Intro To Psy 11: Freud

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cathartic method

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The aim was to enable the hypnotized patient to recollect the traumatic event at the root of a particular symptom and thereby eliminate the associated pathogenic memory through "catharsis."

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psychoanalysis

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a system of psychological theory and therapy which aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free association.

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Pathogenic ideas

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causing or capable of causing disease. Without the access to their normal consciousness, the emotional energy accompanying pathogenic ideas could be gradually expressed and dissipated in the normal way, but presumably remained bottle up or “strangulated”. Stimuli that would normally arouse the memory now activated the strangulated emotional energy instead, which “discharged” into the musculature to produce a hysterical symptom.

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Conversions

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of emotional into physical energy. Hysterical symptoms.

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Act psychology

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contrasted the essential nature of psychology's subject matter with that of the physical sciences. While the physical sciences study objects, for Brentano the fundamental units of psychological analysis were acts that always refer to ot contain an object.

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Intentionality

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all mental phenomena have an “aboutness”, a quality of referring to or implicating some object in consciousness

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Pressure technique

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where patients would lay on the couch with their eyes closed as for hypnosis, but remained normally awake. He insisted that they should remember their memories until getting to the pathogenic ideas. Then he simply pressed their foreheads with his hand and confidently assured them that further memories would follow.

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Free association

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he encourage his patients to let their thoughts run free and report fully and honestly everything that came to mind.

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Overdetermination

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When more than one pathogenic memory is acting together to cause the problem.

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Repression

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patients at some level did not want to recall some of their pathogenic ideas, although often they remained completely unaware of the fact.

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Intrapsychic Conflict

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different aspects of personality clarmoting for mutually exclusive goals. Therefore, a conscious part of each patient wanted to face the music and by cured, while another, unconscious part feared that the emotional pain of a successful treatment would be too much to bear and tried to sabotage the process.

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Seduction theory

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all hysterics must have undergone sexual abuse as children.

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Defenses

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Any of a variety of usually unconscious mental processes used to protect oneself from shame, anxiety, loss of self-esteem, conflict, or other unacceptable feelings or thoughts, and including behaviors such as repression, projection, denial, and rationalization.

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Dreams

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a series of thoughts, images, and sensations occurring in a person's mind during sleep.

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Manifest content

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The content of a dream, fantasy, or thought as it is remembered and reported in psychoanalysis.

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Latent content

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is the hidden psychological meaning of the dream.

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Dream work

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The Interpretation of Dreams provides a hermeneutic for the unmasking of the dream's disguise. This is divided in three processes: displacement, condensation, concrete representation.

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Displacement :

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serves as a “defensive” function, enabling the dreamer to experience images less disturbing than the thoughts that originally inspired them.

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Condensation

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Several latent thoughts may be symbolized by a single image or element of the manifest content.

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Concrete representation

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the manifest content typically represents latent ideas by means of concretely experienced sensations of hallucinations. Dreams are experienced as real sights, sounds, feelings.

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primary process

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unconscious and associated with dream and symptom formation. (model of mental activity)

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Secondary process

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conscious and responsible for rational thought. (model of mental activity).

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Regression

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secondary progress thinking is abandoned in favor of development of primary process- therefore, a regression to earlier and more primitive ways of thinking occurred.

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Fulfillment of wishes

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He noticed that it seemed in virtually every case that the latent content included significant though often conflict-laden wishes, even when the manifest content seemed the opposite of a wish fulfillment. In such cases, the disagreeable manifest content helped deflect attention from the embarrassing or anxiety-laden nature of the latent content, thus assisting the defensive process of displacement.

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Manifest dreams and hysterical symptoms seemed strikingly similar to each other structurally:

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-Both symbolized unconscious and anxiety-arousing ideas indirectly by allusion (displacement)

-Both could represent several unconscious ideas simultaneously with single images or symptoms (condensation and overdetermination)

-Both gave concrete representation to ideas through subjectively real sensory or physical experiences , and both were created unconsciously.

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Oedipus Complex

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This was the infantile desire to possess the oppositesexed parent for one’s exclusive sensual pleasure, and to be rid of the same-sex paent as the major rival for such attentions, seemed almost inevitable consequence of growing up in a typical Western family.

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Polymorphous perversity

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human infant are born in this state, where they are capable of taking sexual (that is, sensuous) pleasure from the gentle stimulation of any part of the body.

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Erogenous zones

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where the infant experiences satisfaction and sensual pleasure

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Oral zone

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In the earliest infancy, the mouth, or oral zone predominates as the location of this broadened form of sexual gratification.

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Anal zone

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When toilet training begins and children start to find pleasure in voluntary control of their body functions, the anal zone assumes particular importance.

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Genital zone

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The stimulation of genital zones becomes a major source of sexual pleasure only later, after children have developed fuller control over their bodies.

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freud opinion on sexuality

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children are not innocents who become corrupted sexually by the evils of the world’ instead, they are born with primitive, undisciplined, and “perverted” tendencies that they must learn to curb as they mature and become civilized.

Furthermore, Freud theorized that the conflict between unruly childhood sexuality and the forces of socialization typically becomes particularly acute at age 5. At this age, the Oedipus complex emerges, and the child is arousal by their wishes against the same parent sex. As a result, the Oedipal wishes themselves become dangerous, because they threaten the child into a dangerous and hopeless battle. This is why they repress the Oedipal wishes into their unconscious so they no longer emerge and arouse anxiety. With this, the other aspects of childhood sexuality disappear from consciousness as well. Freud argued that at this point, the child enters a latency stage, that lasts until the physical maturation of puberty reawakens the sexual drive with renewed force. This is the stage where positive feelings towards the same-sex parent are dominants consciousness, which facilitates a positive identification with that parent as a socially approved role mode.

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latency stage

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during this stage, the positive side of the child’s feelings toward the same-sex parent dominated the consciousness facilitating a positive identification

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identification

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when the child relates with the same-sex parent during the latency stage as a socially approved role mode.

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Ambivalence

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people’s feelings towards the important people in their lives are a combination of positive and negative ones.

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Fixation

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the persistence of anachronistic sexual traits. The term subsequently came to denote object relationships with and attachments to people or things in general persisting from childhood into adult life.

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Anal character

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orderly in arranging affairs, obstinate in many of their interpersonal interactions. (fixated with the anal stage)

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Oral character

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results from relative overindulgence or underindulgence in the earliest years, was likely to remain interested in oral activities

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Phallic / genital character

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marked by adult traits of curiosity, competitiveness or enhibitionism.

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Transference

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That is, the patient tended to transfer onto him, as the therapist, attributes of important people from their past lives who were implicated in their neurotic symptoms. Transference feelings could become part of the resistance and hinder therapeutic progress.

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Metapsychology

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the study of mental processes and the mind–body relationship, beyond what can be studied experimentally.

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Instincts

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the demands that arise within the body itself, biologically based urges for nourishment, warmth, sexual gratification.

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Id

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repository of unconscious but powerful impulses and energies from the instincts. The id is the unconscious reservoir of the libido, the psychic energy that fuels instincts and psychic processes. It is a selfish, childish, pleasure-oriented part of the personality with no ability to delay gratification.

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Pcpt.-cs.

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“perception-consciousness system”, conveys information about external reality to the mind. This system not only produces immediate consciousness of whatever is being perceived, it also leaves behind memories that remain open to future consciousness in a part of the psyche that Freud described as “preconscious”.

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Superego

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moral demands, arising independently of instincts and external reality alike, originated from this separate agency completely within the psyche. The superego contains internalised societal and parental standards of "good" and "bad", "right" and "wrong" behaviour. They include conscious appreciations of rules and regulations as well as those incorporated unconsciously.

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Ego

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psyche agency for producing the compromise of creating specific responses that must be devised and executed that will permit some degree of instinctual gratifications and at the same time not endanger the organism from physical reality or violate the dictates of conscience. The ego acts as a moderator between the pleasure sought by the id and the morals of the superego, seeking compromises to pacify both. It can be viewed as the individual's "sense of time and place".

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Defense mechanism

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Any of a variety of usually unconscious mental processes used to protect oneself from shame, anxiety, loss of self-esteem, conflict, or other unacceptable feelings or thoughts, and including behaviors such as repression, projection, denial, and rationalization.

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Displacement

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whenever someone redirects an impulse towards a substitute target that resembles the original in some way, but is “safer”

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Projection

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occurs when a person does not directly acknowledge his or her own unacceptable impulses but reverses the onus by attributing them to someone else instead.

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Intellectualization

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some impulse and emotion-charged subject is directly approached, but in a strictly intellectual manner that avoids emotional involvement.

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Denial

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a person believes and behaves as if an instinct-driven event had never occurred.

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Rationalization

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people act because of one motive but explain the behavior on the basis of another, more acceptable one.

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Castration complex

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an unconscious anxiety arising during psychosexual development, represented in males as a fear that the penis will be removed by the father in response to sexual interest in the mother, and in females as a compulsion to demonstrate that they have an adequate symbolic equivalent to the penis, whose absence is blamed on the mother.

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Karen Horney

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Karen Horney who had already received compliments by Freud, argued that Freud’s conception of female sexuality was excessively biased by his male point of view. Regarding envy, she believed that the penis takes on particular symbolic importance only on societies dominated by male privilege and power.

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Thanatos

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death instinct that sometimes drove humans towards their actions

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Eros

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sexual instincts

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Object Relations

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close analysis of infant’s earliest relationship with their mother. This school places less emphasis than Freud did on the role of instincts and more on the details of relationships with love objects.

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Client-centered therapy

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nondirective therapy

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Behavior therapy

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more symptom-specific relief

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Cognitive therapy

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attempts more directly to identify and correct “faulty” irrational thinking that presumably lies behind patient’s symptoms.