Introduction To Biology

Front 1

An adjective that describes non living materials in the environment in the environment, such as sunlight, rain, gases in the air, and chemicals in the soil

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Abiotic

Front 2

A protein that forms a filament which has a prominent role in cell movement and cell shape maintenance as well as intracellular transport

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Acids

Front 3

The amount of energy required by a chemical reaction in order for the reaction to occur

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Activation energy

Front 4

The part of an enzyme to which a substrate binds

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Active site

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The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins and requiring input of energy

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Active transport

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Single adenosine molecule linked to two phosphate ions

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Adenosine diphosphate(ADP)

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Small organic molecule with three phosphate groups attached that acts as the direct source of energy for almost all cellular activities

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Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)

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Membrane proteins help cells bind to each other and form tissues

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Adhesion

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An alternative form of a gene. (Eye color)

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Allele

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The formation of a new species through the geographical isolation of a portion of a population from the population as a whole

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Allopathic Speciation

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Life cycle of plants and some algae that contains both adult haploid and diploid stages

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Alternation of generations

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A small organic molecule with the structure of an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, and an R group, which all bonded to a single central carbon atoms. Building blocks of proteins

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Amino acids

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An amino acid with a side chain that contains a ring structure with conjugated double bonds

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Amino acids, Aromatic

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Use energy to build more complex molecules from relatively simple raw materials

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Anabolic Reaction

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When sister chromatids separate from each other and ends when each set of separated, sister chromatids arrived at the opposite poles of the cell.

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Anaphase

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Binding of one nucleus acid to another

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Annealing

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Solutions in which water is the solvent

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Aqueous solutions

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Basic unit of matter that cannot be further broken down without losing its unique properties

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Atom

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Approximate weight of an atom, sum of protons and neutrons

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Atomic mass

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Number of protons in each atom

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Atomic number

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Substances that when dissolved in water reduce the concentration of hydronium ions

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Bases

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The diversity of life in an area

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Biodiversity

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The process that transfer chemical elements between biotic and abiotic components in the ecosystem

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Biogeochemical cycles

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A lineage is a group of populations that evolves independently of other groups

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Biological lineage

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Proteins, lipids, nucleons acids and complex sugars

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Biological macromolecules

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The principle that living things come only from other living things

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Biogenesis

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Total amount of living organic materials within an ecosystem of the mass of all members of some specified group of organisms

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Biomass

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All areas on within and around the planet that are capable of supporting life

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Biosphere

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Living organisms or their remains

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Biotic

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Solutions that resist change in pH by acting as either an acid or a base

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Buffers

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An organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a certain population

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Carbohydrates

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Breaks down larger more complex molecules into smaller molecules and release energy in the process

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Catabolic reaction

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Molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not itself chemically altered in the process

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Catalyst

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The smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in life

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Cell

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A series of phases in the life of the cell through which it grows and divides

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Cell cycle

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A structure surrounding all types of cells, separating it from the external environment

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Cell membrane

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The theory that new cells are formed from other existing cels, and that the cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living organisms

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Cell theory

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Protective and reinforcing structure found in certain cells, situated outside the plasma membrane

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Cell wall

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A metabolic pathway that uses stored chemical energy from foods to build ATP

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Cellular respiration

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A large, vacuole found in many plant cells

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Central vacuole

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The place where the microtubules originate from during mitosis

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Centrioles

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Attractions between atoms that hold atoms and molecules together

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Chemical bonds

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The energy stored in chemical bonds

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Chemical energy

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A chemical change in which new molecules are formed from existing molecules

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Chemical reaction

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Study of matter and its structure, properties and reactions

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Chemistry

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A plant pigment used to absorb light energy for photosynthesis

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Cholophyll

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The organelle in eukaryotic cells where photosynthesis occurs—the process that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy and generally involves the pigment chorophyll

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Chloroplast

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A molecule in the steroid family of lupus that includes four fused carbon rings

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Cholesterol

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A combination of DNA and proteins that constitutes chromosomes

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Chromatin

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Tightly coiled form of the DNA protein complex. Threadlike structure of nucleus acids carrying genetic information in the forms of genes

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Chromosome

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A short hair like appendage on the cell surface

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Cilium or cilia

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Sequence of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that specified which amino acid should be added to a growing polypeptide chain

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Codon

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A property of matter in which particles tend to stick together

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Cohesion

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Symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other does not but also is not harmed

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Commensalism

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Populations interacting with each other within a specified area

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Community

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Type of interprovincial interaction where both species are harmed

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Competition

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Chemical reaction where two chemicals are bound together and often release water

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Condensation

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An organism that eats or absorbs complex food molecules derived from the bodies of other organisms

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Consumer

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Chemical bonds that form molecules and are a result of sharing electrons

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Covalent bonds

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Process in which genes swap positions between chromatids of homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis

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Crossing over

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Division of the cytoplasm of a cell at the end of mitosis to form two separate daughter cells.

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Cytokinesis

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A eukaryotic cell structure formed by a series of protein filaments

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Cytoskeleton

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Bacteria and fungi that colonize dead material and absorb food molecules from it

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Decomposer

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The state in which unfolded protein chains become entangled with one another

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Denatured state

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Animals that feed on dead organic matter

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Detrivore

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Indigestible carbohydrates which cannot be degraded by human digestive enzymes but still play important roles in maintaining health

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Dietary fiber

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Dihybrid cross

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Cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for two distinct genes

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Referring to cells that contain two sets of chromosomes

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Diploid

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Carbohydrates made of two monosaccharides linked together by a covalent bond

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Disaccharide

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A nucleus acid polymer that contains the genetic instructions for all living organisms

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DNA

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Synthesis of a new DNA double helix

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DNA replication

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The collection of all interacting species populations within some defined area

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Ecological community

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Movement of materials into the cytoplasm of a cell via vesicles or vacuoles

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Endocytosis

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An organelles made up of a series of sacs and tubes that assemble other cellular components

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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Skeleton inside the body

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Endoskeleton

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A molecule that acts as a catalyst for chemical reactions in biological organisms

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Enzyme

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Which contain a nucleus? Eukaryotic or prokaryotic

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Eukaryotic

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Movement of materials out of the cytoplasm of a cell via membranes vesicles or vacuoles

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Exocytosis

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F1 generation

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The first child of a parent

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A long whip like projection used in moving the cell from one place to another

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Flagellum

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Type of eukaryotic organisms that lives off of other decaying organisms

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Fungus

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Haploid sex cell produced from germ cells that have undergone meiosis

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Gamete

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A segment of DNA that carries specific information, ultimately coding for a protein, which determines certain traits in an organism

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Gene

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The result of fertile members of a species moving into or out of a population

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Gene flow

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All of the genes and alleles present in a population at some point in time

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Gene pool

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The change in a gene pool as a result of random chance

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Genetic drift

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All the genetic info in an organism

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Genome

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Alleles present in an organism

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Genotype

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An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify , store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum

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Golgi apparatus

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Phenomenon in which greenhouse gases in Earths atmosphere support heat retention and serve to maintain warm and relatively stable surface temperatures

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Greenhouse effect

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Contain only one set of chromosomes

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Haploid

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Having two different alleles for a trait present

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Heterozygous

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Refers to two chromosomes that are matched pair in a diploid cell

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Homologous

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An interaction between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative atom with an unshared pair of electrons

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Hydrogen bonds

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A chemical reaction where a molecule is split into two molecules

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Hydrolysis

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A gene where the dominant allele is not expressed as strongly in the heterozygous as in the homozygous dominant condition

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Incomplete dominant

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Any substance lacking molecules that contain a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom

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Inorganic

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Protein that completely spans the plasma membrane

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Integral proteins

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The stage of a cell cycle when division does not occur. Cell grows acquired nutrients and replicated both of its chromosomes as well as its organelles

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Interphase

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Attractive force generated by the interactions between ions of opposite charges

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Iconic bond

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Diagrammatic representation of an organisms genome

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Karyotype

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A species that has an unexpectedly strong effect on the stability or diversity of a community that is much larger than its abundance of biomass would suggest

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Keystone species

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Each pair of alleles segregates separately of any other pair of alleles when gametes are formed

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Law of independent assortment

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States that the two alleles for each gene separate from each other when gametes form, so that each gamete contains one allele of each gene

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Law of segregation

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Organic macromolecules that are largely nonpolar and as a result are hydrophobic

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Lipids

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A type of molecule that is a combination of a protein and a lipid that allows for the transport of lupus throughout the body

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Lipoprotein

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A specialized vesicles found only in animal cells

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Lysosome

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A large complex molecule formed by combining smaller subunits producing a larger unit consisting of many atoms with new properties

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Macromolecule

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Anything that occupies space and has mass

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Matter

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A type of cell decision in which single, diploid germ cell is divided into four, haploid gamete cells

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Meiosis

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A type of rna molecule that contain instructions for making a protein

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Messenger rna

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Series of chemical conversions, each of which is catalyze by an enzyme

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Metabolic pathways

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Two forms of metabolic pathways

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Cellular respiration/fermentation

Photosynthesis

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This is a stage of mitosis where sister chromatids connected by centromeres are lined up along the plane of the cells center

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Metaphase

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One type of fiber that makes up the cytoskeleton of a eukaryotic cell

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Microtubules

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A type of cellular division in which a single, diploid, somatic cell is divided into genetically identical daughter cells

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Mitosis

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Two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

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Molecule

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A simple sugar containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio respectively

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Monosaccharide

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The biogeochemical cycle through which nitrogen moves through terrestrial ecosystems

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Nitrogen cycle

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A molecule that is one of the three components that make a nucleotide

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Nitrogenous base

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Organic macromolecules, built from nucleotides, that carry out two main functions in the cell

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Nucleic acids

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A specific region in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell where dna is stored

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Nucleoid

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A packaging unit of dna in a eukaryotic cell consisting of dna wound around a protein core composed of eight Histone molecules

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Nucleosomes

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Molecules that make up the individual structural sub units of the nucleic acids rna and dna

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Nucleotides

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A structure found within the nucleus of a cell

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Nucleolus

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Specialized structures within a cell

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Organelles

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Diffusion of wager across a selectively permeable membrane

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Osmosis

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The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without any input of energy

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Passive transport

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A covalent bond that links amino acids together to form proteins

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Peptide bond

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Physical or physiological characteristics present

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Phenotype

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The biogeochemical cycle through which phosphorus moves between the atmosphere, water, and ecosystems

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Phosphorus cycle

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Class of lipids that contain only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol which in turn is bound to a phosphate group

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Phospholipid

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An amino acid with polar side chains contains polar uncharged groups such as snide or hydroxyl groups

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Polar amino acid

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A covalent bond that forms between a highly electronegative atom and a non highly electronegative atom

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Polar covalent bond

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Large molecules consisting of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds

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Polymer

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A type of cell lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

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Prokaryotic cell

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The sequence of dna to which rna polymerase binds

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Promoter

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The nucleic acids composed of nucleotides in a single strand whose primary function is protein synthesis

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RNA

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Type of rna that is component of a ribosome and assists with the process of translating the instructions for making proteins that are present in mRNA

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Ribosomal RNA

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A cellular structure consisting of rna and protein organized into two subunits and functioning as the site of protein synthesis

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Ribosome

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One type of the long fatty acid molecules comprising fats and oils

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Saturated fats

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A property of the cell membrane wherein only certain molecules or ions can cross the membrane by diffusion

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Selective permeability

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The spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient

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Simple diffusion

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Any non reproductive cell found in multicellular organisms

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Somatic cell

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A type of lipid that includes hormones and cholesterol

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Sterols

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A molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme

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Substrate

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Unsaturated fat produced through hydro generation, which is a chemical process used to add hydrogen to compounds such as vegetable oil

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Trans fat

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The type RNA directly involved in protein synthesis, that transports amino acids to ribosomes to be incorporated into an emerging protein

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Transfer RNA

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A type of lipid used to store energy long term

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Triglycerides

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One type of long fatty acid molecules comprising fats and oils

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Unsaturated fats

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A type of vesicles containing mostly water that is found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

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Vacuole

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A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells used to isolate and transport materials in a cell

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Vesicle

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Haploid daughter cells are produced

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Meiosis

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Responsible for nitrogen fixation in nitrogen cycle

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Bacteria

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The influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution

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Coevolution

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State of having the same or similar relation

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Homology

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Relating to the evolutionary development and diversification of a species or group of organisms or of a particular feature of an organism

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Phylogenetic

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Variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population, owing to the chance disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce

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Genetic drift

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Transfer of genetic variation from one population to another

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Genetic flow

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Dissolved in the solvent

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Solute

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Two traits are mixed and a new trait is formed

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Incomplete dominance

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Daughter cells contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent

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Mitosis

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Contains mitochondria

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Eukaryotic cell

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Output of light dependent reaction of photosynthesis

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ATP

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Input to the Calvin-Benson cycle

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Carbon dioxide

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Which stages of cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide as a product?

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Krebs cycle

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Produces the most ATP molecules

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Electron transport chain

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A molecular bond results from an electron being transferred from one atom to another

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Ionic

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Hydrogen bond is formed by

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A hydrogen atom on one molecule weakly binds with an electronegative atom on another molecule

Front 170

DNA is: Rna is:

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Double stranded

Single stranded

Front 171

Products of citric acid cycle

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Carbon dioxide, nadh, atp