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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is Primate?
(taxonomy) |
Kingdom: Animalia
Pylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates |
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Name 3 Primate Tendencies
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1)Arboreal adaptation - living in trees
2)Dietary plasticity - diet variety 3)partental investment - spend time w/ offspring; fewer births |
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Characteristics of Generalized Skeleton: 8 charact.
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1)collarbone: ulnar/radial rotation
2)opposable thumb: power grip/ precision grip 3)oppsable toe: (big toe) humans have lost- terrestrial bipedalism 4)5 diff. types of vertebre: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx - great range of movement 5)preadaptation to bipedality 6)enhanced touch- dermal ridges (fingerprints)/ nails instead of claws 7)enhanced vision: eyes @ front of head/ overlapping visual fields/ color vision 8)reduced smell & hearing: reduced snout lenght/ lost naked rhinarium (wet nose) |
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Dietary Versality: List 4 functionally distinct tooth types:
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1)incisors
2)canines 3)premolars 4)molars |
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What is a dental formula?
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# of teeth in 1/4 of jaw
*early mammal 3/1/4/3 *old world monkeys 2/1/2/3 *new world monkeys 2/1/3/3 |
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Dental specializations for insectivores, folivores, frugivores & seed eaters.
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*insectivores: high pointed cusps
*folivores: crests for shearing leaves *frugivores & seed eaters: low, round cusps/ molars |
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What is Bilophodont molars?
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(old world monkeys):
refers to lower molars that have 2 ridges |
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what is Y-5 molar pattern?
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(apes & humans)
pattern of lowver cusps- forms Y |
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2 Characteristics of Primate dentition.
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1)canine-premolar honing complex: upper canines are sharpened against lower premolars
2)diastema: gap in tooth row to accomodate larger tooth |
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What is a tooth comb?
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anterior teeth that are tilted forward, creating a scraper
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Characteristics of parental investment : (4)
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1)give birth to fewer offspring
2)investment in offspring is high 3)development period is longer 4)larger brain size relative to body mass *humans have largest brain size r/t body size |
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Primate taxonomy: Order =
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Primates
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Primate taxonomy Suborders =
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prosimii & Anthropoidea
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list the prosimii (4)
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1)lemurs
2)lorises 3)galagos 4)Tarsiers *most primitive |
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list the anthropoidea (3)
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1)monkeys
2)apes 3)humans |
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prosimians:(book description) 3
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*most primitive/little evolutionary change
*retained # of primitive charact. *rely heavily on sense of smell |
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charact. of prosimians: (5)
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1)large eyes & very large orbits: reflects strongly nocturnal adaptation
2)rhinarium: enlarged nasal passages 3)combo of nails & claws: fingers less dextrous 4)3 premolars: 2/1/3/3 dental formula 5)dental comb: incisors & canines straight forward |
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Lemurs are found in?
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Madagascar
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Distribution of Lorises & Galagos
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Lorisis: Africa & So. East Asia
Galagos: Africa |
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Locomotion in prosimians?
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vertical clinging & leaping
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Tarsiers are found?
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So. East Asia
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Tarsiers are more like Anthropoids b/c of (5) charact.
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1)some dental features
2)no rhinarium 3)absence of tapetum lucidum (layer behind retina) 4)presence of fovea 5)blood supply around the middle ear *may have re-evolved to nocturnal |
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If Tarsiers move to Anthropoid column, groups would be renamed what?
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Strepsirrhines (wet nose) vs
haplorrhines (dry nose) |
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Tarsiers more like prosimians b/c (4) charact.
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1)3 premolars
2)nocturnal: eye sockets enormous 3)small brain 4)leaping: presence of 2 highly elongated tarsal bones in feet- extra leverage for leaping |
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Prosimians vs Anthropoids:
Anthropoids have (6) charact. |
1)larger brains & bodies
2)sexual dimophism (sexes 2 diff. sizes) 3)fewer teeth (premolars in particular) 4)postorbital closure/wall (eyes enclosed by cont. ring of bone) 5)color vision (less reliance of smell) 6)increased parental care |
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Anthropoids consist of 3 groups:
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1)new world monkeys (platyrrhines- broad nose)
2)old world monkeys (catarrhines- hook nose) 3)Apes & humans (catarrhines) |
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New World Monkeys are?
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Platyrrhines - nostrils are round & seperated by wide nasal septum
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Charact. of New World Monkeys: (5)
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1)arboreal- spend nearly all their time in trees
2)suspensory locomotion 3)prehensile tail (sometimes) 4)diverse diet- ranging from insects to fruits & leaves 5)3 premolars- 2/1/3/3 dental formula 5) |
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New World Monkeys consist of what 2 subfamilies?
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1)Atelidae
2)Cebidae |
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List 5 Atelidae monkeys (NWM)
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1)howler monkey
2)spider monkey 3)whooly monkey 4)uakari 5)owl monkey |
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List 6 Cebidae monkeys (NWM)
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1)pygmy marmoset
2)black ear-tufted marmoset 3)capuchin 4)golden lion tamarin 5)Emperor tamarin 6)squirrel monkey |
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Old World Monkeys are?
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Catarrhines- nostrils close together & point downward/ hook nose
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Old World Monkeys consist of what 2 genus?
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1)cercopithecines
2)colobines |
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Charact. of cercopithecines (OWM): 4
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1)mainly found in savannahs of E. Africa
2)diet rich in fruit 3)rounded lower cusps 4)often cheek-pouch monkeys |
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list 5 cercopithecines (OWM)
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1)macaque
2)Guenon 3)Mangabey 4)Baboon 5)Mandrill |
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Charact. of Colobines (4)
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1)leaf eaters
2)sharp molar cusps 3)lg 3-4 chamber stomach- resembles a cows stomach 4)stomach has microorganisms to break down cellulose |
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List 3 Colonbine monkeys (OWM)
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1)black & white colobus
2)Langur 3)proboscis monkey |
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List basic charact. of OWMs (6)
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1)arboreal & terrestrial (some species)
2)ischial callosities (sitting pads) 3)cheek pouches 4)canines highly dimorphic sexually 5)have bilophodont upper & lower molars 6)long body trunk that terminates w/ non-prehensile tail |
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Hominiods: Apes vs Monkeys
Apes are....(8) charact. |
1)larger
2)No tail 3)shortened trunk 4)diff. in shouldler joint- brachiation 5)forelimbs (arms) longer than hindlimbs (legs) 6)No ischial callosities 7)more complex behavior & cognitive abilities 8)increased pd of development |
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Charact. of Gibbon/Siamang
(10) |
1)so.east asian tropical rain forest
2)smallest of apes 3)arboreal 4)fruit 5)diurnal 6)monogamous 7)paternal care of young 8)territorial 9)little sexual dimorphism 10)brachiation- long arms/ curved fingers |
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Great Ape Distribution:
Gorilla found in....? |
Africa (restricted to sm. equatorial areas)
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Orangutans found in...?
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Asia
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Chimpanzee found in....?
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Africa
*bonobo (pygmy chimpanzee- found in Africa) |
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Charact. of Gorilla: (4)
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1)knuckle-walking
2)sexual dimorphism 3)saggital crest- termainal attatchment site for temporalis muscle- mastication 4)eats leaves & plant stems |
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Charact. of Chimpanzee (7)
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1)knuckle- walking
2)aggressive behavior 3)build nests 4)tool use 5)termite fishing 6)social behavior- most close bonds b/t males- grooming 7)omnivorous- eat fruit, leaves, bark, insects, & meat depending on season, local habitat, & social tradition |
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Charact. of bonobo chimp (4)
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1)darker
2)more slender 3)hair parted in center 4)tends to be less aggressive - increase sexual (female/female) |