Introduction To A&p

Front 1

Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related.

Back 1

•Chemical level – Atoms combine to form molecules (ie. Sodium, Potassium)
•Cellular level – molecules combine to form cells (smooth muscle cell)
•Tissue level – similar types of cells combine to form tissues (smooth muscle tissue)
•Organ level – several types of tissues combine to form an organ – ie a blood vessel is comprised of epithelial tissue, smooth muscle tissue and connective tissue
•Organ system level – several different organs working together – cardiovascular system
•Organism level – the complete human being, made up of many organs working together

Front 2

Describe the anatomical position and explain why we use it.

Back 2

The anatomical position of the human body is when the person is:
•facing forward (erect)
•feet parallel
•arms down at the side
•palms facing right side up (thumbs pointing away from the body).
Anatomical positions is used to:
•describe the body parts and position

Front 3

Define homeostasis and explain why it is necessary within the body.

Back 3

Homeostasis is the body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment, despite a continually changing outside world.
Homeostasis is vital, its loss results in illness or disease.

Front 4

Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function.

Back 4

Most homeostatic control systems are negative feed-back systems, which act to reduce or stop the initial stimulus.
All homeostatic control systems have three components:
1.A receptor that responds to environmental changes;
2.A control centre that assesses those changes and produces a response by activating
3.the effector.

Front 5

Explain the planes of the body

Back 5

Sagittal Section: separates the body longitudinally into right and left parts. If the cut is down the median plane of the body and the right and left are equal in size, it is called a median or midsagittal section.

A Frontal (coronial) section separates the body on a longitudinal plane into anterior and posterior parts.

A transverse section (cross) separates the body on horizontal plane, into superior and inferior parts.

Front 6

Explain the bpdy cavities

Back 6

Dorsal: well protected by bone has two subdivisions:
1. Cranial: Contains the brain
2. Spinal: contains the spinal cord

Ventral: less protected that the dorsal; has two subdivisions:
1. Thoracic: The superior cavity that extends inferiorly to the diaphragm; contains heart and lungs which are protected by the rib cage.
2. Abdominopelvic: The cavity inferior to the diaphragm that contains the digestive, urinary and reproductive organs. The abdominal portion is vulnerable because it is protected only by the truck muscles.

Front 7

Explain the body quadrants and regions

Back 7

The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants or nine regions.
Quadrants:
• Right upper
• Left Upper
• Right Lower
• Left Lower

Regions:
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric region
Left hypocondriac
Right Lumber
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
Right Iliac
Hypogastric
Left Iliac

Front 8

Define chemical elements and list the four elements that form the bulk of body matter.

Back 8

All matter is composed of substances called elements. Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. In humans, four elements make up roughly 96% of body mass - these are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N).

Front 9

Define molecule and explain how molecules are related to compounds.

Back 9

A molecule is the smallest unit resulting from the binding of two or more atoms. If the atoms are different, a molecule of a compound is formed.

Compounds exhibit properties different from those of the atoms they comprise.

Front 10

Distinguish organic from inorganic compounds.

Back 10

Organic compounds
•Contain carbon
•Most are covalently bonded
•Example: C6H12O6 (glucose)

Inorganic compounds
•Lack carbon
•Tend to be simpler compounds
•Example: H2O (water)

Front 11

Explain the concept of pH, and state the pH of blood.

Back 11

pH Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions

Normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45 (slight deviations outside this range can be fatal).

Front 12

Explain the importance of ATP in the body.

Back 12

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Chemical energy used by all cells

Energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond

ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels