unable to focus the words directly onto the retina. His grandfather's lens's are:
A. too thin, so the image is focused too far from the lens. B. too thin, so the image is focused too near the lens. C. too thick, so the image is focused too far from the lens. D. too thick, so the image is focused too near the lens. |
A
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The owl and other nocturnal creatures need exceptional vision due to the low levels of light at night when they are hunting for food. Because their ability to survive depends on this keen sense of sight, their retinas contain _________________ .
A. more cones than rods B. more rods than cones C. cones but no rods D. rods but no cones |
D
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Sheri is participating in a psychology experiment. She is seated in a dimly lighted room and is told to look straight ahead at the blank screen. Sheri's task is to detect points of light as they appear on the screen. Sheri will be paid $10 for every point of light she correctly detects. Several minutes into the experiment, Sheri is discouraged by how few light points she is seeing, so she changes her strategy and starts focusing off to the side of the screen rather than in the middle as she had been. Sure enough, by the end of the experiment, Sheri has enough money to buy the pizza for tonight's study group. Sheri's new strategy worked because:
A. the image then fell on the part of the retina more densely packed with cones B. the image then fell on the part of the retina more densely packed with rods C. the image then fell on the outside of the retina where the cones are more dense D. the image then fell on the fovea where the dim light is more easily detected |
B
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While Kevin is doing his homework, his mother insists he sit at his desk and use the desk lamp so he can see the books better. This is especially important when Kevin is working on his:
A. painting B. reading C. vocabulary list D. math problems |
A
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Perhaps the most dangerous time of day to drive a car is twilight. The low levels of light at this time of day hinder our ability to see other cars. In fact, from what we know about the capabilities of the rods and cones in low illumination, the safest color of car to be driving would be:
A. red B. white C. yellow D. blue |
C
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At a party last Friday night, Jared played a game similar to a scavenger hunt. Each child was given a list of ten items to retrieve from the kitchen within three minutes. The twist was that the lights in the kitchen were turned off and the shades were drawn leaving the room in complete blackness. One by one the children would emerge from the room having found only two or three of the items. Jared, who had just learned about dark adaptation in school, easily won the game
by: A. eating several carrots before taking his turn at the game. B. keeping his eyes closed while in the kitchen and relying on memory. C. wearing a blindfold before and during the game to keep the other senses sharp. D. letting his eyes adjust in a dark room until it was his turn to play the game. |
D
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Jessica likes to play her stereo very loud on Saturday nights. Her upstairs neighbor keeps complaining that the music is causing his apartment walls to shake. This complaint is ______________, as the amplitude of the sound waves _____________________ .
A. valid; influence the pressure waves in the air B. valid; distort her neighbors sense of stability C. invalid; is a chemical process only and can not be physically sensed D. invalid; depends on the type of music not the decibel level |
A
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One thing that makes the visual system unique is the feature detector neurons that respond to the ___________ characteristics of the stimuli being viewed.
A. potential B. specific C. general D. overall |
B
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Susan suffered from Scarlet fever when she was three years old. The primary residual damage is lost hearing in her left ear. Susan has been able to compensate well, asking people to speak louder and always sitting in the front row in her school classrooms. She still has difficulty, however, with _______________ due to her impaired binaural system.
A. detecting high amplitude sound waves B. sound localization C. motion sickness D. stimuli feature detection |
B
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Susan had Scarlet fever when she was three years old. The resulting damage most obvious is deafness in her left ear. This deafness is believed to be caused by damaged receptors or damage to her auditory nerve itself. The Acme Hearing Aid Company has a new product that the sales representative is ready to sell Susan for only $3,000. Should Susan invest in a hearing aid?
A. Yes, it is important to maintain hope and try new treatments. B. Yes, the sounds entering the ear will be amplified by the aid. C. No, she should wait until the new device has been on the market longer. D. No, nerve deafness cannot be helped by a hearing aid |
D
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Susan's teenage son, Jeffrey plays his music very loud. Susan now asks him to wear earphones but she can still hear the music when he has the earphones on! Jeffrey should be concerned because:
A. his mother will ground him if he continues to play the music loudly. B. he risks damaging the receptors in his inner ear. C. the decibel level can prevent the cochlea for receiving sound waves. D. he is at risk for conduction deafness. |
B
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Joe really enjoys a good meal. Unfortunately, through the years, Joe has also enjoyed chewing tobacco and now has cancer of the tongue. After surgery in which most of his tongue is removed, Joe worries that he has lost all ability to taste food. This is a(n) _______________ worry on Joe's part as ____________________ .
A. unfounded; his olfactory sense will compensate B. unfounded; there are taste buds on the roof and back of the mouth C. legitimate; tobacco destroyed his ability to taste sweetness D. legitimate; his food will no longer have any taste |
B
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Leslie and her roommates shared a house throughout their freshman and sophomore years at college. After all of the time spent together at their house, the women noticed that their menstrual cycles became very similar. Leslie assured her roommates that this was a coincidence because she and her twin sister lived together for 18 years and their cycles were about nine days apart. Leslie is ______________ in her statement because_______.
A. incorrect; she and her sister's cycles became less in synchrony when they went to college B. incorrect; prolonged contact with her sister may not be conducive to the effect C. correct; this is coincidence because her twin sister was not affected D. correct; this effect is an old wives tale and is not supported scientifically |
B
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Janice just spent half of her first paycheck on the newest perfume guaranteed to attract members of the opposite sex. She read all about the effect of pheromones and how they can make people more sexually attractive. After all, if she needed convincing about the power of odors all she had to do was watch the neighborhood male dogs around her dog, Lady, when Lady went into heat. Janice should:
A. have saved her money, the research is inconclusive regarding the effects of pheromones on human sexual attraction. B. have saved her money, pheromones are the product of marketers and do not exist naturally in the world. C. be very careful, she may not have control over the number of men she will attract using the perfume. D. be optimistic about the outcome as research has supported the instant sexual attraction pheromones produce |
A
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John had his left foot amputated after getting it caught in the lawnmower. John's emotional pain was accompanied by an additional problem. John had always suffered from Athlete's Foot as a teenager and even after his foot was amputated the itching he felt on the bottom of his feet persisted. John would find relief soonest if he were to:
A. apply foot powder to his stump B. imagine scratching the itchy foot C. see a therapist D. be fitted with a prosthetic |
D
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Angela went to visit her friend, Joan, who just had a baby. The sad news was that the baby was born blind, but Joan explained that the baby was making remarkable progress because of a new sensory prosthetic. Angela was very anxious to hold the baby and was not surprised when the baby resisted being held. What did surprise Angela was that when Joan walked back into the room, the baby reached out to be picked up! Joan explained that:
A. her baby can detect objects with a sensory device that uses sound waves. B. her baby's tongue's tactile stimulation is used as a substitute for visual input. C. her baby has developed a habit of only reaching for people who do not reach for her. D. her baby had a cochlear implant which aids her in detecting the presence of her mother |
A
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Sammy is a little boy who was born and raised in a large city. When his parents sent him to summer camp at the age of five, Sammy had never been in the country before and seen animals other than on TV. While driving through the countryside on the way to camp, Sammy saw an animal off in the distance. He noticed the four legs, the long tail, and long mane and decided it must be a horse. Sammy was primarily using __________________.
A. central processing B. bottom-up processing C. top-down processing D. individual processing |
B
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Benjamin is a 5-year-old boy who loves horses. In fact, he has been taking riding lessons since he was able to walk. On a drive in the country one day, Benjamin saw an animal off in the distance and immediately decided it was an appaloosa, a particular breed of horse. In this case, Benjamin was using _________________ .
A. top-down processing B. bottom-up processing C. central processing D. individual processing |
A
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Alex loves baseball and especially his hometown team. As a matter of fact, he knows all of the statistics for each player and can often accurately predict which pitch a pitcher will throw to a specific batter and which pitches a batter will tend to miss. Alex is using his knowledge of baseball and his past experiences to perceive new information at each game. Alex is relying on _____________________ .
A. analysis processing B. motivational processing C. bottom-up processing D. top-down processing |
D
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Karen's new job keeps her very busy and has forced her to change some of her routines. For instance, with no time to shop for groceries during daytime working hours, Karen stops at the market on her way home from the office every Wednesday. After two months following her new routine, Karen notices that she is spending more money on groceries than she has in the past. Karen's attention may be affected by the fact that:
A. the task is no longer holding her attention B. The repetition of the task attracts her attention C. she is hungry at the end of the day and more sensitive to the food-related cues D. she is now earning more money and no longer watches her food budget |
C
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George is giving a speech on a very controversial topic to a group of his colleagues. Although his message is generally being well received, he quickly notices the unhappy face of a former student and successfully ducks before the tomato the student hurled at him reached the podium. George was able to detect the unhappy student out of the sea of smiling faces because:
A. detecting happy faces is biologically adaptive in that it improves your mood B. he was expecting everyone to be unhappy C. people tend to filter out positive images more often than negative images D. people are especially attentive to stimuli that threaten their personal safety |
D
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When relying on bottom-up processing, the description of an object, feature by feature, may not capture the true description of the whole object. ____________________ would say this is the very reason to rely on top-down processing as well.
A. Perceptual psychologists B. Evolutionary theorists C. Gestalt theorists D. Environmental psychologists |
C
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Joe and Joanne were standing outside one night, looking at the stars and enjoying the beautiful evening. Joe notices that the moon is full and comments on the perfect circular shape to Joanne. Joanne, however, knows the full moon is not for two more nights and, when she looks closely, can see that a small sliver of the circle is missing. Joe continues to swear the moon is full because of the:
A. law of similarity B. law of closure C. law of proximity D. law of continuity |
B
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According to the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization, what is seen by us, is created by us and not the stimuli. So when we link individual stimuli together because that way the figure makes more sense to us we are demonstrating the:
A. law of continuity B. law of closure C. law of similarity D. law of proximity |
A
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Three men rented a Jeep and went deer hunting one weekend. Not quite to their destination, but out in the middle of nowhere, the Jeep broke down. One of the men volunteered to walk back to the road in attempt to find help while the other two men waited by the car. After finding a nearby farmhouse and using the telephone to call a tow truck, the man went back to his buddies to wait. Unaware their friend was on his way back so soon, when the two men at the car heard rustling and saw movement off in a distance they shot the “deer” and ran out to the woods to inspect their kill. To their great horror, they had shot and killed their friend. This tragedy might be explained by:
A. the lack of attention to the stimuli in the woods B. the figure and the ground being confused C. the sensory input being perceived in a bottom-up fashion D. the sensory input being perceived in a top-down fashion |
D
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Julie and Jason were on a blind date. Jason was very excited to go and expected the evening to go well. Julie only agreed to go on the date to help out her best friend who was responsible for entertaining her cousin while he was in town. Julie knew she would have a terrible time. Sure enough, the next day Julie was telling her best friend, Kate how boring the evening was and how time seemed to drag all evening. Kate was shocked to hear this as her cousin, Jason, had just spent the morning telling her how wonderful Julie was and how much they had in common. Jason was planning on asking Julie out on another date very soon. How could Kate explain that Julie and Jason had been on the same date last night?
A. The couple's perceptions were influenced by their expectations. B. The couple's perceptions were influenced by their past experiences. C. Jason has a higher threshold for pain than does Julie. D. The attention each of the couple paid the other influenced their perceptions |
A
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Ben is practicing his new saxophone when his Dad walks in the room and praises Ben for the good job playing the song, “Three blind mice.” Even though Ben's version of the tune was unlike any other version he had ever heard, his Dad was able to recognize the familiar tune because of:
A. perceptual biases B. perceptual sets C. perceptual constancies D. perceptual schemas |
C
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Becky is very sad when it is time to say good-bye to her Grandmother. Her mother and father load the luggage into the car while Becky gives Grandma one last hug good-bye. As the family car drives away, Becky keeps waving to her Grandmother until her Grandmother has gotten so small she can no longer see her. Suddenly Becky bursts into tears, crying that her Grandmother just got smaller and small until she disappeared and Becky is afraid she is dead! What Becky does not understand is that perception utilizes principals of:
A. proximity B. continuity C. size constancy D. shape constancy |
C
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When perceiving the distance of an object, Matt tends to rely on the relative size of the object, as well as the texture and clarity of the object. These rely on his __________ cues.
A. monocular B. binocular C. focal D. auditory |
A
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In preschool, Abe made a little book with pictures of a stick figure. Abe made sure that the picture on each page differed from the picture on the page before it only slightly, in fact, unnoticeably when you turned the pages slowly. However, when you flip through the pages of the book as fast as you can, the stick figure appears to be walking off the right side of the page. This perceived motion is known as:
A. convergence cues B. binocular disparity C. movement illusions D. stroboscopic movement |
D
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After being blind since birth, 10-year-old Jessica had her vision restored through the miracle of modern technology. Her parents had been warned that it would take some time before Jessica would totally adjust to her new sense of vision. However, they became concerned when Jessica started closing her eyes when she sat down to eat dinner each evening. Jessica explained to them that she could identify objects better through touch than she could through sight. Jessica's story illustrates that when it comes to our perceptual abilities:
A. they are present at birth. B. experience plays an important role in their development. C. cultural expectations determine how they develop. D. innate abilities are lost after a period of five years |
B
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Tara loves figure skating and has been taking lesson for five years now. Yesterday, while watching the World figure skating championships on television, she saw one of the top ranked skaters in the country perform a new jump. In the scientific sense, Tara's learning the new jump is defined as:
A. her experience after attempting the jump for the first time. B. her belief that she can imitate the jump after watching it once. C. her ability to execute the jump by the changes in her performance. D. understanding how to execute the jump having seen it performed. |
C
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When Rafael and his family move to France, Rafael's environment seems to change everyday in this new country. Rafael does not speak French so he cannot read the instructions at the Metro station and he cannot ask for help. Instead, he tries a new coin everyday until he finds the correct one to open the gate for him. From the perspective of a behaviorist, the behavior of using the incorrect coins is:
A. punished by the gate not opening. B. stimuli that do not produce a response. C. rewarded by the gate not opening. D. ignoring the environmental cues. |
A
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While the behaviorists conducted most of their research in _______________, ethologists conducted their research in __________________.
A. a tabula rosa; biological laboratories B. the natural environment; controlled laboratory settings C. controlled laboratory settings; the natural environment D. animal laboratories; controlled environments |
C
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________________ viewed organisms behavior as a response to a stimulus.
A. Ethologists B. Behaviorists C. Psychologists D. Evolution |
B
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The _____________________ of behavior, particularly how behavior influences the organisms chances of survival in its natural environment were studied by ethologists.
A. blank tablets B. rewards and punishments C. mental processes D. functions |
D
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Maria picks up her newborn son every time he cries. She then either comforts him or feeds him. Maria believes that her babies crying is instinctive in that nature designed crying so that babies would get attention (food). Behaviorists would say that:
A. Maria is correct, the picking up is rewarded by the cessation of crying. B. Maria is correct, the baby is adapting to Maria's desire to pick him up. C. Maria is incorrect, her baby has learned that whenever he cries she picks him up. D. Maria is incorrect, the baby is stimulated and the response is the crying |
C
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Ahmen adopts a dog from the local animal shelter. When Ahmen's mother comes home that day, she runs to the dog to pet her, but the dog cowers and puts her tail between her legs. The dog continues to exhibit this response whenever Ahmen's mother approaches her. Eventually, after several weeks, the dog cowers less until finally, Ahmen's mother is able to pet the dog. What the dog has learned is that Ahmen's mother will not harm her; therefore, her response decreases with time. This is an example of:
A. reward and punishment B. habituation C. tabula rosa D. ethology |
B
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Every night, while he is trying to study, Gary's neighbor plays music loudly. At the beginning of the semester Gary has trouble concentrating on his studies but by midterms, he barely notices the loud music anymore. Gary has ________________.
A. associated music with studying B. learned to tune the music out C. habituated to the music D. bought ear plugs |
C
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Sam is learning to drive a car and keeps getting distracted by the oncoming headlights of the other cars. As he continues to practice driving at night, the oncoming car headlights bother him less and less. Sam's skills at night driving then begin to improve because:
A. Sam has become desensitized to light and his night-vision improves. B. Sam is now able to attend to other important road stimuli. C. Sam now uses the light from the oncoming headlights to read his map. D. Sam learned it is not important to watch for oncoming cars. |
B
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Shannon is absorbed in the latest novel and is surprised when she looks at the clock and sees that it is dinnertime. Normally, Shannon starts feeling hungry about 5:30 pm every night but here it is 6:00 already and her stomach hadn't warned her. On her way to the dinning hall, Shannon starts feeling very hungry. In Shannon's case, eating has become associated with:
A. the smell of food from the dinning hall. B. walking to the dinning hall. C. the time of day. D. both b and c. |
D
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Shannon is absorbed in the latest novel and is surprised when she looks at the clock and sees that it is dinnertime. Normally, Shannon starts feeling hungry about 5:30 pm every night but here it is 6:00 already and her stomach hadn't warned her. On her way to the dinning hall, Shannon starts feeling very hungry. In Shannon's case, the unconditioned stimulus is:
A. The walk to the dinning hall B. Her watch C. The book she was reading D. The food at the dinning hall |
D
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Shannon is used to eating dinner every night about 7:00 pm, but now that she is away at college she eats earlier because the dinning hall is open from 4-6pm every night for dinner. Shannon eats dinner without feeling hungry for several weeks. Then one day while walking to the dinning hall, Shannon starts feeling very hungry. Those first several weeks of eating early are considered the _________________ phase of her conditioned response.
A. persistence B. acquisition C. salivating D. extinction |
B
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Karen's boyfriend gets very excited whenever he walks by the Pizza parlor where she works because whether Karen is working then or not, he still associates the place with Karen. Which of the following correctly identify the CS and the UCS?
A. UCS = Karen; CS = pizza parlor B. UCS = pizza parlor; CS = Karen C. UCS = pizza; CS = boyfriend D. UCS = Karen; CS = excited |
A
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Jennifer and her boyfriend, Jeff, are in love and try to spend every minute they can being together. Jeff is always so excited to see Jennifer and before too long, whenever he hears her key in the door he gets excited. Identify the CS and the CR.
A. CS = Jennifer; CR = key in the door B. CS = Jennifer; CR = excited C. CS = key in the door; CR = excited D. CS = key in the door; CR = Jennifer |
C
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When Stuart was two years old, the neighbors dog bite him. Weeks later every time he saw the dog he started to cry uncontrollably. Now, every time he walks by the neighbor's house he cries. Identify the UCS and the UCR.
A. UCS = dog bite; UCR = time passing B. UCS = dog bite; UCR = crying C. UCS = neighbors dog; UCR = crying D. UCS = crying; UCR = neighbors house |
B
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Karen's boyfriend gets very excited whenever he walks by the Pizza parlor where she works because whether Karen is working then or not, he still associates the place with Karen. After Karen quits her job, her boyfriend stops getting excited when he walks by the parlor. One day, months after Karen has quit her job, her boyfriend gets excited when he walks by the pizza parlor. This is best explained by:
A. generalization B. acquisition C. persistence D. spontaneous recovery |
D
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Gary likes to spread butter on crackers and eat them as a snack. When Jackie sees the butter her stomach becomes upset. Before long, the sight of Gary causes her stomach to become upset. Gary likes Jackie so he stops eating crackers with butter and Jackie agrees to start seeing him again. One day for no apparent reason, when Jackie sees Gary her stomach gets very upset. The latest stomach upset can be explained by:
A. acquisition and persistence B. extinction and spontaneous recovery C. generalization D. variable ratio reward |
B
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When Stuart was two years old, the neighbors dog bite him. Weeks later every time he saw the dog he started to cry uncontrollably. Now, every time he sees any dog, he cries. Stuart is experiencing:
A. unconditioned responses. B. stimulus generalization. C. higher order conditioning. D. discrimination. |
B
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Ben nearly drowned as a child and has since developed a deep fear of not only swimming, but all water in general. When Ben seeks help from Dr. Brown, the first thing Dr. Brown does is take Ben to a swimming pool and force him to get into the water. Dr. Brown is using:
A. a flooding approach in therapy B. systematic desensitization therapy C. discrimination therapy D. a cognitive therapy |
A
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A key principle in many therapies that treat phobias and fears is that the phobia or fear is learned and can therefore be:
A. adaptive B. unlearned C. counterconditioned D. habituated |
B
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When Troy gives his girlfriend a massage, he always uses his favorite vanilla scented massage oil. Now, when his girlfriend is tense at work and Troy is not around to rub her shoulders and neck, she lights a vanilla scented candle and she relaxes easily. The vanilla scent has become a(n)
A. unconditioned stimuli. B. conditioned stimuli. C. aversion therapy. D. generalized response. |
B
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Janice bites her fingernails and wants to stop. Every night she sprays her nails with a very bitter tasting aerosol spray in an attempt to stop her nail biting. Janice is trying a form of:
A. systematic desensitization therapy B. aversion therapy C. avoidance therapy D. flooding therapy |
B
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Tess begins to notice that when she cooks dinner for her boyfriend that includes dessert, he leaves soon after the meal is finished, whereas when she does not serve dessert, her boyfriend stays for the entire evening and watches television with her. Illustrating the law of effect, Tess:
A. enjoys her boyfriend's company so she stops making desserts all together. B. likes dessert more than her boyfriend. C. only invites her boyfriend over for dessert and not dinner. D. wants her boyfriend to spend more time with her so she only makes dessert occasionally. |
A
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Tommy is stealing money from his mother's purse. Tommy now has money for candy and his mother doesn't seem to notice the missing money. His behavior is influenced by the consequences of his actions. This is an example of:
A. classical conditioning B. higher-order conditioning C. aversion conditioning D. operant conditioning |
D
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Alex loves to see his girlfriend smile. When he stops on the way home from the office to pick up a little gift for her, she gets the biggest smile on her face when he gives it to her. According to the principles behind operant conditioning, Alex stops to buy her gifts more and more frequently because:
A. her smile reinforces his behavior. B. if she doesn't smile he feels punished. C. it takes increasingly more gifts to make her smile. D. he rewards her smiling with the gifts. |
A
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When Veronica takes her headache medication, she has no headaches, but when she forgets, she has to immediately go home to bed because her headaches are that painful. In operant conditioning terms, Veronica's is using __________________.
A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. avoidance therapy D. extinction |
B
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When Richard had an accident in his parent's car, he had his license suspended for 6 months. This outcome was intended to decrease his poor driving habits, therefore taking his license away is considered:
A. punishment B. negative reinforcement C. desensitization D. positive reinforcement |
A
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Alex loves to see his girlfriend smile. When he stops on the way home from the office to pick up a little gift for her, she gets the biggest smile on her face when he gives it to her. However lately, Alex is having some serious money problems and he has to stop buying her gifts. According to the principles behind operant conditioning, Alex's girlfriend's smiling behavior may become ________________.
A. more frequent in an attempt to bring back the reinforcer B. more frequent because she is no longer smiling for rewards C. extinct because he should love her more than money D. extinct because her smile is no longer reinforced with gifts |
D
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It has been a long time since Karina stopped bullying other children at school. Karina's parents no longer tell her she cannot bully, on the contrary, she knows her parents will love and accept her no matter what she does. Her parents simply explained to Karina that every time she bullies a child, she must pay a price for the bullying incident. Karina loves music and has an extensive CD collection; therefore, the cost of a bullying incident is three CDs from her collection. It did not take Karina long to determine that was too high of a price to pay for her behavior, so the bullying stopped. This response cost method of modifying behavior is a:
A. corporal punishment B. positive reinforcement C. punishment technique D. negative reinforcement |
C
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Anastasia wants to run and finish a marathon. Every day her trainer measures the distance she is able to run and even though far short of the 26-mile distance of a marathon, Anastasia is praised for her daily runs. Her trainer feels that if he starts with the basic running skill and rewards her smaller efforts, he will eventually ___________ her running behavior, resulting in a successful marathon.
A. approximate B. diminish C. chain D. shape |
D
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Sharon works very hard at her job in order to earn attention and approval from her boss. She is responsible for a weekly sales report draft and puts in tremendous effort to be sure she has it on his desk every Friday by 9:00am. Sometimes her boss is pleased at her promptness and rewards Sharon by treating her to lunch. Many weeks this does not happen and her boss barely seems to notice the punctual delivery of the report. Even though most weeks her boss ignores her extra efforts, Sharon ________________ because she enjoys the attention when she
receives it. A. continues to work hard all of the time B. works especially hard when she is ignored for several weeks C. works slower after a free lunch because she is not expecting two in a row D. continues to fool everyone into thinking she works hard |
A
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Professor Jay likes to give pop quizzes in his psychology class. He noticed years ago when he first started teaching that after every exam, attendance fell off and the number of students coming to his office decreased. He decided to discontinue regularly scheduled exams in order to keep students learning at a continuous rate. This concept he learned from research on:
A. variable interval schedules B. fixed interval schedules C. variable ratio schedules D. fixed ratio schedules |
B
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Ellie suffers from severe migraine headaches. She has learned that when she first starts to feel a little tense if she lies down immediately in a dark room she can prevent a migraine from developing. Her doctor prescribes a new drug for Ellie that has been found to be 100% effective in preventing her type of migraines. After being on the drug for 3 months her doctor asks her whether or not the drug is effective. According to the two-factor theory of avoidance learning, Ellie's answers would be:
A. She wouldn't know, as she goes to the dark room when she starts feeling tense. B. Yes, she hasn't had a headache in the last three months. C. No, she tries to ignore the headache pain but it persists. D. No, she never took the drug as prescribed |
A
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According to Skinner, the fact that Jake and Tony are turning in poor job performances every month is not because they are lazy but rather:
A. their attitudes are effecting their behavior. B. too much is being expected of them. C. the other employees are bad influences. D. the boss is not providing the proper incentives to increase their productivity |
D
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Sam has very poor study habits and is often up all night before a paper or project is due because he put it off until the last minute. If Sam were to follow a program involving self-regulation, which of the following would not be part of that program to modify his behavior?
A. Study a few hours every night. B. Allow yourself to talk on the phone with friends while studying. C. Staying up all night makes me very sleepy in school. D. Keep a record of your study behavior |
B
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Sam is suffering from a poor sleep pattern. The doctor has told him that he must be in bed every night by 10pm and he must wake up every morning at 6am, with no exceptions. Sam takes a sleeping pill to help him get to sleep at 10pm every night but on the weekends he stays in bed until 10 or 11 am. Using the principles of operant conditioning to modify his sleep pattern, Sam might:
A. set two alarm clocks to go off at 6am so the noise will wake him. B. take a stimulant to rouse him out of bed in the morning. C. get up one hour earlier each weekend until he reaches 6am. D. allow himself to sleep in on weekends only |
C
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Judy sees her older sister, Janie, come home every Saturday night unable to get undressed and get into bed quietly because she has had too much alcohol to drink. Judy worries about her sister's behavior and waits for their parents to catch Janie drunk one of these nights. But the girls' parents go to bed early on Saturday nights, and Janie's drinking continues unnoticed. What Judy does learn from her sister, however, is that her sister has many friends, is very popular, and is invited to a party every Saturday night. Judy observes that there are positive consequences of Janie's behavior; therefore, she is:
A. less likely to drink when she is older. B. less likely to tell their parents. C. motivated to repeat Janie's behavior. D. motivated to help Janie stop drinking |
C
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Tracy suffered from severe nausea for the first three months of her pregnancy. In order to make it easier on his wife, her husband used to order Chinese take-out food three or four evenings each week. Tracy knew she had to eat in order to nourish the baby so she forced herself to eat the take out food. When her child was six years old, he wanted to celebrate his birthday at a Chinese restaurant and Tracy became ill at the thought of eating Chinese food. For Tracy, the Chinese food had become so strongly associated with nausea that the association remained all these years later. Which of the following explain why Tracy learned taste aversion for the Chinese food and not for the presence of her husband (who was also present when she ate and became nauseous)?
A. Biological preparedness B. Classical conditioning C. Food is a phobic stimuli D. Operant conditioning |
A
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Snakes, closed spaces, wild animals, and airplanes are common sources of phobias for humans. Why might it be that humans are less often treated for phobias involving rainbows, smiles, or cheerful people?
A. Positive events do not happen to us with negative stimuli. B. Negative events do not happen to us with positive stimuli. C. We are systematically exposed to more negative stimuli. D. We are biologically and cognitively prepared to acquire certain fears. |
D
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Tolman's rats developed a cognitive map, or mental representation of a spatial layout of a maze they had learned. This map enabled them to locate novel pathways to food rather than simply following the route they had learned. This idea was at odds with strict behaviorists who:
A. remained unable to explain Tolman's results. B. refused to acknowledge mental processes. C. felt the rats had actually learned more than previously believed. D. believed rats had an innate ability to learn everything necessary |
B
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Information in our environment we would like to have available to us at a later date, must go through three processes including:
A. observation, learning and performance B. attention, motivation and perception C. encoding, storage and retrieval D. memorizing, using, and storing |
C
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According to the three-stage model of memory, when playing a memory game where Ivan is shown a tray of toys for a second and is then asked to recall as many of the toys as he can remember, Ivan is relying on his _________________.
A. sensory memory B. remote access memory C. storage abilities D. long-term memory |
A
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Rosa was playing a memory game with her friends where she was walked, blindfolded, into a strange room. The lights were off so that when the blindfold was removed, she was not able to see anything. Her friend briefly turned the light on in the room and then off again. Rosa was then to write down as many items that were in the room as she could remember. In light of Sperling's experiments, after she had written as many as she could remember, she felt:
A. confident, she had such a long duration of her sensory memory B. confident, that she was able to report everything she had seen in the room C. frustrated, as she knew she had seen more, she just couldn't recall more D. frustrated, as the light was on such a short time she could only recall a few items |
C
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Trevor calls home from a payphone to ask his mother what the telephone number is for the baseball box office. He does not have paper so when his mother tells him the number, he starts rehearsing it in his head until he can end the call with her, hang-up the phone and dial the box office number. After his mom says, “The number is 555-2900” she asks him what time he will be home for dinner. When Trevor tries to call the baseball box office, he realizes he has already forgotten the number. Which of the following best explains why?
A. Trevor subconsciously did not want to buy the baseball tickets B. Telling his mother what time he would be home interfered with his ability to remember the telephone number. C. Numbers are the most difficult information to remember D. STM is very brief, lasting less than 10 seconds |
B
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Toby and Karen just met their new neighbor, Justine. Toby keeps repeating Justine's name several times trying to remember it. Karen meanwhile notes that Justine is leaving “just in time” for Karen to get dinner on the table. The following day when they see their new neighbor out in the yard, who has the better likelihood of recalling the neighbors name and why?
A. Toby, it is easier for a man to remember a woman's name B. Toby, the rote rehearsal is the most effective way to encode information C. Neither Karen nor Toby will recall her name after only one meeting D. Karen, she encoded the name by elaborating on it with other information |
D
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The traditional three-stage model of memory led to more of a ____________ function of the STM than Baddeley's working memory model that emphasizes the _____________ function of short term memory
A. Storage; passive B. Limited; storage C. Storage; processing D. Processing; Storage |
C
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When Otto needed to memorize a list of addresses for his newspaper delivery route, he was able to do this easily by associating the addresses with football statistics he already knew. In this way, Otto was able to keep more than 5 to 9 numbers in his short term memory by _____________________.
A. rehearsing the numbers in STM B. chunking the numbers in STM C. increasing the capacity of STM D. increasing the duration of STM |
B
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Jen's dad is sending her to the grocery store for a few last minute items for dinner. Her dad lists 10 items Jen should buy and Jen repeats the list to herself as she walks to the store. As she is checking out, Jen realizes she only has the first three items her dad mentioned, and the last three. She cannot remember what the other items were. This U-shaped pattern of recall is evidence for:
A. the small capacity of LTM B. Jen's lack of attention C. two distinct memory processes D. the long duration of STM |
C
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The human memory system is often compared to a computer. For example, the keyboard and monitor, or how we input and receive information equate to the senses. The hard drive can be thought of as being similar to Long-term memory except that unlike a computer hard drive:
A. information in LTM is a video recording of the event B. the capacity of LTM is unlimited C. the duration of LTM is brief D. information in LTM is always accessible |
B
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Yesterday Jen's dad sent her to the grocery store for a few last minute items for dinner. Jen repeated the list to herself as she walked to the store. Although she did not remember a few of the items yesterday, she did remember the first several and last several on her dad's list. Today she can't remember the last few items on the list but she continues to recall the first several items. Most likely these items that were the first items her father listed:
A. are the most important items on the list B. remain in her STM C. will be forgotten by the end of the day D. are stored now in Jen's LTM due to rehearsal |
D
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Sheryl is able to rehearse her lines in the school play while riding her bicycle to school in the morning. Both of these tasks require processing, but in the case of learning her lines, the processing is:
A. unusually fast B. serial C. automatic D. effortful |
D
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The Potato Palace was opening a new restaurant and Alice and Anne were hired to proof-read the menu before it went to press. Alice reviewed each page, looking for mistakes in capitalization while Anne read the menu for comprehension. Both spent exactly one hour on the process before declaring the menu ready for print. Later that evening, their mother asked them what kinds of items were on the menu and ________________ was able to remember far more than her sister because she engaged in _____________ processing.
A. Anne; structural B. Anne; semantic C. Alice; semantic D. Alice; structural |
B
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Leslie was getting ready to landscape the yard of her new house. After researching and then shopping for specific trees, she decided on a beautiful Eastern Magnolia for the showpiece of her garden. One of the things Leslie liked the most was the unusual elegance of the tree and the fact she had never seen one before. After purchasing the tree she was dismayed to see that only three houses down the street, right in front of the bus stop she used everyday, was a beautiful Eastern Magnolia. The fact she had been exposed to this tree and not remembered it is an example of __________________ processing.
A. shallow B. semantic C. automatic D. structural |
A
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Jennifer and her boyfriend, Jeff, are studying their geography for the exam tomorrow. Jeff is learning the capitals of the states by repeating them over and over, essentially memorizing the names. Jennifer is using information she already knows about each state and incorporating it into the name of the capital. While Jeff is repeating, “California-Sacramento, California-Sacramento,” Jennifer is saying, “California – Sacratomato” because she knows Sacramento is in the middle of a rich agricultural valley. If the levels-of-processing theory is correct:
A. it will take more time to process the information Jennifer's way so she will learn it better B. both Jeff and Jennifer will do equally well on the exam C. Jennifer will be able to recall the capitals and their states better than Jeff D. Jeff will be able to recall the capitals and their states better than Jennifer |
C
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When Sylvia studies her introductory psychology she tries to think of examples in her own life of some of the human behaviors she learns about in class. This _____________ is more effective in transferring information into LTM than ___________.
A. rote memorization; elaborative rehearsal B. elaborative rehearsal; rote memorization C. maintenance rehearsal; rote memorization D. elaborative rehearsal; automatic memory |
B
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When learning her spelling words for the vocabulary test, Yvonne forms a visual image of each word as she reads it out loud. According to _____________________ using this method her memory for the words will be greater than if she had simply read them out loud.
A. vocal training theory B. chunking theory C. maintenance theory D. dual coding theory |
D
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Eva rides a bus to and from school each day and each night on the way home, Eva stops by the market to pick up some groceries. On the way to school each morning she associates each item on her grocery list with a different bus stop along her route home. This way, as she walks through the store she mentally continues her ride on the bus “picking up” the needed groceries along the way. Eva is using the ____________ to aid her memory.
A. acronyms B. method of loci C. mono-coding theory D. rote memorization |
B
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All mnemonic systems are based on the ________________ of information so that it can be easily memorized and retrieved.
A. alteration B. reorganization C. uniqueness D. sensory distinctions |
B
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Betsy went to a restaurant last night with some other freshmen from her dorm. Although Betsy had never been to this particular restaurant, she knew exactly how to be seated, order, eat and pay the bill. Betsy has a(n) ______________ for restaurants in her LTM.
A. schema B. photographic memory C. innate knowledge D. mnemonic |
A
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It is soccer season and while the ten year-olds are playing on the school field, the parents are busy analyzing the game from the sideline. Alan and Mike can recall plays from soccer games played during last years soccer season. Riley, on the other hand, has a difficult time remembering specific plays from this afternoon's game. Alan and Mike played soccer in high school, and Riley has never played the game, even for neighborhood fun. Alan and Mike have greater memory for past games because:
A. they tried harder to pay attention B. their soccer experience helps them encode information C. they have larger LTM's than Riley D. they have photographic memories |
B
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Susan's exceptional memory enables her to use information she has only read once to solve problems. According to the theory that this ability is a highly learned skill, which of the following does not help to explain her exceptional memory?
A. she uses prior knowledge B. she has an innate ability C. she forms meaningful associations D. she has efficient retrieval structures |
B
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According to the neural network model of memory, if a small portion of your brain is removed for medical reasons, your memory might:
A. suffer as you will lose all memories stored in that area B. suffer as some of the connections and nodes would be disrupted C. not be effected at all D. lose the ability to transfer memories from STM to LTM |
B
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Veronica just saw a person in a green car labeled “student driver” run a red light and cause a serious automobile accident. While waiting for the police to arrive, Veronica suddenly remembers that she was in a serious car accident when she was a young child. The car that caused the accident had been green. Which of the following best explains why Veronica thought about that memory now?
A. spreading activation theory B. amnesia C. procedural memory theory D. proactive interference |
A
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Troy knows how to tie his own shoes and can do it almost without thinking about it as he ties them. The fact that Troy knows how to tie his shoes is __________________.
A. declarative memory B. priming memory C. explicit memory D. procedural memory |
D
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Troy knows how to tie his own shoes and can do it almost without thinking about it as he ties them. Troy remembers the first time he learned to tie his shoes by himself. For Troy, the memory of that first time is a(n) __________________.
A. episodic memory B. semantic memory C. procedural memory D. nondeclarative memory |
A
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Eric is taking his psychology exam, a multiple-choice test. In order to answer the questions, Eric relies on his _________________ memory.
A. implicit B. explicit C. procedural D. sensory |
B
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After taking the college entrance exam, Sidney was very upset as she drove home. She felt she had done poorly on the exam. The fact that Sidney was able to drive the familiar route home and arrive safely, even though she was so preoccupied thinking about the exam is due to her ___________________ memory.
A. implicit B. explicit C. semantic D. episodic |
A
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Veronica just saw a person in a green car labeled “student driver” run a red light and cause a serious automobile accident. While waiting for the police to arrive, Veronica suddenly remembers that she was in a serious car accident when she was a young child. Today's accident apparently served as __________________ for the accident stored in her long term memory.
A. recall recognition B. conscious unawareness C. procedural information D. a retrieval cue |
D
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Each week Carl and Ursula study their vocabulary words by generating another associated word and a short one-sentence memory involving the word for each vocabulary word on his list. Last week Carl and Ursula decided to cut down on the amount of preparation they each did by taking turns generating the cues for the vocabulary words. When Carl used Ursula's notes to study that first week, he did not do well on the exam because:
A. Ursula's associations were not good links B. multiple retrieval cues interfere with recall C. self-generated cues maximize recall D. his routine for studying had been disrupted |
C
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Michael and Angela had the perfect date. It was their senior prom in high school, the weather was perfect, the dance was fun and they were very much in love. At the end of the evening, Angela told her mother that it “was a night I will never forget as long as I live.” According to the research on flashbulb memories:
A. Angela's confidence in her memory will greatly decrease with time B. details of that night will actually fade faster than ordinary memories C. details of that night will remain accurate the rest of her life D. memory for the prom night will fade, but more slowly than other memories |
D
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Peter is studying for the college entrance exam and wants to maximize his learning. He knows that the best way to retrieve information is to encode it with multiple cues for retrieval. Therefore Peter finds out the room the exam will be given in and he goes to that room each night to study for the exam. Peter is relying on the boost he will receive from:
A. context dependent memory B. state-dependent memory C. flashbulb memory D. mood-congruent recall |
A
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Martha learns her math formulas for the quiz in Math class each week. Although she consistently earned perfect scores on the weekly quizzes, the day after any given quiz, Martha would be unable to take the quiz again and do as well. She noted her knowledge of the math formulas resembled the forgetting illustrated by _________________________.
A. decay theory B. Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve C. encoding specificity principles D. encoding failure |
B
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Stephanie just broke up with her boyfriend, Paul, when Scott asks her to the homecoming dance. At the dance that night, Stephanie and Scott have a wonderful time. When Scott walks Stephanie to the door he is dismayed when she kisses him goodnight and calls him Paul. Stephanie has just illustrated:
A. proactive interference B. mood-congruent memory C. the forgetting curve D. retroactive interference |
A
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Sandy is taking both Introductory and Cognitive psychology courses this semester and the first midterm for each class is the same day. Sandy studies Intro for several hours and then Cognitive for several hours. When she takes her exam for Intro first thing the next morning, the information she studied for Cognitive interferes with her ability to recall the Intro material. This is a clear example of:
A. decay theory B. motivated forgetting C. proactive interference D. retroactive interference |
D
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Patients with retrograde amnesia have problems with __________________ while patients with anterograde amnesia suffer from problems with ______________.
A. storing of information; encoding of information B. retrieval of information; encoding of information C. retrieval of information; recognition of information D. encoding of information; retrieval of information |
B
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Try as she might, Zoey cannot remember anything from the first three years of her childhood. Which of the following is not considered a possible explanation for infantile amnesia?
A. Failure to encode the experiences deeply, resulting in a lack of retrieval cues B. Brain structures are not developed sufficiently to form these long lasting memories C. The creation of new memories interferes with the retrieval of early childhood memories D. To form memories, the concept of self is needed, it sets in approximately at age two |
C
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Beatrice never forgets an appointment. She remembers everything on her grocery list, never fails to remember to take medications or have a task completed on time. Beatrice has excellent ___________________ memory.
A. state-dependent B. retrospective C. prospective D. repressed |
C
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Kim and Jordan are both eyewitnesses to a bank robbery. At the police station they each select Mike from a police lineup, and say, “He's the thief.” It turns out though, that Mike has been a customer at the store where Kim works. Jordan has never seen Mike before. With this background, whose identification of Mike is more valuable to the police?
A. Jordan's because Kim may have been misled by the fact that Mike seemed familiar based on her other encounters with him B. Kim's because her recognition of Mike is more powerful due to the previous encounters C. Kim's because she had an advantage of familiarity and context D. Both because memory for faces is not distortable |
A
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Researchers now believe that memories are not stored like video recordings at various locations in the brain, but rather, are distributed throughout the brain. The _____________ plays an important role in consolidating our memories before they are stored across the brain.
A. brain stem B. parietal lobe C. thalamus D. hippocampus |
D
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Both Jason and Ryan spent twenty hours studying for their Chemistry final exam. Ryan studied four hours a day for the five days before the exam, while Jason spent ten hours a day the two days before the exam studying. Based on what we know about effective strategies for enhancing memory, whose method of study is more effective in learning?
A. Ryan, because he was better able to distribute his learning B. Jason's because he was better able to distribute his learning C. Jason, because he avoided interference with other material D. Ryan, because he already knew the material |
A
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While playing in their tree house one afternoon, the children decided to develop a special language only they would know. This language would keep all of their communications a secret from outsiders. Joey started working on the new symbols for their thoughts and behaviors. After writing quite an elaborate letter using his new symbols he gave it to the other children to try to decipher the message. To their dismay, the same symbols were used in very different ways and different symbols often represented the same idea. Joey had violated one of the three critical properties of language because his language:
A. was able to produce an infinite number of messages B. was generative C. was not symbolic D. did not have a rule-governed structure |
D
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The following two sentences:
The cat was chased by the dog. The dog chased the cat. A. are both correct but have different surface structures B. are both correct but have different deep structures C. are not grammatically correct D. disobey the laws of syntax |
A
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Which of the following progressions for language development is correct?
A. morphemes, structures, phonemes, words B. phonemes, morphemes, syntax, structures C. phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases D. morphemes, phonemes, words, phrases |
C
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Toddler Jamie is just learning to put words together into phrases. Although his mother is able to understand what it is he wants or means, Jamie's grammar is typically not correct. Jamie one day tells his mother, “I goed store.” Rather than correct Jamie, his mother praises him for talking as she understands the meaning behind the sentence. This exchange between Jamie and his mother argues against which of the following?
A. a universal language theory B. an operant conditioning explanation of language development C. sensitive periods of language development D. a biological basis for language acquisition |
B
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Anna, her little brother, Andrew, and their parents moved to Germany when Anna was thirteen years old and Andrew was four. Even after many years of speaking and reading the German language, Anna still struggled compared to her brother Andrew who easily switches between English and German when necessary. The fact that Andrew was able to master this second language faster and better than Anna is evidence for:
A. a language acquisition device B. biological differences in the genders C. social learning processes in children D. a sensitive period of childhood for language acquisition |
D
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Miguel and Maria immigrate to the United States from Mexico, when they are five years old. Miguel is placed in a classroom where he is taught in both Spanish and English. Maria's teacher only speaks English and believes if a child is going to learn a language they must be taught in that language. According to the research, which child has a greater likelihood of having academic success and English fluency?
A. Both will succeed at the same rate B. Maria C. Miguel D. Neither, they have missed the sensitive period for language acquisition |
C
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Which of the following evidence does not support the theory that animals have language?
A. some songbirds have local dialects like humans do B. chimps taught sign language, signed with each other when humans were not present C. Nim Chimpsky signed only when he wanted something D. an orangutan was able to generalize a learned term to other examples |
C
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Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis helps explain why:
A. The Dani tribe has two names for colors B. Children have an innate ability to learn grammatical rules C. bilingual people think differently in each language D. athletes are better able to think in images |
C
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Sharon and her boyfriend disagree about the use of gender-neutral language. Her boyfriend thinks she is making a “big deal” over nothing when Sharon insists that “mankind” should be changed to “humankind.” According to the linguistic relativity hypothesis:
A. it is an accepted fact that mankind includes women B. Sharon is right as language has been shown to influence how we think C. the language we use is less important than the values we are taught D. language can not create and maintain stereotypes |
B
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The ___________________ that “Doctors are highly educated people” consists of basic units of semantic memory combined in a particular way.
A. imaginal thought B. theory C. concept D. proposition |
D
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While trying to learn what a “doggie” is, little Johnny looks at every animal he sees and compares it to his new puppy. If the animal is similar enough to his own doggie, then he decides it also is a doggie. Johnny's puppy serves as a _______________ for doggies.
A. proposition B. heuristic C. concept D. prototype |
D
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Similar to top-down processing where a person uses past experience and expectations in identifying objects, __________________ reasoning applies what we know to be true in general to a specific situation.
A. inductive B. deductive C. contextual D. insightful |
B
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When Leslie heard her Dad's car in the driveway before 6:00pm it turned out he was home early because he had finished a job early. This meant he was in a good mood and the last two times this happened, he took Leslie out for ice cream. While finishing her homework, Leslie heard her father's car pull into the driveway. It was 5:30pm. So Leslie reasoned, tonight I get ice cream! Leslie was using ___________________.
A. deductive reasoning B. inductive reasoning C. general reasoning D. invalid reasoning |
A
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Charlotte had seen many beautiful diamonds before but she had never seen a purple diamond. Therefore Charlotte reasoned that purple diamonds do not exist. Charlotte's ____________________ reasoning may be in error.
A. premise B. conceptual C. inductive D. deductive |
C
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Charlotte had seen many beautiful diamonds before but she had never seen a purple diamond. Therefore Charlotte reasoned that purple diamonds do not exist. Charlotte's reasoning may be in error because __________________ reasoning leads to a likelihood rather than a certainty.
A. deductive B. inductive C. premise D. conceptual |
B
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Read the following syllogism and decide which of the answers is true.
All soccer players are brilliant. Alex is a soccer player. Therefore Alex is brilliant. A. using inductive reasoning rules this conclusion is faulty B. the conclusion is not logically correct C. this is factually true and logically false D. this is factually false and logically correct |
D
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Gary has a beautiful house on the beach in Malibu. When Gary drives to the office each morning he follows the coastline as he knows his office is directly south of his home and is also on the waterfront. He also uses the coast road to get to the dentist, the grocery store and the post office. When his teenage son starts driving he immediately points out to Gary that he is driving an extra 6 miles a day when he takes the coast road to the post office. Gary missed the more efficient route due to his _______________.
A. inductive reasoning B. mental set C. lack of framing the problem D. poor sense of direction |
B
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Gina works for a widget company where her job is to bundle the widgets in packages of 25. Gina figures out a method of bundling the widgets but fails to implement the final stage of problem solving, _____________ which in the long-run________________.
A. inventing the solution; saved the company research money B. evaluating the solution; caused her to miss a more efficient method C. testing her solution; kept her from seeing that it would not work D. testing her solution; cost her company research money |
B
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As an expert chef, Ben knows exactly how to make the best dish using whatever ingredients are available to him. Ben has a vast storage of knowledge that he has organized in his memory that enables him to quickly solve any cooking dilemma he might be faced with. This knowledge is organized in _________________.
A. schemas B. mental sets C. fixedness D. mnemonics |
A
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Stan and Samantha are the proud parents of three little girls. They decide to have one more child because it seems like they are “due” to have a boy. Stan and Samantha think that most families have both boys and girls therefore they figure the probability the next child will be a boy is high. Stan and Samantha:
A. are correct, since the odds of each sex are 50-50, they are due for a boy B. have confused representativeness with probability C. have thoughts of boys more available to them therefore they feel it will occur D. have three girls that have primed the “boy” concept |
B
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Sasha researches the new cars based on their safety ratings. It is important to Sasha that the new car she buys be very safe on the road. After much research, she decides on a Volvo. On her way to the Volvo dealership, Sasha witnesses a terrible car accident involving a Volvo that now looks like an accordion. Sasha buys a Saab, as she uses the __________________ in her new car purchase decision.
A. representativeness heuristic B. availability heuristic C. base rate analysis D. confirmation bias |
B
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After the re-release of the classic movie, The Exorcist, the Catholic Church reported a surge in the number of requests they received for exorcisms. This phenomenon can best be explained by the use of the __________________ heuristic.
A. shortcut B. availability C. representativeness D. probability |
B
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Justine's best friend has just told her that Jason, Justine's boyfriend is cheating on her. Justine can't believe this and decides to watch him very closely the next few days for signs of his cheating. Jason brings Justine flowers on Wednesday, ends their Thursday night date early so Justine “can get her beauty sleep,” and visits a sick friend in the hospital, missing their date on Friday night. Justine knew he was being faithful, just look at the wonderful things he does! Justine was only looking for evidence Jason was being faithful to her thereby falling sway to the _______________________.
A. confirmation bias B. representativeness heuristic C. availability heuristic D. cheating boyfriend syndrome |
A
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Keith and his lab partners are trying to solve a difficult Chemistry problem. All of a sudden, Keith realizes that this chemistry problem, stripped of the details is identical to the algebra problems he has been doing for homework! He shows his lab mates the new way to solve the problem. By taking the algebra problem-solving method and applying it to chemistry, Keith has engaged in
A. functional fixedness B. confirmation bias C. the availability heuristic D. divergent thinking |
D
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While walking to class one day, Nadia is caught in a downpour. Without an umbrella or rain jacket her hair will be ruined so Nadia takes her Psychology textbook and covers her head with it. This unconventional use of the textbook shows that Nadia has overcome ________________.
A. functional fixedness B. divergent thinking C. the confirmation bias D. the availability heuristic |
A
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Ted was never a very good student in school. He found it very hard to sit still in English class and often skipped Math because he just couldn't understand the concepts. Ted dropped out of high school. Ted, however was an excellent auto mechanic. He learned the new diagnostic techniques for the expensive imported cars and opened his own small business. He reasoned that if he was good at something few others were good at he could make money. According to the textbook's definition of intelligence:
A. Ted is intelligent as he was smart enough to know what he couldn't do B. Ted is intelligent as he can acquire knowledge, reason effectively, and adapt with the environment C. Ted is not intelligent as he can not acquire knowledge, reason effectively, and adapt with the environment D. Ted is not intelligent as academic performance is the best way to measure intelligence |
B
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Using Stern's intelligence quotient, if Susie is 6 years old and working at the academic level of the average 9 year old, her IQ would be:
A. 150 B. 130 C. 15 D. 66 |
A
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Margaret was so excited to share the great news with her friends! She had just taken the Wechsler intelligence test and scored a 100. Being a 'C' student, Margaret was thrilled to think that she had actually earned the perfect score of 100! Margaret's teacher informed her that:
A. The Wechsler scales only measured verbal intelligence B. this score is a quotient and therefore merely an individual score that was not linked to actual intelligence C. IQ tests often measure high and she may not be that smart after all D. the score is relative to others her age and a score of 100 is the average performance |
D
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Jay and Jackie are opening a new business and need to hire several employees. They decide to give the prospective employees an intelligence test but can't decide what it is they want to measure. Jay thinks they should measure ______________ by finding out how much the prospective employees already know. But Jackie thinks they should use a test measuring _____________ because if the person has the ability to learn new things that is more important for their new business.
A. aptitude; mental competence B. mental competence; achievement C. achievement; aptitude D. aptitude; achievement |
C
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Janine takes a personality test she finds in the latest issue of “College Freshman” magazine. To her delight, she scores as kind, generous and caring. When she takes the magazine over to her best friend's dorm and takes the test again along with several other freshmen, she cannot understand why this time she scores in the category of self-centered, vain and competitive. The fact that Janine can get two very different scores from the same test after retaking it shows a remarkable ________ of ________.
A. reliability; internal consistency B. test; retest validity C. lack; internal consistency D. lack; reliability |
D
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Sonia and Kyle are hired for the summer as research assistants in a developmental psychology laboratory. Hours of videotapes depict mother-child interactions and it is Sonia and Kyle's job to code the tapes such that the number of times the child received positive feedback from the mother is recorded. They were each given 25 tapes to code and when they finished, they switch tapes so that each of the 50 tapes had been coded twice, once by each of them. In this way, the researchers could test:
A. consistency of the measurement B. internal consistency C. test-retest reliability D. the tests validity |
A
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Similar to an achievement test that measures facts and knowledge you have already learned ___________________ is a measure of the ability to apply previously learned information to current problems.
A. fluid intelligence B. crystallized intelligence C. the g factor D. factor analysis |
B
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Similar to an aptitude test that measures your ability to learn things in the future, _______________ is a measure of the ability to deal with novel problems, reasoning abstractly and thinking logically.
A. fluid intelligence B. crystallized intelligence C. the g factor D. factor analysis |
A
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The textbook authors define intelligence as the ability to acquire knowledge, to think and reason effectively, and to deal adaptively with the environment. This last point many feel stretches the concept of intelligence far from its original focus on mental ability to now include _______________ forms of intelligence.
A. self-report B. standardized C. cognitive D. noncognitive |
D
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One wise professor once told his new graduate student that his most successful graduates were not necessarily his most academically gifted. According to Sternberg's theory, analytical and practical intelligence are distinct from one another and like the wise professors graduate students, _________________ may not always be the most valuable.
A. practical B. analytical C. crystallized D. the g factor |
B
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Jake, a starting linebacker for his school's football team took a severe blow to the head during last Saturday's game. Jake went to the hospital for a CAT scan and along with finding out he only suffered a minor concussion, Jake's doctor told him he had an unusually large brain for a man his size and age. Jake bragged about this fact at school because he believed this meant he was more intelligent that others, until Julie pointed out to him that:
A. actually, because Einstein's brain was smaller than average, scientists believe there is a negative correlation between size and intelligence B. as usual, only men think size matters, women know smaller is better when it comes to brain size C. the size of the brain is not as important as how efficiently it functions D. although men's brains are larger, their mean IQ scores are lower than women's |
C
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Barbara and Brenda are identical twins who were adopted at birth and raised by two different families. Andy and Andrew are identical twins raised together by their biological parents. When the four children entered high school they took an IQ test. Barbara and Andy each had scores of 110, while Brenda's IQ was measured at 118 and Andrew scored 108. These results support which of the following conclusions?
A. intelligence is not determined to any extent by the environment B. intelligence is entirely determined by the environment C. intelligence is not entirely determined by genetics D. intelligence is entirely determined by genetics |
C
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Siblings, Rafael and Marina both graduate from a very exclusive college prep high school. Marina continues her education at an Ivy League University and becomes financially successful while Rafael barely meets the graduation requirements at the local community college and never is successful enough to develop a career that financially supports him. Differences in their intellectual growth has also been influenced by:
A. personal characteristics that affected how they took advantage of their opportunities B. the differences in their genetic endowment C. the environment they were raised in D. the different sizes of their brains |
A
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Siblings, Rafael and Marina both graduate from a very exclusive college prep high school. Marina continues her education at an Ivy League University and becomes financially successful while Rafael barely meets the graduation requirements at the local community college and never is successful enough to develop a career that financially supports him. Differences in their intellectual growth has also been influenced by:
A. personal characteristics that affected how they took advantage of their opportunities B. the differences in their genetic endowment C. the environment they were raised in D. the different sizes of their brains |
D
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Carla and Brad are both competing for a job in their advertising company. Both of them are well qualified for the job and have equivalent backgrounds and experience. The job would be considered quite a promotion for either of them with a considerable salary increase as well as elevated company status. Before the last series of interviews, the candidates were asked to complete a series of academic test measures. Brad explained to Carla that men excel on these types of tests and the fact was, he knew he had the advantage because all of the people holding this position previously had been men. According to research by Steele (1997), Carla's beliefs about her capabilities as a woman in this position:
A. will arouse anxiety that will decrease her academic test performance B. will be determined by whether or not she gets the job C. will enhance her academic test performance D. will arouse anxiety that will increase her academic test performance |
A
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Some people believe that if a person has not learned a second language in childhood, by the time he or she is an adult learning that language is impossible. This belief would support a(n) ________________ view of bilingualism.
A. environmental B. genetic C. sensitive period D. critical period |
D
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Some people believe that if a person has not learned a second language in childhood, learning a second language as an adult, while possible, is a much more difficult task than had they learned as a child. This belief would support a(n) ________________ view of bilingualism.
A. sensitive period B. critical period C. motivational D. innate ability |
A
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Researchers are interested in comparing the smoking habits of different age teenagers. They administer questionnaires to 150 children: 50 twelve-year olds, 50 fifteen-year olds and 50 eighteen-year olds. The researchers are using a(n) ________________.
A. sequential research method B. experimental research method C. cross sectional research method D. longitudinal research method |
C
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Dr. Jones wants to know whether ten-year olds, twelve-year olds or fourteen-year olds watch more television. Which of the following research designs would be the most economical method for Dr. Jones to use?
A. sequential B. cross sectional C. longitudinal D. pretest-posttest experimental |
B
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Rafael is interested in comparing the effects of video game violence on aggression in several different age groups. Which of the following groups would a cross sectional design be confounded by the age of the cohorts?
A. 14, 15, 16, and 17 year olds B. 4, 5, 6, and 7 year olds C. 10, 11, 12, and 13 year olds D. 5, 15, 30, and 60 year olds |
D
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Upon enrolling their children in a development preschool, parents are asked to participate in a study where they will be contacted every two years for the next ten years and asked to complete a quality of education survey. If they agree, parents will be participating in a _________________ research study
A. sequential B. longitudinal C. cross sectional D. double-blind experimental |
B
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Arlene does not know she has rubella and exposes her pregnant sister, Amanda to this disease. The fact that Amanda is only about 8 weeks pregnant when she catches the disease:
A. has less impact on potential congenital defects than how sick Amanda was B. has no effect on the fetus as the placenta prevents rubella from passing to the fetus C. increases the chance her baby will be born with congenital defects D. decreases the chance her baby will suffer any defects from the exposure |
C
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Teratogens are particularly harmful to the embryo in the early stages of pregnancy because:
A. The immune system has not yet developed B. teratogens only cross the placenta during the early weeks after conception C. this is when the organs and systems are developing the fastest D. the embryo is very small with fewer cells as protection |
C
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A baby diagnosed with fetal Alcohol Syndrome is likely to have:
A. low birth weight, blindness, missing arms B. facial abnormalities, mental retardation, hyperactivity C. mental retardation, heart defects, premature birth D. decreased cognitive abilities, blindness, heart defects |
B
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The amazing newborn has sensory capabilities similar to adults except for:
A. vision B. hearing C. smell D. taste |
A
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Before decorating the nursery for her newborn, Connie consults a psychologist who advises her that:
A. infants prefer patterns to solid colors B. infants do not see color, only black and white C. newborns have no visual preferences. D. newborns prefer simple patterns to complex patterns |
A
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When Joanne's infant daughter starts to crawl, she primarily uses her arms to help her. After she masters this new way of moving around the room, she starts relying on her legs to help her more in the crawling process. From a developmental standpoint, the way Joanne's daughter starts with her arms and then adds the use of her legs follows the _________________ principle.
A. proximodistal B. cephalocaudal C. neonatal reflex D. encephomotor |
B
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Ted is always bragging about his infant son to his coworkers. It seems his son is maturing at an advanced rate compared to what Bill is observing in his son who is the same age as Ted's. Bill worries that maybe there is something physically wrong with his son. Bill consults a developmental book and finds that
A. all children achieve the same physical skills, just at varying times B. the sequence of acquiring physical skills varies between cultures C. the sequence of acquiring physical skills varies between individuals D. not all children achieve the same physical skills in the same order |
A
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Twins separated at birth, are reunited on their 30th birthday. Twin A had been adopted into a loving, extended family. The other, twin B had never been adopted and grew up in an environmentally impoverished series of group homes. Which of the following might we expect to result?
A. twin B exhibits a greater ability to learn as he has had to work harder to acheive B. no physical or mental differences as they share identical genes C. twin A exhibits a greater ability to learn due to the rich environment in which he was raised D. twin B will excel in physical activities, the result of “street smarts” rather than enhanced brain development |
C
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According to Piaget, the interesting part of testing children is in what kind of errors they make in their thinking. He believed the errors made by children were the result of:
A. their inability to pay attention to adult explanations B. the limited understanding of their experiences C. a lack of curiosity in some children D. a limited attention span in general |
B
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When a child responds to an object, according to Piaget, the child is using a system of _______________ to understand the world.
A. maturation B. assimilations C. accommodations D. schemas |
D
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Dana's young child sees an older woman at the market and says, “Granny.” Because this woman is not the child's grandmother, Piaget would say this demonstrates the process of _________.
A. accommodation B. assimilation C. equilibrium D. object permanence |
B
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During Piaget's sensorimotor period children:
A. exhibit centration B. begin developing abstract reasoning skills C. master the conservation principle D. develop the concept of object permanence |
D
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Michael is playing ball with his father when the ball rolls under the sofa. Michael turns his attention to another toy, not even attempting to look under the sofa for the ball. Piaget would say that Michael has:
A. not yet developed object permanence B. an unlimited attention span C. a lack of the motor skills needed to retrieve the ball D. a strong attachment to his father |
A
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More recent research has shown all but which of the following to be true of Piaget's theory?
A. cognitive skills are acquired at an earlier age than Piaget believed B. general cognitive abilities associated with Piaget's stages occur in different orders according to the various cultures. C. culture influences cognitive development D. cognitive development is more complex and variable than Piaget believed |
B
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At daycare, Anna and Helen are both fighting over a broken cookie. They both had cookies the same size, but Anna's broke in half and now Helen thinks Anna has more than she does. When the daycare provider shows the girls that they both have equal amounts of cookie, Helen calms down as she now understands. Anna continues to feel superior, having more cookie than Helen. According to Vygotsky these children were not at the same cognitive level to begin with. This concept is:
A. the information processing approach B. the zone of proximal development C. the mastery of conservation D. an understanding of irreversibility |
B
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When we compare Piaget's view of cognitive development with the information processing view:
A. both acknowledge the child plays a passive role in their own development B. both see the child as playing an active role in their own development C. the information processing view is that changes occur abruptly D. the Piagetian view is that children play an active role whereas in the information processing view the child's role is more passive |
B
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Sonia says that yesterday, when she was changing the diaper of her 10 month-old son, that he became embarrassed. Based on research findings this is:
A. unlikely as a sense of self emerges around 18 months of age B. unlikely as no emotions emerge before the end of the first year C. likely as children develop a full range of emotions before the age of one D. likely as a sense of self emerges around 6 months of age |
A
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Alexander is a smiley, easygoing baby. He has a regular routine and bedtime. According to the research of Thomas and Chess, which of the following temperaments would they most likely report for Alexander?
A. a balanced temperament B. a difficult temperament C. a slow to warm up temperament D. an easy temperament |
D
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Bobby and Beth were adopting a baby. It was very important to them that they be permitted in the delivery room at the hospital during the birth. Bobby and Beth believed that it was critical that they be available to bond immediately with the baby and that if they waited, even a few days before seeing the baby, the best opportunity for attachment would be lost. According to current research Bobby and Beth should not worry as:
A. attachment does have a critical period during which bonding is optimal B. attachment has a sensitive period during which bonding is optimal C. newborn attachment is biologically determined D. attachment occurs easily at any stage during a child's first 20 years |
A
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Infants often show distress at being separated from their primary caregiver:
A. around 2-3 months of age before they have developed adequate schemas for strangers and nonstrangers B. around their first birthday because by then they have a strong attachment to their primary caregiver C. immediately after birth as they have become attached in utero to their mother D. around 4-6 months of age when they develop a sense of self-awarenes |
B
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Delia has carefully chosen a high-quality daycare for her new baby. She knows that overall, daycare will not hurt her attachment with her infant. In fact, learns Delia, her child will:
A. display poorer social skills when dealing with other children in the daycare B. have a positive experience in elementary school as a result of the positive daycare experience C. have a better social adjustment based on the quality of their family relationship than hours spent in daycare. D. learn social skills that will transfer to other situations outside of daycare |
C
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Saul is a fifteen year-old boy who is planning an overnight camping trip with both male and female friends. The last step in the planning is for Saul to ask his parent's permission to go camping. If Saul's parents have an authoritarian style of parenting, Saul can expect their response to be:
A. Well, we'll have to discuss this first. What are the exact plans for where you'll be going? B. Do whatever you want, it's your life. C. We don't think it sounds like a good idea, but if you really want to go, okay. D. No, because we said so! |
D
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Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning includes a developmental sequence represented by three levels. This is a developmental sequence of:
A. agreement or disagreement with Kohlberg's moral behavior B. people's reasoning for their moral judgments C. the decisions people made based on the moral dilemmas D. behaviors people endorse when faced with moral dilemmas |
B
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Maria is three years old. Maria and her mother meet friends for lunch at a neighborhood coffee shop. In the area the owner has designated a children's play area, there are many toy trucks, cars and dolls to play with. Research on the development of sex-typing indicates that Maria most likely:
A. will play with a toy car because she doe not have one at home B. will play with all of the toys equally C. will play with a doll, because they are bigger than the trucks D. will play with a doll, because she believes it to be a “girls” toy. |
D
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Sylvia and her mother are fighting, yet again. Sylvia is fourteen years old and does not want to wear the new hat and mittens her mother bought her. Sylvia's mother says it is winter and is insisting Sylvia wear the hat and mittens to school. Sylvia screams, “Everyone will notice and make fun of me!” This thinking on Sylvia's part reflects:
A. formal operational thinking B. adolescent egocentrism C. abstract reasoning abilities D. the onset of puberty |
B
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Carla, a sixteen year-old girl, has begun spending more and more time with her friends. Her mother is quite happy that she seems to be forming some intimate, close friendships but worries Carla's friends have too strong of an influence on her. It seems Carla now dresses according to what her friends think is acceptable, not what her mother does. According to research, Carla's mother should:
A. worry, as she no longer has any influence over important decisions in Carla's life B. worry, that if she no longer influences Carla's small decisions, she will no longer have influence on the larger, more important decisions C. not worry, in the important decisions such as career choices, religion, and morality, parental influence remains high D. not worry, Carla is bright and she will eventually find different friends |
C
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According to research conducted by Larson et. Al. (2002) which of the following was not found to be true?
A. student's who reported less positive emotions had experienced more major stressful events previously B. at the end of the “storm and stress” of adolescence there is a time of increasing positive attitudes toward life C. student's emotions became less positive with age D. girl reported slightly more positive emotions than boys |
B
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Cindy's grandfather just had his ninetieth birthday. He remains physically active and cognitively alert. Which of the following is likely not to be true of Cindy's grandfather?
A. sometimes it takes him a little longer than it used to to identify details of past events B. he has a harder time learning directions for new games than he used to C. he has more difficulty recalling information than recognizing it. D. he is unable to recognize familiar pictures of people he knew long ago |
D
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When studying intelligence in adults and how it relates to the aging process, longitudinal studies show:
A. a decline in the ability to reason logically that begins in early adulthood B. a decline in the amount of factual knowledge that begins in early adulthood C. a decline in the ability to reason logically that begins in later adulthood D. a decline in the amount of factual knowledge that begins in middle adulthood |
C
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Thomas teaches his grandmother to play his favorite video games so that he has something to do while visiting her. This activity most likely will:
A. not effect her cognitive abilities B. start a sharp decline in her cognitive abilities C. help preserve her cognitive abilities D. improve her circulation |
C
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Ramon is celebrating his 75th birthday next week. According to Erikson, the life crisis that is most relevant to Ramon would be:
A. generativity versus stagnation B. intimacy versus isolation C. integrity versus despair D. industry versus inferiority |
C
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Simon and Sarah have successfully raised three children. Although their marriage has not always been happy, especially when the children were young, they have maintained an emotional closeness. When the youngest child leaves home to go to college, which of the following is most likely to happen?
A. a late adulthood rebound in marital satisfaction B. a rapid decline in communication and marital satisfaction C. the empty nest syndrome D. they suffer a crisis, leading to maternal clinical depression |
A
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Charles, a 43 year-old accountant, dyes his hair, pierces his ear, and shows up at the office one day driving a new red, corvette. His coworkers accuse Charles of suffering a mid-life crisis. Research indicates that:
A. in all likelihood he is subject to depression B. the midlife crisis will resolve at the age of 45 C. happiness and life satisfaction have been eroding for Charles for a few years now D. happiness and life satisfaction generally do not decrease throughout adulthood |
D
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Terry is terminally ill. After too many years in the sun, melanoma invaded his body six months ago. When friends try to be compassionate and supportive of Terry, he acts like he does not know why they are treating him differently than they did a year ago. According to Kübler–Ross, Terry is:
A. in the denial stage of impending death B. in the depression stage C. in the acceptance stage of impending death D. asserting an unusual attitude toward death |
A
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Julie came home from the office early one day only to find her husband in bed with another woman. She became physically ill and the doctor told her it was “stress.” In Julie's case, stress was the:
A. stimulus B. response C. interaction D. none of the above |
B
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Since Alejandro started his new job he has been experiencing very painful headaches and he has lost his appetite. He dreads going to the office and the headaches are extreme in the morning. In this case, stress can be viewed as a(n):
A. interaction B. stimulus C. response D. rationalization |
A
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Marilyn has trouble concentrating and her temper has flared up several times this week. Every once in a while she catches herself grinding her teeth and clenching her fists. This presence of negative feelings leads Marilyn to say she is stressed. In Marilyn's case stress can be defined as a(n):
A. interaction B. stimulus C. response D. positive outlet |
C
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Victor and his wife were attending his mother's funeral when Victor suddenly clutched his chest and fell to the ground. Victor had suffered a major heart attack. These severe stressors, the death of his mother and the heart attack may be defined as:
A. microstressors B. major negative events C. catastrophic events D. macrostressors |
B
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Rebecca's friends keep telling her that she should take it easy and decrease the stress in her life. Rebecca ignores them for the most part because she does not believe she has stressors, just migraines. It's not like she just lost her job or got a divorce, she has normal daily problems such as finding the money to get the car repaired and scheduling time to get her son to soccer practice as well as the dentist. In fact, these events are ______________ stressors.
A. catastrophic event B. mindless stressors C. macrostressors D. microstressors |
D
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Zach was working as an intern for an investment company. His office was in the World Trade Center in New York City and his first day on the job was September 11, 2001. Zach survived the terrorist attacks physically unharmed but is now experiencing flashbacks, digestive problems, and he can't seem to have successful personal relationships. Zach's current problems may be a result of:
A. microstressors B. catastrophic events C. macrostressors D. major negative events |
B
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Helen and Arija have both experienced a significant number of life events that have called for adjustments in their lives. Helen's father died, she had to leave school to be with her mother, and she also had to quit her part time job. Arija just got married, had to leave school to move with her new husband and is now pregnant. According to current research, although both women had life events that required significant adjustments on their part, _________________ more likely to experience physical problems as a result of stress.
A. neither woman is B. Arija is C. Helen is D. both women are |
C
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Joyce and Katie were recognized by their professor for receiving the highest grades on the midterm exam. At first, they both interpret this situation as being a positive thing but, then Katie turns this event into a stressor because of her perceived inability to score as well on the next exam. Through the process of ___________________ Katie realizes she cannot cope with the pressure.
A. social appraisal B. primary appraisal C. secondary appraisal D. consequence appraisal |
C
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Jordan has had straight A's throughout her high school years. She is now a senior in her second and final semester of high school and she finds herself constantly near tears. Her friends are jealous of her success and cannot understand why Jordan is acting so stressed. Jordan is feeling that she may not be able to keep her perfect grade record and that when she looses it, people will realize she is not as smart as they now think she is. In this case, Jordan's appraisal of the _______________________ is a stressor.
A. primary situation B. psychological meaning of the consequences C. secondary situation D. potential consequences |
B
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The sympathetic nervous system mobilizes the body to a state of arousal when we are faced with a stressful situation. However, it is the ______________ that releases the longer acting stress hormones into our system.
A. endocrine system B. parasympathetic nervous system C. homeostasis desire D. immune system |
A
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Brianna has been pushing herself for several months now. As a single mother with a full time job during the day and college classes at night, she does not have any time for herself. Having enough money to pay the bills each month has been a source of stress for Brianna and right now there seems to be no end in sight to her financial difficulties. Lately, Brianna has been getting more viruses, aches, and pains than usual. Selye's GAS suggests that Brianna is in the ________________ phase.
A. exhaustion B. resistence C. alarm D. arousal |
A
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Given the research findings about the effect of traumatic events on psychological well being, which of the following might we expect to see from those who suffered personal losses in the terrorist attacks of September 11?
A. lack of emotional expression B. increased levels of anxiety, nightmares, and depression C. increased levels of extroverted behavior and risk taking D. none of the above as no reliable correlations have been found between stress and physical well-being |
B
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As part of a psychology experiment, Gwen and Wendy both complete a questionnaire about negative life events they have experienced. Gwen, it turns out, has experienced almost twice the number of negative events than Wendy has. Recent research would predict that:
A. Gwen has a greater likelihood of experiencing depression and anxiety in years to come B. Wendy has a greater likelihood of experiencing depression and anxiety in years to come C. There is no difference in the likelihood of either Gwen or Wendy experiencing depression and anxiety in years to come D. None of the above |
A
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Terry has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and is on a strict diet in an effort to improve the quality of his life. Days when he is suffering from pain tend to be the days he breaks the diet and eats foods the doctors have told him are unhealthy. Which of the following is the best explanation of this behavior?
A. he believes the unhealthy food will help him cope with the pain B. he believes that since he is suffering anyway, he may as well use this opportunity to eat forbidden foods. C. the stress he experiences from the pain increases his engagement in risky behaviors D. he believes the stress will be reduced by eating the unhealthy food. |
C
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Don and Mary had been married over fifty years when Mary was diagnosed with breast cancer. Six months later she died. Don became very depressed and within just a few weeks his health was in a serious state of decline. Research has shown that:
A. if Don had died first, Mary's health would have shown even greater decline than his did. B. there is a decrease in immune cell activity in a depressed bereaved spouse C. older men suffer more acutely the first year after the loss of a spouse, but live an average lifespan D. Don is unusual in that following the death of a spouse, stress is usually reduced in a persons life |
B
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When Ben loses his wife of thirty years to heart disease, one of the most important environmental factors that will indicate how well physically and psychologically he fares is:
A. optimism B. socioeconomic status C. management skills D. social support |
D
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Molly and Daniel's baby girl was born with severe genetic disabilities. Molly joined a support group for parents with disabled children that met every week. Daniel chose to keep his feelings private and did not participate in the support group. According to research:
A. Daniels personal coping skills will allow him to handle the stress better than Molly who seeks help from others B. Molly may be more disease resistant than Daniel because of her higher level of social support C. Daniel will experience less stress than Molly who is subject to the problems of others in the support group D. Molly's anxiety and depression will increase as she learns she is not the only one with stress in her life |
B
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In stories about mothers who have been able to literally lift a car off of a trapped child, the sudden boost of super human energy is usually attributed to adrenaline. Adrenaline (epinephrine) is used by the body in the “fight or flight” response. The story above fits the stress hormone pattern of physiological toughness because:
A. the body has a strong and quick cortisol response followed by a quick decline in secretion when the stress is over B. the body has a slow and steady catecholamine response followed by a gradual decline in secretion when the stress is over C. the body has a strong and quick cortisol response followed by a decline in secretion over days after the stress is over D. the body has a strong and quick catecholamine response followed by a quick decline in secretion when the stress is over |
D
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Charles works long hours and is a very successful attorney. Along with managing his clients, Charles often ends up doing much of the research himself, as the paralegals always seem to miss important information. Often, his office staff has caused him to work well into the night to make an important deadline. Given this general information, which of the following vulnerability factors should Charles be aware of influencing his physical health?
A. expensive lifestyle B. over involvement in a support group C. inherent optimism D. Type A personality |
D
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Stephen had a fear of public speaking. Before and during every public presentation he had to make he broke out in a cold sweat, his heart raced, and he continuously cleared his throat. One day he found himself giving an impromptu demonstration for his employees. He realized he was speaking in a public format and none of his usual symptoms was present. This success increased his ______________and his problem decreased over time.
A. self-efficacy B. type A personality C. hardiness D. potential stressor |
A
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Paul is a seventy-year old man in good health. He takes cholesterol medication, does not smoke, and exercises daily. He takes such good care of his body because he hates growing old. Paul does everything he can to deny it, but he realizes daily that his physical abilities are diminishing and he is getting more forgetful. Given current research on attitudes toward aging which of the following statements is most likely to be true for Paul?
A. his negative attitude will increase his lifespan due to motivating him to take health precautions B. his negative attitude will decrease his lifespan more than his health precautions are increasing it C. his negative attitude will increase his lifespan more than his health precautions are increasing it D. his negative attitude will decrease his lifespan but his health precautions are increasing it at a far greater rate |
B
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John has the lead role in the school musical. The problem is, John cannot sing. Before the director of the play realizes John's dilemma, John hires a voice coach to improve his singing abilities. In this case John's coping strategy involves:
A. emotion-focused coping B. seeking social support C. denial-focused acceptance D. solution-focused coping |
B
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Beatrice experiences high levels of stress when she has to drive on the freeway. She notices that when another driver cuts in quickly in front of her, her heart rate increases and her muscles tense. In order to change this, Beatrice teaches herself some relaxation exercises and tells herself that the driver of the other car must be rushing to the hospital or some other emergency. Beatrice has responded with which coping strategy?
A. emotion-focused coping B. problem-focused coping C. solution-focused coping D. seeking social support |
A
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Alicia is the new kid at school. On her first day, she does not meet any of the other students and sees them making fun of her behind her back. Alicia decides she can either develop a strategy for making friends or she can take the other students at face value and accept that they are jealous of her and ignore them. In this case, Alicia has control of which coping technique she will use and she is better off choosing:
A. emotion-focused-coping B. increase type A personality C. solution-focused coping D. problem-focused coping |
D
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As Child Protective Service case workers, Alan and Terry both experience strong negative emotions on the job. The cases of child abuse and neglect are often times emotionally overwhelming. Alan tries to leave his work at the office, so he pushes the negative thoughts aside and will not discuss his job with his wife. Terry, on the other hand, usually tells his wife all about how he spends his day, recounting to her details that have him so very angry and those that make him sad. In light of current research, we might expect:
A. Terry to live longer as he has not constrained his negative emotions B. Alan to live longer as he has constrained his negative emotions C. Terry to live the same length of time as Alan, all other things being equal D. Alan to live longer as he has suppressed his negative emotions both on the job and off |
A
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Socialization patterns within a culture tend to dictate coping strategy preferences evidenced in that:
A. women favor a problem-focused coping strategy in cultures where boys are pushed to be independent B. men favor a problem-focused coping strategy in cultures where boys are pushed to be independent C. women favor an emotion-focused coping strategy in cultures where girls are pushed to be independent D. men favor a social support coping strategy in cultures where boys are pushed to be independent |
B
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When a child fears going to the doctors office, any of the following methods of managing stress may be successful except:
A. cognitive restructuring B. self-instructional training C. reinforcement of the irrational beliefs D. somatic relaxation training |
C
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Veronica is under a lot of stress to make the Dean's list this semester. If she does not make the list, she is afraid she will not be well thought of, she'll disappoint her parents and be exposed as the person she really is, not very bright. Her therapist helps her see that these thoughts are irrational and she begins to recognize the popular person she is and that the Dean's list is not the only reason people are her friends. Her therapist helped her with:
A. somatic relaxation training B. her low self esteem C. self-instructional training D. cognitive restructuring |
D
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For centuries physicians have used drugs from the opiate family to relieve pain. In later years it has been discovered that the body produces its own version of a natural opiate. This natural painkiller works by:
A. anesthetizing the sensory outlets on the skin B. inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters involved in pain transmission C. decreasing the number of thick fiber nerve impulses D. increasing the number of thin fiber nerve impulses |
B
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Research has suggested that acupuncture is effective in reducing pain because the acupuncture process normally releases:
A. catecholomines B. amygdalas C. naloxone D. endorphins |
D
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Two components necessary to experience pain are sensory and emotional. It is quite understandable then that two individuals from different cultures can experience identical __________ and yet perceive pain differently due to the _______________ attached to the event.
A. emotions; identical sensory information B. sensations; varying emotion C. emotions; endorphins D. situations; negative emotions |
B
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Ivan had an emergency appendectomy performed last night. When he woke up this morning he was surprised to learn that he had control over the amount of pain medication he received because all he had to do was push a button and morphine was added to his IV fluids. The more often he pushed the button, the more pain medication he was receiving. Ivan acted like an average patient in that he actually ended up administering ________medication when compared to other patients receiving the dosages from hospital staff.
A. an equal amount of B. more C. less D. almost three times as much |
C
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Ivan had an emergency appendectomy performed last night. When he woke up this morning he was surprised to learn that he had control over the amount of pain medication he received because all he had to do was push a button and morphine was added to his IV fluids. The more often he pushed the button, the more pain medication he was receiving. Ivan acted like an average patient in that he actually ended up administering less medication than other patients receiving the dosages from hospital staff. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
A. his feeling of being deceived by the hospital staff caused him avoid medication B. his feeling of control over the pain decreased endorphin release C. his feeling of control over the pain increased endorphin release D. his feeling of control over the medication increased desire to conserve it |
C
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Frances is a successful, competent and a confident woman. She enjoys a satisfying career and a comfortable life style. Frances takes responsibility for her actions and makes few excuses for her mistakes. Given this brief personality profile, research would suggest which of the following might fit her reports of pain after a car accident?
A. low pain perception, more suffering B. high pain reports, more suffering C. high pain reports, less suffering D. low pain perception, less suffering |
D
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While waiting for her school bus to arrive one winter morning, Sandy was so cold she realized her feet and hands actually hurt. Rather than concentrate on the cold, Sandy pictured herself on a warm tropical island. She concentrated on the feel of the sand under her feet and the warmth of the sun on her face. Which of the following pain control strategies was Sandy using?
A. associative stratgies B. dissociative stratgies C. informational control D. sensory stratgies |
B
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Two hospital patients are scheduled to have identical surgeries. Patient A says she trusts the doctors implicitly and learning more about the procedures and talking about coping skills will only increase her fear. Patient B wants to know exactly what will happen during the operation, what to expect after the operation, and asks for coping skills in order to handle the pain. According to research, the outcome for the two patients might be:
A. patient A requires less medication and has a shorter hospital stay B. patient B requires less medication and has a shorter hospital stay C. both patient A and patient B require an equivalent amount of pain medication D. both patient A and patient B require shorter hospital stays than the average patient |
B
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Catherine has wanted to lose weight for several years. Last week she read the recent literature about obesity and health risks and decided she better get going. Today she went to the market and bought only healthy foods and then she made herself her favorite dinner of fried chicken, biscuits and gravy, knowing she would not be eating these things in the future. According to the Transtheoretical model of behavior change, Catherine is in the ____________ stage.
A. precontemplation B. contemplation C. preparation D. termination |
C
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Roger has joined the new fitness club in town and is very excited about his plan to get in shape. He knows he needs to increase his cardiovascular fitness as well as lose a few pounds. Which of the following situations might have the strongest influence on Roger, causing him to fail?
A. lack of support from his family and friends B. his general dislike of physical exercise C. his feelings that he can't do it D. his busy schedule |
A
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In the absence of a cure for AIDS, which of the following should people be focusing on?
A. education designed to change high risk behaviors B. change the values and attitudes of cultural groups C. safe sex practices D. all of the above |
D
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Motivational interviewing has been highly successful for people in decreasing unwanted behaviors. Which of the following is not part of the motivational interview process?
A. confronting the person with his or her problem B. focusing on discrepancies between the current state and the ideal state C. helping to set specific goals D. feedback and support for the persons efforts |
A
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