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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What model of psychology says that abnormal behavior is the result of a disease?
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medical model
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etiology
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cause and developmental history of an illness
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prognosis
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forcast of probable course of an illness
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maladaptive behavior
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Behavior that interferes with an individuals’ social or occupational functioning
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deviant behavior
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behavior that is societally unacceptable/different from cultural norms
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What does multiaxial mean? (DSM)
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asks for judgments about individuals on numerous separate dimensions.
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What axis on DSM are mood disorders?
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Axis I
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prevalence
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percentage of population that exhibits a disorder during a specified time period
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most prevalent psychological disorders
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substance abuse disorders
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second most prevalent psychological disorders
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anxiety disorders
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third most prevalent psychological disorders
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mood disorders
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conversion disorder
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significat loss of physical function with no organic cause
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difference between phobia and regular fear
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phobia interferes with everyday behavior
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what does evidence suggest about genetics (from family and twin studys) and anxiety disorders?
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there is a moderate genetic predisposition to anxiety disorders
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how are phobic disorders aquired?
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through classical conditioning
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how are phobic disorders maintained?
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operant
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somatoform disorders
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apparent physical illness caused by psychological factors
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dissociative disorders
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people lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory. results in dispruptions of identity
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dissociative identity disorder
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person has two or more essentially complete and different personalities
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mood disorders
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emotional disturbances that can affect one's physical, perceptual, social and thought processes
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what is the frequency of depression in women compared to men
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nearly twice as frequently in women as in men
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what brain structure is related to depression?
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hippocampus
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what kind of thought patterns is depression linked to?
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rumination and pessimistic explanatory style
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delusions
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false beliefs that are maintained even thought they are clearly out of touch with reality
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schizophrenic disorders
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characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and deterioration of adaptive behavior
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blunted or flattened affect
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lack of emotional reactions
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two category scheme of schizophrenia
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predominance of negative and positive symptoms
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positive symptoms of schizophrenia
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behavioral excesses: hallucinations, delusions and bizarre behavior
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onset of schizophrenia
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usually emerges during adolescence or early adulthood
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several research studies have found an elevated incidence of schizophrenia among individuals whose mothers were?
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exporsed to influenza during 2nd trimester of pregnancy
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What are personality disorders characterized by?
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extreme, inflexible personality traits
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antisocial personality disorder
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does not conform to accepted norms of society and morality. behavior is impulsive, callous, and manipulative with no sense of guilt.
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what psychological disorder is only seen in affluent western cultures?
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anorexia nervosa
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insight therapy
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talk therapy in order to enhance clients' understanding of themselves and their problems
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behavior therapy
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based on principles of learning, make direct efforts to change clients' behavior
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rational emotive therapy
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albert ellis-- cognitive behavioral treatment
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Rogers--
personal distress occurs when |
there is an incongruence between a person's self-concept and reality
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a behavior therapists major concern in treating an abnormal behavior
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how situational/environmental factors are causing the troublesome behavior
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first step in systematic desensitization
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therapist helps client build an ANXIETY HIERARCHY
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second step in systematic desensitization
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training client in deep muscle relaxation
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third step in systematic desensitization
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client tries to work through hierarchy, learning to remain relaxes while imagining each stimulus, then may be encouraged to face real stimuli
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aversion therapy
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behavior therapy in which an aversive stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits an undesirable response (alcoholics--pairing nausea inducing drug(emic drug) with favorite drink)
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cognitive (and cognitive behavioral) therapy
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try to correct negative thought patterns that underlie various types of disorders
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electroconculsive shock therapy (ECT)
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electric shock is used to produce a cortiical seizure accompanied by convulsions
can be effective for major depression |
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person perception
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forming impressions of others
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what kind of people are most likely to be viewed as more competent?
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physically attractive people
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social schemas
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organized clusters of ideas about people or social evevnts
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ingroup
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a group that one person belongs to and identifies with
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outgroup
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a group that one does not belong to or identify with
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attribution
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assumption we make about why people do the things they do
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what do we tend to do first when making an attribution
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decide if an evevnt was due to internal or external causes
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stereotype
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widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership to a group
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fundamental attribution error
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observer's bias in favor of internal attributions in explaining others' behavior
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self-serving bias
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tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to situational factors
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interpersonal attraction factors
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1. attrictiveness
2. similarity 3. reciprocity 4. proximity |
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matching hypothesis
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males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners
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reciprocity
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we like people who like us
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passionate love
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complete absorption in another person
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companionate love
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warm close trusting feelings
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Hazan and Shaver theory
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people's romantic relationships in adulthood are similar in form to their attachment patterns in infancy
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what is more likely to enhance the credibility of the source of a persuasive message?
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trustworthiness
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cognitive dissonance
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cognitions contradict each other/are inconsistent
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festinger carlsmith lying study
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people paid $1 rated dull task more enjoyable than people who were paid $20...people need to justify their beliefs so they change attitudes
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conformity
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people yield to real or imagine social pressure
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key determinate of conformity in Asch's studies
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group size and group agreement
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obedience
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people follow direct commands from someone in a position of authority
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Milgram's research on obedience
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teacher almost always obeyed authority figure
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in Asch's and Milgram's studies, conformity to group pressure and obedience can be reduced by
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the presence of a dissenter
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stanford prison study
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malicious and abusive in fulfilling their responsibilities
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bystander effect
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people are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone
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diffusion of responsibility
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tendency of people to assume that someone else will take responsibility in a crisis
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social loafing
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reduction in effort by individuals when they work in groups as compared to when they work by themselves
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group polarization
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shift toward more extreme decisions in a group because group discussion strengthens a group's dominant point of view
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groupthink
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people try to agree with each other even at the expensive of critical thinking.
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