Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
439 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Every event has a cause.
Striving for immediate causes rather than searching for final causes. |
Determinism
|
|
Behavior is due to a person's decision not external determinants.
|
Free Will
|
|
Relationship between mind and body.
|
Mind-Body (Mind-Brain)
|
|
Mind is seperate from brain.
Mind Controls the brain and body. |
Dualism
|
|
Conscious experience is inseperable from the physical brain.
|
Monism
|
|
Determines roles of heredity and environment in expression of particular behaviors.
|
Nature-Nurture
|
|
1st Psych lab in Germany in 1879. Experiments have 2 elements (Feeling,Sensations).
|
William Wundt
|
|
Cornell University in 1892. Nature of mental experiences.
|
Edward Titchener
|
|
Present stimuli and subjects describe features.
|
Structuralism
|
|
Founder of american psychology. Harvard University. Concerned with actions the mind performs.
|
William James
|
|
How the mind produces various behaviors.
|
Functionalism
|
|
Genetic factors (Drugs,Genetics)
|
Biological
|
|
Result of past actions, not what they think.
|
Behavioral
|
|
Behavior can be understood with scientific methods.
|
Determinist
|
|
Simple responses to simple stimuli. Tested this in animals.
|
Jacques Loeb
|
|
Behavior is how a stimulus triggers a response.
|
Stimulus Response Psychology
|
|
Describing what someone did, not guessing what he was trying to do.
|
B.F. Skinner
|
|
Founder of Behaviorism. Environment molds behavior.
|
John Watson
|
|
Thinking processes and aquiring knowledge.
|
Cognitive
|
|
Consciousness, values and beliefs.
|
Humanistic
|
|
Person feels fulfilled and content.
|
Peak Experiences
|
|
Viewed humans as basically good.
|
Carl Rogers
|
|
Striving for ones full potential.
|
Self-Actualization
|
|
Accepting someone as they are.
|
Unconditional Positive Regard
|
|
Basic needs, safety, psychological needs, then self-actualization.
|
Hierarchy of Needs/
Abraham Maslow |
|
Uncovering underlying drives and motivations.
|
Psychodynamic
|
|
Sexual motivation to explain behavior.
|
Sigmund Freud
|
|
Guided by individuals ancestors. Saw humans as basically good.
|
Carl Jung
|
|
Guided by ambitions.
|
Alfred Adler
|
|
1.)Develop Hypothesis
2.)Test Hypothesis 3.)Measure Results 4.)Develop Conclusions |
Research Methods
|
|
Entire group being tested.
|
Population
|
|
Closely resembles the population.
|
Representative Sample
|
|
Everyone has equal chance of being selected.
|
Random Sample
|
|
Experimenter unintentionally distorts procedures or expected outcome.
|
Experimenter Bias
|
|
Observer records data without knowing predictions.
|
Blind Observer
|
|
Pill with no known pharmacological effects.
|
Placebo
|
|
Either observer or participants are unaware who received which treatment.
|
Single-Blind Study
|
|
Both observers and participants are unaware of who received treatments.
|
Double-Blind Study
|
|
Study subjects in natural conditions.
|
Naturalistic Observation
|
|
In depth description of individual.
|
Case History
|
|
Attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through responses to questions.
|
Surveys
|
|
Measure relationship between 2 variables.
|
Correlation
|
|
Measure 2 variables without controlling either.
|
Correlation Study
|
|
Mathematical relationship between 2 variables.+1 to -1.
|
Correlation Coefficient
|
|
Investigator manipulates at least 1 variable. Can prove cause and effect.
|
Experiment
|
|
Experimenter changes or controls.
|
Independent Variable
|
|
Item measured to see how it is affected.
|
Dependent Variable
|
|
Told what is expected and agree to continue with study.
|
Informed Consent
|
|
Must be ensured among participants.
|
Confidentiality
|
|
Contains a Cell body, Dendrites, and an Axon.
|
Neuron
|
|
Insulator that aids in the transmission of impulses along an axon.
|
Myelin
|
|
Axons send information with electrical and chemical processes called?
An on off switch |
Action Potential
|
|
Area between 2 neurons where one either excites or inhibits the next.
|
Synapse
|
|
Chemicals stored in the neuron and activate receptors of other neurons.
|
Neurotransmitters
|
|
Brain and spinal cord that communicates with the body.
|
Central Nervous System
|
|
Bundles of axons between spinal cord and the body.
|
Peripheral Nervous System
|
|
Peripheral nerves that communicate with the skin and muscles.
|
Somatic Nervous System
|
|
Controls internal organs and is involuntary.
|
Autonomic Nervous System
|
|
2chanins of neurons to the left and right side of the spinal cord. Fight or Flight.
|
Sympathetic Nervous System
|
|
Axons extending from medulla and spinal cord to neurons near the internal organs. Non-Emergency functions.
|
Parasympathetic Nervous System
|
|
Set of glands producing hormones and releasing them into the blood.
|
Endocrine System
|
|
Chemicals released by glands, and travel in the blood to other body parts.
|
Hormones
|
|
Where are the Medulla and Pons located?
|
Midbrain
|
|
What regulates overall arousal of the brain?
|
Reticular Formation
|
|
Controls rapid actions such as dribbling a basketball. Located in the hindbrain.
|
Cerebellum
|
|
Outer surface of the forebrain. 2 Hemispheres. Sensation and motor control. Gray Matter.
|
Cerebral Cortex
|
|
Specializes in vision.
|
Occipital Lobe
|
|
Specializes in touch, pain, temp. and awareness of body parts.
|
Parietal Lobe
|
|
Processing area for hearing and complex vision.
|
Temporal Lobe
|
|
Controls fine movements.
|
Frontal Lobe
|
|
Set of axons connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.
|
Corpus Callosum
|
|
Condition where neurons in the brain emit abnormal spontaneous impulses.
|
Epilepsy
|
|
A scan where x-rays pass through the head and dyes increase contrast between fluids and brain cells.
|
CT (Computerized Axial Tomography)
|
|
A high resolution image of the brain recording radioactivity of injected chemicals.
|
PET Scan (Positron-Emmision Tomography)
|
|
Uses magnetic detectors to record scans of the brain. Active area of brain has less oxygen recorded.
|
MRI (Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
|
|
What occurs to someone who damages the entire primary cortex?
|
Completely Blind
|
|
Damage to the inferior temporal cortex would cause?
|
Faceblindness
|
|
Damage to part of the color pathway causes? Definition: Recognizing colors after light changes.
|
Color Constancy
|
|
Causes neglect of the opposite side of the body.
|
Unilateral Neglect
|
|
Located in the nucleus. Chemical basis for heredity.
23 individual or 23 paired. |
Chromosomes
|
|
A fertilized egg.
|
Zygote
|
|
Sections along a chromosome. Direct someones development.
|
Genes
|
|
A chemical that controls the production of RNA.
|
DNA
|
|
A chemical that controls the production of protein.
|
RNA
|
|
Two genes of a pair that are the same.
|
Homozygous
|
|
Two genes of a pair that are different.
|
Heterozygous
|
|
Chromosomes that determine the sex. XX=female XY=male
|
Sex Chromosomes
|
|
A disease resulting in progressive memory loss.
|
Alzheimer's Disease
|
|
Disease resulting in loss of muscle control.
|
Huntington's Disease
|
|
An estimation of the variation of a population due to heredity. From 0=not due to heredity or 1=due to heredity.
|
Hereditability
|
|
Identical heredity.
|
Monozygotic Twins
|
|
Similar genetic makeup.
|
Dizygotic Twins
|
|
Changes in gene frequencies of a species.
|
Evolution
|
|
When individuals with certain characteristics reproduce more successfully, then future generations resemble those.
|
Natural Selection
|
|
Cells that convert energies into signals from the nervous system.
|
Receptors
|
|
Visual receptors covering the back of the eyeball.
|
Retina
|
|
A rigid, transparent structure on the outer surface of the eyeball.
|
Cornea
|
|
Decreased flexibility in the lens resulting in difficulty focusing close up.
|
Presbyopia
|
|
Elongation of the eyeballs resulting in nearsightedness.
|
Myopia
|
|
Flattened eyeballs resulting in farsightedness.
|
Hyperopia
|
|
An increase in pressure in the eyeball.
|
Glaucoma
|
|
When the lens in the eye becomes cloudy.
|
Cataract
|
|
Central area of the retina. For highly detailed vision.
|
Fovea
|
|
Gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light.
|
Dark Adaptation
|
|
Cells that make contact with other neurons. Vision
|
Bipolar Cells
|
|
Recieve input from bipolar cells.
|
Ganglion Cells
|
|
Ganglion cell axons join to form?
|
Optic Nerve
|
|
Theory that receptor respond to 3 colors. Blue, Red, and Green.
|
Trichromatic Theory or Young-Helmholtz Theory
|
|
Vision is paired opposites. red-green, yellow-blue, white-black.
|
Opponent Process Theory
|
|
Seeing one color after removing the other color.
|
Negative (Color) Afterimages
|
|
Perceiving a color in the cerebral cortex camparison of retinal patterns.
|
Retinex Theory
|
|
Cannot tell one color from another.
|
Color Blindness
|
|
Vibrations of air or other medium.
|
Sound waves
|
|
The frequency of a sound.
|
Hertz
|
|
Perception of sound.
|
Pitch
|
|
The amplitude of sound waves.
|
Loudness
|
|
Snail shaped organ with fluid filled canals and contain receptors for hearing.
|
Cochlea
|
|
Structure within the Cochlea that contains hair cells.
|
Basilar Membrane
|
|
Failure of the bones in the ear that cannot transmit sound to the Cochlea.
|
Conduction Deafness
|
|
Damage to the Cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve.
|
Nerve Deafness
|
|
Basiliar membrane produces movement at the same frequency of the sound.
|
Frequency Principle
|
|
Structure in the inner ear. Balance and posture.
|
Vestibular Sense
|
|
Feeling of warmth, skin pressure, cold, pain, etc.
|
Cutaneous Senses
|
|
Refers to the body-sensory system.
|
Somatosensory System
|
|
A neurotransmitter that inhibits release of substance P and decreases pain.
|
Endorphins
|
|
Sense of smell.
|
Olfaction
|
|
Sense of position of the head and limbs in relation to the trunk.
|
Kinesthesis
|
|
Receptors for orientation and movement that are located in fluid filled sacs and contain hair cells.
|
Vestibular Sacs
|
|
When hair cells are bent by body tilt a neual impulse is?
|
Transduction
|
|
Intensity someone can detect a stimulus 50% of the time.
|
Sensory Threshold
|
|
The time of maximum dark adaptation.
|
Absolute Threshold
|
|
Stimuli that can affect behavior even when we do not consciously perceive message.
|
Subliminal Perception
|
|
Tendency to perceive and object even when what strikes the retina changes.
|
Visual Constancy
|
|
Two kinds of Visual Constancy.
|
Shape and Size Constancy
|
|
An object incorrectly perceived to be moving against a stationary background.
|
Induced Movement
|
|
Illusion of movement by a rapid succession of stationary images.
|
Stroboscopic Movement
|
|
Perception of distance.
|
Depth Perception
|
|
Movement of both eyes.
|
Binocular Cues
|
|
Perceive depth and distance with one eye.
|
Monocular
|
|
Determines the development of monocular depth perception.
|
Visual Cliff
|
|
The misrepresentation of a visual stimulus.
|
Optical Illusions
|
|
A rhythm of activity and inactivity.
|
Circadian Rhythms
|
|
When you travel and your internal clock is out of sync.
|
Jet Lag
|
|
Sleep that enables the body to recover from the exertions of the day.
|
Repair and Restoration Theory
|
|
Sleeping and walking in order to conserve fuel and protect us from danger.
|
Energy-Conservation Theory
|
|
Eyes move rapidly, and this sleep is light and heavy sleep.
|
REM Sleep
|
|
A theorist that believes dreams reveal unconscious thoughts and motivations.
|
Sigmund Freud
|
|
Dreams are accidental by-products of arousal during REM sleep.
|
Activation-Synthesis Theory
|
|
Believes dreams are a form of thinking and not overridden by sensory control.
|
Neurocognitive Theory
|
|
Lack of sleep.
|
Insomnia
|
|
Irregular or no breathing during sleep.
|
Sleep Apnea
|
|
Abnormal sleep pattern with extreme sleepiness during the day.
|
Narcolepsy
|
|
Unsettling experiences while sleeping resulting in talking.
|
Sleep Talking
|
|
Occurs in stage 4 sleep and lasts for less than 15 minutes.
|
Sleep Walking
|
|
An unpleasant dream.
|
Nightmare
|
|
State of extreme panic during sleep.
|
Night Terrors
|
|
Excessive unrefreshing sleep.
|
Hypersomnia
|
|
Condition of increased suggestibility
|
Hypnosis
|
|
A suggestion an individual performs after coming out of hypnosis.
|
Posthypnotic Suggestion
|
|
Induced relaxation with special techniques.
|
Meditation
|
|
A class of molecules including methanol, ethanol,and propylalcohol.
|
Alcohol
|
|
A medication that helps people calm down and relax.
|
Tranquilizers
|
|
A medication that causes individuals to feel happy, warm, and content without anxiety and pain.
|
Opiates
|
|
A medication resulting in intesification of sensory experiences, drowsiness, and time passing slow. THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol)
|
Marijuana
|
|
A medication that increases energy, alertness and results in pleasant feelings.
|
Stimulants
|
|
Drugs responsible for inducing sensory distortions. LSD, PCP.
|
Hallucinogens
|
|
Psychologists that believe you should only study observable, measureable behaviors. Not mental processes.
|
Behaviorists
|
|
Russian Scientist. Experimented with dogs to prove conditioning.
|
Ivan Pavlov
|
|
Learning a new response by pairing 2 stimuli. A neutral stimulus and 1 that already evoked a response.
|
Classical Conditioning
|
|
Something that automatically elicits an unconditioned response.
|
Unconditioned Stimulus
|
|
The action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits.
|
Unconditioned Response
|
|
A stimulus in which can be controlled such as a buzzer.
|
Conditioned Stimulus
|
|
The response the conditioned stimulus elicits as a result of training.
|
Conditioned Response
|
|
A process that strengthens a conditioned response.
|
Acquisition
|
|
Repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. When responses stop producing reinforcements.
|
Extinction
|
|
Temporary return of an extinguished response after a delay.
|
Spontaneous Recovery
|
|
Responding differently to the 2 stimuli based on the result that follow from each.
|
Discrimination
|
|
The extension of a conditioned response from the training stimulus to a similar stimulus.
|
Stimulus Generalization
|
|
What is the term for the definition nearness in time?
|
Temporal Contiguity
|
|
Predictability that the unconditioned stimulus is more likely to occur after the conditioned stimulus than otherwise.
|
Contingency
|
|
The psychologist that studied cats that were placed in a box and had to escape.
|
Edward L. Thorndike
|
|
An event that increases the future probability of the most recent response.
|
Reinforcement
|
|
Responses that closely follow reinforcement will be connected with the situation.
|
Law of Effect
|
|
The changing of a behavior by providing reinforcement after a response.
|
Operant Conditioning
|
|
Responses that include salivation, digestion and affect internal organs. (Classical Conditioning)
|
Visceral Responses
|
|
Responses that include muscles of the body. (Operant Conditioning)
|
Skeletal Responses
|
|
More similar a stimulus is to the original stimulus the more strongly the subjest is to respond.
|
Stimulus Generalization
|
|
A stimulus designating which response is appropriate or not.
|
Discriminative Stimulus
|
|
A change in electrical activity of the skin when under stess.
|
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
|
|
Used rats to prove operant conditioning in a Box.
|
B.F. Skinner
|
|
Using successive approximations to change behavior.
|
Shaping
|
|
Reinforcing each behavior with the opportunity to engage in the next behavior.
|
Chaining
|
|
When an event presented strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior.
|
Positive Reinforcement
|
|
A response followed by a negative reinforcement.
|
Punishment
|
|
The lack of response leads to reinforcement.
|
Omission Training
|
|
The avoidance of a painful circumstance.
|
Escape Learning
|
|
Reinforcement of the response by absence of pain.
|
Negative Reinforcement
|
|
Exhibit frequent behavior serves as a reinforcer for any less frequent behavior. David Premack.
|
Premack Principle
|
|
A reinforcer that is reinforcing because of their own properties.
|
Unconditioned Reinforcers
|
|
A reinforcer that reinforces because of their prior connection with an unconditioned reinforcer.
|
Condtioned Reinforcers
|
|
What provides evidence that operant conditioning does more than increase behavioral frequencies?
|
Latent Learning
|
|
Reinforcement occurs for every accurate response exhibited.
|
Continuous Reinforcement
|
|
Reinforcement for some responses but not for others.
|
Intermittent Reinforcement
|
|
Reinforcement only after a predetermined number of correct responses.
|
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
|
|
Reinforcement after a variable number of correct responses.
|
Variable-Ratio Schedule
|
|
Reinforcement for the first response after a specified time interval.
|
Fixed-Interval Schedule
|
|
Reinforcement after a variable amount of time has lapsed.
|
Variable-Interval Schedule
|
|
Attempting to change a subjects behavior through reinforcement techniques.
|
Applied Behavior Analysis or Behavior Modification
|
|
Learning about behaviors even before trying them for the first time. Albert Bandura
|
Social-Learning Approach
|
|
The perception that you can successfully perform a task.
|
Self-Efficacy
|
|
Very brief storage of sensory information.
|
Sensory Store
|
|
Temporary storage of information someone has just experienced.
|
Short-Term Memory
|
|
More permanent storage of meaningful information and may last a lifetime.
|
Long-Term Memory
|
|
To produe it?
|
Recall
|
|
An individual receives hints about material to help recall it.
|
Cued Recall
|
|
An association that elicits the memory.
|
Retrieval Cue
|
|
Organizing information into familiar or meaningful units.
|
Chunking
|
|
The ability to state a fact.
|
Declarative Memory
|
|
A memory of a skill.
|
Procedural Memory
|
|
The ease to retrieve a memory depends on the number and type of associations formed.
|
Levels-of-Processing Principle
|
|
Skimming something is harder for you to remember.
|
Shallow Processing
|
|
Reading something then thinking about it in different ways.
|
Deeper Level of Processing
|
|
Survey
Process Meaningfully Ask Questions Review |
SPAR Method
|
|
Remembering a few words from a list usually the first and the last few.
|
Serial-Order Effect
|
|
Tendency to remember the first few items on the list.
|
Primary Effect
|
|
Remembering the last items on a list.
|
Recency Effect
|
|
Information that may help regain memory at a later time.
|
Retrieval Cues
|
|
An association formed at time of learning to help retrieve it later.
|
Encoding Specificity Principle
|
|
Being in the same condition when original learning took place.
|
State Dependent Memory
|
|
A memory aid bases on encoding each item in a special way.
|
Mnemonic Device
|
|
Severe loss or deterioration of memory.
|
Amnesia
|
|
Damage to the hippocampus causes difficulty storing long term memories known as?
|
Anterograde Amnesia
|
|
Loss of memory surrounding events just before brain damage.
|
Retrograde Amnesia
|
|
Prolonged vitamin D deficiency due to alcoholism causes what?
|
Korsakoff's Syndrome
|
|
Recognition that someone is using their own memory.
|
Explicit Memory
|
|
Does not require any recognition that someone is using their own memory.
|
Implicit or Indirect Memory
|
|
A degenerative condition that destroys brain cells and impair memory.
|
Alzheimer's Disease
|
|
Use this to fill in the blanks of a forgotten memory.
|
Reconstruction
|
|
Used to mold the recollection of an event to fit how the event actually turned out.
|
Hindsight Bias
|
|
Moving a memory from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind.
|
Repression
|
|
Thinking or gaining knowledge.
|
Cognition
|
|
Using categories to define objects.
|
Categorization
|
|
Mental images that resemble vision.
|
Cognitive Maps
|
|
A serial process. You must attend to one part after another in series.
|
Attention
|
|
The difficulty in naming a color when it is written in a different color.
|
Stroop Effect
|
|
Understanding the problem
Generating a hypothesis Test the hypothesis Cheking the results |
Problem Solving
|
|
The ability to express a variety of ideas.
|
Productivity
|
|
A system involving converting a deep structure into a surface structure. Not memorzing sentences but using rules to make your own.
|
Transformational Grammer
|
|
Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area.
|
Areas of the brain important for language.
|
|
Inarticulate speech and trouble using and understanding grammer.
|
Broca's Aphasia
|
|
Problems recalling names and comprehension impairment.
|
Wernicke's Aphasia
|
|
1-Understand and say 1-2 words
2-Say a few words. 50 3-Phrases of 2+ words 4-Full sentences. |
1-1st year of life
2-18 months 3-2nd year 4-2.5 to 3 years |
|
A unit of sound. One type of cluster.
|
Phoneme
|
|
A unit of meaning. One type of cluster.
|
Morpheme
|
|
During reading when the eyes are not moving.
|
Fixations
|
|
During reading the eyes move from one fixation point to another.
|
Saccades
|
|
The ability to cope with the environment.
|
Intelligence
|
|
Measuring someones differences in behaviors and abilities. Charles Spearman.
|
Psychometric Approach
|
|
The power to reason and use information.
|
Fluid Intelligence
|
|
Already acquired knowledge and the ability to use that knowledge.
|
Crystallized Intelligence
|
|
Various unrelated forms of intelligence.
|
Multiple Intelligences
|
|
3 aspects of intelligence.
1-Cognitive processes. 2-Situations that require intelligence. 3-How intelligence relates to the world. |
Triarchic Theory
|
|
Someone who falls 2 standard deviations below the mean can be classified as?
|
Mentally retarded
|
|
Motivation is described as a?
|
Drive
|
|
Striving to reduce needs and drives as much as possible.
|
Drive-Reduction Theory
|
|
The maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions.
|
Homeostasis
|
|
External stimuli that influence individuals toward certain actions.
|
Incentive Theories
|
|
A motivation to act for its own sake.
|
Intrinsic Motivation
|
|
Motivation that involves reinforcements and punishments that may accompany the act.
|
Extrinsic Motivation
|
|
What are the 2 types of motivation?
|
Primary-Biological needs
Secondary-Learned experiences |
|
Short-term hunger regulation:
Most abundant sugar in the body. Energy Source |
Glucose
|
|
Short-term hunger regulation:
A hormone that increases the flow of glucose and several other nutrients into the body cells. |
Insulin
|
|
Long-term hunger regulation:
A hormone produced by the bodys fat cells which changes the activity in the hypothalamus causing faster hunger satisfaction. |
Leptin
|
|
Accumulation of excessive body fat.
20-40% mild 41-100% moderate |
Obesity
|
|
The lateral hypothalamus controls what?
|
Hunger
|
|
Areas of the hypothalamus that help end meals.
|
Ventromedial-damage causes faster digestion.
Paraventricular-damage leads to normal frequency of meals but they are enormous |
|
A level that the body attempts to maintain is called the?
|
Set Point
|
|
A condition involving starvation, refusing to eat food, and steady weight loss.
|
Anorexia Nervosa
|
|
Alternating between self-starvation and excessive eating is?
|
Bulimia
|
|
Who conducted the first important survey of human sexual behavior?
|
Alfred Kinsey
|
|
The four phases of sexual arousal.
|
Excitement
Plateau Orgasm Resolution (EPOR or ROPE) |
|
What defines the sex that a person views himself or herself to be?
|
Gender Identity
|
|
A persons preference for a male or female partner, both, or neither is?
|
Sexual Orientation
|
|
People with low achievement motivation often have a?
|
Fear of Failure
|
|
What approach views employees as lazy and uncreative?
|
Scientific-Management Approach
|
|
What approach allows employees to take responsibility, have job variety and feel accomplishment?
|
Human-Relations Approach
|
|
The ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and use that info. in decision making.
|
Emotional Intelligence
|
|
What theory says a persons interpretation of a stimulus trigger autonomic nervous system changes?
|
James-Lange Theory
|
|
What theory states that emotions is independent of the autonomic aspect?
|
Canon-Bard Theory
|
|
What theory says the degree of the sympathetic system determines the emotional intensity but not the type of emotion?
|
Schachter and Singer
|
|
Robert J. Sternberg created a triangular theory of love which is?
|
Intimacy
Passion Commitment |
|
What develops when all 3 points of the love triangle come together?
|
Consummate Love
|
|
Martin Seligman encourages things that enrich our lives such as hope, courage, responsibility, etc. What is this called?
|
Positive Psychology
|
|
Most american researchers focus on Subjective Well Being which means?
|
A self evaluation of one's life
|
|
A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it.
|
Stress
|
|
The first stage of stress resulting in a high arousal.
|
Alarm
|
|
Second stage of stress is a prolonged but moderate arousal is?
|
Resistance
|
|
Third stage of stress is very intense and long lasting is called?
|
Exhaustion
|
|
A type of stress that occurs in violent situations such as war and rape.
|
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
|
|
What type of personality do people have that are competitive, impatient, and are angry and hostile?
|
Type A
|
|
What type of personality do people have that are easy-going, less hostile, and less hurried?
|
Type B
|
|
A fertizlized egg is a?
|
Zygote
|
|
A Zygote goes through several stages between 2 and 8 weeks which are?
|
Blastula, Gastrula, Embryo
|
|
An infants decreased response to a repeated stimulus.
|
Habituation
|
|
An infants stimulus change that produces an increase in a previously habituated response is a?
|
Dishabituation
|
|
Infants lack _____ which is the idea that objects continue to exist even when they can't be seen.
|
Object Permanence
|
|
Who conducted experiments with children to uncover their development of thinking and reasoning?
|
Jean Piaget
|
|
An organized way of interacting with objects in the world.
|
Schema
|
|
When someone applies an old schema to new items.
|
Assimilation
|
|
When someone changes or modifies an old schema to fit a new item.
|
Accommodation
|
|
A level of harmony or balance between accommodation and assimilation that one tries to reach.
|
Equilibration
|
|
What are the 4 stages of development?
|
Sensorimotor (Birth-1.5 yrs)
Preoperational (1.5-7yrs) Concrete Operational(7-11 yrs) Formal Operational (11+) |
|
The distance between what children can do on their own and what they can do with help from other.
|
Zone of Proximal Development
Lev Vygotsky- Characteristics of human thought: Language and symbols. |
|
According to Lawrence Kohlberg what are the levels of moral reasoning?
|
Preconventional Morality
Conventional Morality Postconventional Morality |
|
Comparison of groups or individuals of different ages at the same time.
|
Cross-Sectional Study
|
|
People born in one era differ from people born in a different era.
|
Cohort Effect
|
|
A study in which a single group of people is followed over a time span.
|
Longitudinal Studies
|
|
Some people that are more likely to drop out of a study is called?
|
Selective Attrition
|
|
Infant wonders if the world is predictable and supportive.
|
Trust vs. Mistrust
|
|
Toddler wonders can I do it for myself or do I need to rely on others?
|
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
|
|
Preschooler wonders "Am I good or bad?"
|
Initiative vs. Guilt
|
|
Children wonder "Am I a success or a failure?"
|
Industry vs. Inferiority
|
|
Teens wonder "Who am I?"
|
Identity vs. Role Confusion
|
|
Young adults wonder if they want a relationship or to be alone.
|
Intimacy vs. Isolation
|
|
People in the late 20's wonder how they will contribute to society and will they succeed in life.
|
Generativity vs. Stagnation
|
|
Retirement ages reflect on their life and wonder if they have lived a full life or not.
|
Integrity vs. Despair
|
|
A long term feeling of closeness between people?
|
Attachment
|
|
A procedure where infants are given to and taken away from the mother and a stranger to determine their reaction?
|
Strange Situation
|
|
When an infant reacts with the mother.
|
Securely Attached
|
|
Infant responds to the mother with mixed emotions. (Anger and Happiness)
|
Anxiously Attached
|
|
Infant produces moments of apparent indifference.
|
Anxious and Avoidant
|
|
The infant does not pay much attention to the mother.
|
Disorganized Category
|
|
An adoleschent's concerns with decisions about the future and himself.
|
Identity Crisis
|
|
People who have not put serious thought into decisions and not a clear sense of identity?
|
Identity Diffusion
|
|
People that seriously consider issues but have not made any decisions?
|
Identity Moratorium
|
|
People that are in a state of making a firm decision but haven't given much thought to the decision?
|
Identity Foreclosure
|
|
People who explore various identities then make their own decision?
|
Identity Achievement
|
|
What are the 5 stages of death as stated by Elizabeth Kubler-Ross?
|
Denial
Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance |
|
The tendency to be active or inactive, extroverted or reserved?
|
Temperament
|
|
A parenting style where high standards are set, yet they are warm and responsive to their children?
|
Authoritative Parents
|
|
A parenting style where firm guideline are set, yet less emotionally responsive to the children?
|
Authoritarian Parents
|
|
A parenting style where no rules are set, yet they are warm and caring but don't place demands on the children?
|
Permissive Parents
|
|
A parenting style where they do not spend time with their children and only provide food and shelter?
|
Indifferent or Uninvolved Parents
|
|
The transition from feeling a part of ones own country to being comfortable in a new country.
|
Acculturation
|
|
The ability to alternate between memberships in two countries.
|
Biculturalism
|
|
Who studied infant responses to measure their temperaments?
|
Jerome Kagan
|
|
Freud believed that boys develop a sexual intrest in their mother and aggression toward their father. What is this called?
|
Oedipus Complex
|
|
The five psychosexual stages are?
|
Oral
Anal Phallic Latency Genital |
|
The 1st psychosexual stage from birth to 1yr. and enjoys sucking?
|
Oral Stage
|
|
Psychosexual stage from 1 to 3yrs. and enjoy stimulation of the sphincter. 2nd stage.
|
Anal Stage
|
|
Psychosexual stage from about 3 where children play with their genitals and are sexually attracted to their opposite sex parent. 3rd stage.
|
Phallic Stage
|
|
Psychosexual stage from about 5 or 6 where they supress their psychosexual intrest. 4th stage.
|
Latency Period
|
|
Psychosexual stage starting at puberty where there is a strong interest in the opposite sex. 5th stage.
|
Genital Stage
|
|
Id: irrational & emotional.
Ego: Rational part of personality. Superego: moral aspect of personality. |
The 3 Aspects of Personality
|
|
What are the 8 defense mechanisms?
|
Repression
Denial Rationalization Displacement Regression Projection Reaction Formation Sublimation |
|
The rejection of unacceptable thoughts and impulses to the unconscious? Motivated Forgetting.
|
Repression
|
|
The refusal to believe information that leads to anxiety?
|
Denial
|
|
People attempt to prove that their behaviors are justifiable?
|
Rationalization
|
|
The moving away or diversion of a behavior or thought from it's regular target to a less threatening one?
|
Displacement
|
|
When people return to a more juvenile level of functioning?
|
Regression
|
|
When people attribute their own unacceptable characteristics to other people?
|
Projection
|
|
To keep unacceptable qualities repressed?
|
Reaction Formation
|
|
The transformation of sexual or aggressive impulses into acceptable, even admired qualities?
|
Sublimation
|
|
This group of individuals considered parts of Freud's theory valid, while they modified other aspects?
|
Neo-Freudians
|
|
Carl Jung believed this was present at birth and represents the cumulative experience of previous generations?
|
Collective Unconsciousness
|
|
Images that are inherited from the experiences of ancestors, are contained in the collective unconsciousness?
|
Archetypes
|
|
Psychology of the whole person, not just parts.
Alfred Adler. |
Individual Psychology
|
|
An exaggerated feeling of failure and helplessness?
|
Inferiority Complex
|
|
A drive to seek personal excellence and fulfillment?
|
Strive for Superiority
|
|
A personality style that has concern for others?
|
Social Interest
|
|
A form of psychology that deals with consciousness, values, and abstract beliefs?
|
Humanistic Psychology
|
|
One of the most influential humanistic psychologists. Self-actualization and self-concept?
|
Carl Rogers
|
|
Believed in the stages of sexual development, personality structure, and defense mechanisms?
|
Sigmund Freud
|
|
When researchers seek generalities about how an aspect of personality affects behavior?
|
Nomothetic Approach
|
|
An approach that focuses on intensive studies of individuals?
|
Idiographic Approach
|
|
A long lasting behavioral tendency?
|
Trait
|
|
A temporary expression of behavior?
|
State
|
|
An approach that people have consistent personality characteristics such as honesty, friendliness, and nervouseness that can be studied?
|
Trait Approach
|
|
What are the Big 5 personality traits?
|
Neuroticism
Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Openness |
|
A tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily?
|
Neuroticism
|
|
Seeks stimulation and enjoys being with other people?
|
Extraversion
|
|
Compassionate toward others?
|
Agreeableness
|
|
Shows self-discipline and strive for achievement?
|
Conscientiousness
|
|
The tendency to enjoy new intellectual experiences?
|
Openness
|
|
What are the 4 Personality tests?
|
1)Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
2)16-PF Test (Personality Factors) 3)Rorschach Inkblot Test 4)Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
|
The personality test that has true-false to measure personality dimensions such as paranoia and schizophrenia?
|
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
|
|
A personality test that measures the aspects of normal personality? Measures 16 factors of personality traits.
|
16-PF Test
|
|
A personality test that is based on an individuals interpretations of ten ambiguous ink blots?
|
Rorschach Inkblot Test
|
|
A personality test of storytelling where clients are forced to discuss their problems?
|
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
|
|
A behavior that results in stress, pain, impairs functioning, or increases risk of death?
|
Abnormal Behavior
|
|
A book of psychological disorders?
|
Diagnostic Statistics Manual (DSM)
|
|
___ includes disorders after infancy and a great chance of healing such as ADD, Stuttering, etc.
|
Axis 1
|
|
___ includes disorders that last a lifetime such as mental retardation and personality disorders.
|
Axis 2
|
|
___ evaluates medical conditions such as diabetes and cirrhosis of the liver.
|
Axis 3
|
|
___ includes psycosocial and environmental problems such as stress.
|
Axis 4
|
|
___ provides a global assessment or overall level of functioning.
|
Axis 5
|
|
A state of fear and apprehension that affects different areas of functioning.
|
Anxiety
|
|
Lingering, constantly present and includes attacks of severe anxiety.
|
Anxiety Disorder
|
|
A disorder causing sudden anxiety at an unbearable level.
|
Panic Disorder
|
|
A constant prescence of excessive and exaggerated anxiety.
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
|
|
A repetitive thought that exists and continues to invade someones conscious mind.
|
Obsession
|
|
A repetitive action that someone has no conscious desire to repeat.
|
Compulsion
|
|
What is a checking ritual?
|
When someone interupts their activities to check to make sure something is done.
|
|
What is a cleaning ritual?
|
An obsession with the idea of contamination.
|
|
A disorder in which someone has extreme moods and mood swings that result in disruption of their lives.
|
Affective Disorders
|
|
A disorder having one or more major depressive episodes without manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes.
|
Major Depressive Disorder
|
|
A mild condition of depression is called?
|
Dysthymia
|
|
Depression with a seasonal pattern.
|
Seasonal Affective Disorder
|
|
An affective disorder that is both depressive and manic.
|
Bipolar Disorder
|
|
A brief shock across the head to induce a seizure.
|
Electroconvulsive Therapy
|
|
Behaviors that are present such as hallucinations, delusions, etc.
|
Positive (present) Symptoms
|
|
Behaviors that are absent such as speech deficits, emotional expressions, etc.
|
Negative (absent) Symptoms
|
|
What are the 4 types of schizophrenia?
|
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
Catatonic Schizophrenia Disorganized Schizophrenia Paranoid Schizophrenia |
|
A hypothesis of when schizophrenia starts at birth due to poor nourishment, weight, difficult pregnancy, etc.
|
Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
|
|
The forgetting of past events and experiences.
|
Amnesia
|
|
A form of amnesia that appears suddenly after trauma and then suddenly disappears.
|
Psychogenic Amnesia
|
|
When a person forgets their identity and then assumes a new identity.
|
Psychogenic Fugue
|
|
A condition where the person alternates between two identities.
|
Dissociative Identity Disorder
|
|
A disorder that is characterized by a disruption of personal identity. A feeling of strangeness to himself.
|
Depersonalization
|
|
When someone feels a strangeness about the world.
|
Derealization
|
|
A condition of fear of having a disease.
|
Hypochondriasis
|
|
What disorder are classified as Cluster A disorders?
|
Paranoid, Schizotypal
|
|
What disorder are classified as Cluster B disorders?
|
Antisocial, Borderline, Narcissistic, Histrionic
|
|
What disorder are classified as Cluster C disorders?
|
Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive-Compulsive
|
|
A treatment of psychological disorders by the relationship between a Dr. and a client.
|
Psychotherapy
|
|
What approach to psychotherapy uncovers and resolves people's underlying drives and motives?
|
Psychodynamic
|
|
A procedure to get thought into the conscious mind to help people understand their thoughts and actions.
|
Psychoanalysis
|
|
Pent up emotions with dreams, unconscious thoughts and memories.
|
Cathartic
|
|
When a client thinks of a problem and states everything that comes to mind without censoring.
|
Free Association
|
|
A way to understand hidden or latent content represented symoblically in the persons actual experiences.
|
Dream Analysis
|
|
Exaggerated reactions of love or hate toward their therapist.
|
Transference
|
|
A continued repression of material that interferes with the therapeutic goals.
|
Resistance
|
|
What is the mismatch between their self-concept and their ideal self?
|
Incongruence
|
|
The best version of humanistic therapy. Non-directive. Listens sympathetically.
|
Person-Centered Therapy
|
|
Using punishment to teach clients to dislike a stimulus.
|
Aversion Therapy
|
|
A listing of anxiety-evoking situations from the most arousing to the least.
|
Systemic Desensitization
|
|
To change someones thoughts and beliefs to improve their mental health is?
|
Cognitive Therapy
|
|
A treatment based on the assumption that emotions are dependent on their internal cognition.
|
Rational Emotive Therapy (RET)
|
|
A therapy that involves a combination of cognitive and behavior therapy.
|
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
|