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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When sugar is added to improve the taste, the liquid is called |
syrup |
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contains a drug in an alcohol solvent |
tincture |
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When alcohol and aromatic flavorings are used, the liquid is called |
elixir |
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prevents the drug from dissolving until it passes into the small intestine where the pH is less acidic. |
enteric coating |
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Troches, also called
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lozenges |
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Controlled substances are kept in
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double-locked cabinet and each dose dispensed must be properly documented |
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Controlled Substances Schedule 1
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No accepted medical use; high potential for abuse (Heroin, LSD, marijuana)
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Controlled Substances Schedule 2 |
Accepted medical use; high abuse potential; risk of psychological or physical dependence.
(Dilaudid, morphine, OxyContin, Ritalin)
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Controlled Substances Schedule 3 |
Some appropriate medical uses; less abuse potential than Schedule I or II drugs; risk of psychological or physical dependence.
(Mixtures containing small amounts of controlled substances (e.g., codeine) Male sex hormones: androgens, anabolic steroids |
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Controlled Substances Schedule 4 |
Have appropriate medical uses; some potential for abuse; (Valium, Ativan,)
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Controlled Substances Schedule 5 |
Some potential for abuse. Can be dispensed without prescription under certain regulations; (buprenorphine, diphenoxylate plus atropine)
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refers to the movement of drug molecules in the body
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Pharmacokinetics |
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Pharmacokinetics includes
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absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (ADME) |
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movement of a drug into the bloodstream from its site of administration
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Absorption |
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Factors that affect drug absorption are
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oral route advantages
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oral route disadvantages
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Intravenous route advantages
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Intravenous route disadvantages
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Intramuscular route advantages
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Intramuscular route disadvantages |
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Percutaneous route advantages
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Percutaneous route disadvantages
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transportation of a drug to the site of action by body fluids
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Distribution |
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Factors that influence the rate and extent of drug distribution include
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the chemical reactions that alter foreign substances, including drugs, in the body
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Metabolism |
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The ..... is the primary site of drug metabolism
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liver |
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drugs such as central nervous system depressants, stimulate the liver to produce increased drug-metabolizing enzymes. Such drugs are known as
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liver enzyme inducers |
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condition in which increasing amounts of the drug are needed to achieve the same effect.
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tolerance |
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first-pass effect
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phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation |
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four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are |
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The elimination of a drug from the body is called
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excretion |
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primary organ of drug excretion
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kidneys |
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secondary routes of drug excretion |
gastrointestinal (GI) tract, lungs, breast milk, and, to a small extent, saliva and sweat.
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interactions of drugs with cells and other body structures or components to produce characteristic effects.
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Pharmacodynamics |
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based on the ability of drugs to attach to specialized regions of cells called receptors. (lock and key)
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receptor theory of drug action |
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describes a drug’s ability to bind to a given receptor
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Affinity |
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ability of a drug to produce an effect as a result of binding with a receptor
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Efficacy |
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drug that produces a pharmacologic effect when it binds with a receptor.
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agonist (has both affinity and efficacy.) |
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drug that combines with receptors without producing a pharmacologic effect or a drug that occupies receptor sites so that other drugs or chemicals cannot bind there.
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antagonist (sometimes referred to as “blockers” because they block the receptor sites.)
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Factors That Affect Drug Dosages and Actions
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body weight Affect Drug on Dosages
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larger people generally require greater doses of drugs than smaller people
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age Affect on Drug Dosages
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Young children have immature liver and kidney function so they may not metabolize or excrete the drugs efficiently. Some older people also have reduced liver and kidney function
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gender Affect on Drug Dosages |
higher proportion of fat in females, the effects of female hormonal cycles, females have not always been well represented in drug studies pregnant women
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Genetics Affect on Drug Dosages |
presence or absence of specific drug-metabolizing enzymes is genetically based. People who lack a particular enzyme are unable to metabolize certain drugs. (
hypertension, whites respond better to beta-adrenergic blockers than African Americans. African Americans respond better to diuretics. )
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Biologic Rhythms Affect on Drug Dosages |
Patient responses to some drugs vary with biorhythmic cycles. For example, drugs given to promote sleep work better at the patient’s usual sleep time than at other times.
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Medical Conditions Affect on Drug Dosages |
Pathologic states can affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or excretion. Examples of situations that influence drug effects include: liver/renal failure, Diarrhea
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Tolerance Affect on Drug Dosages |
Cross-tolerance occurs when the patient develops tolerance to one drug that causes tolerance to a second similar drug without previous exposure to the second drug.
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Drug Interactions Affect on Drug Dosages |
When two or more drugs are present in the body at the same time, there is a chance of drug interactions. Drug interactions can alter the effects of any of the drugs present.
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Psychological Factors Affect on Drug Dosages |
if the patient in pain lacks confidence that a given drug will be effective, it may indeed not work well for that person. On the other hand, belief that an agent will bring relief seems to enhance that effect.
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drug issues with older adults |
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Drugs that cause abnormal embryonic or fetal development are said to be
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teratogenic |
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drugs will have combined effects greater than either agent would have alone: may permit lower doses of each agent to be used, which achieves the goal with less risk of adverse effects from either drug.
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Synergism (working together) 1+1=2 |
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when the action of one drug is enhanced by the action of another drug ; interactions may be either beneficial or harmful.
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Potentiation 1+1=4 |
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The Five Rights
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1. Right drug 2. Right dose 3. Right time 4. Right route 5. Right patient
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Always read a drug label three times
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Follow oral drugs with a minimum of
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100 mL of fluid to help the drug reach the stomach and to facilitate absorption |
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3 factors that affect distribution of a drug
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protein binding, blood flow, solubility
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controlled drugs are to be counted at least every
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8-12 hours
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pregnancy risk is highest in what trimester
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1st (1-12 weeks)
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pharmaceutic phase
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drug dissolves
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pharmacokinetic
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absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (ADME) |
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what type of drug name is listed on the pharmacopeia
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generic
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organization responsible for Medication Errors Reporting Program
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I.S.M.P. Institute for Safe Medication Practices
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Z-track method = what form of injection
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intramuscular
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when testing for allergies use what route
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Intradermal
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ventrogluteal site =
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hip
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vastus lateralis site =
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thigh
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steps of the nursing process
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assessment, analysis, planning, implementation, evaluation.
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assessment
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baseline collection of objective and subjective |
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analysis
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ineffective self health management, deficient knowledge, noncompliance, anxiety
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planning
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set expected realistic outcomes, develop teaching plan
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implementation
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drugs, 6 rights, manage adverse reactions, family teaching
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evaluation
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evaluate teaching, drug effectiveness, expected outcomes
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how many hospital deaths occur from a drug calculation error
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1 in 10,000
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if 5 rights and 3 checks done an error will be caught ....
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95% of the time
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drug labels should always contain
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name, form, strength
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1 oz =
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2 tablespoons
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1g =
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1,000 mg
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generic name
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smaller print, often in parentheses, often under the trade name
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trade name
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often 1st, capitalized and has a registration symbol
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intradermal injection
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10-15 degree angle, inner part of forearm, upper back, hairless, small doses 0.1mL
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subcutaneous injection
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45 to 90.. 90 for bigger pts. ; 0.5 to 1 mL (more then 1mL split it or go IM); upper arms, upper abs(thin abs best)., upper thighs, back
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intramuscular injection
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90 degree... dart, aspirate for 5-10 seconds 1-3 mL per site; deltoid, hip, thigh(thigh more for kids) z-track method
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