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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what are the different types of neurotransmitters?
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neuropeptides and small molecule transmitters
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what are examples of small molecule transmitters?
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amino acids, biogenic amines, purines, CO, NO, zinc, fatty acids
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what are the amino acid transmitters?
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glutamate(excitatory), GABA(inhib),glycine(inhib)
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what are the biogenic amine transmitters?
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Ach, biogenic monoamines(dopamine, NEPI, EPI, tyramine, serotonin, histamine)
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what are the purine transmitters?
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adenosine, ATP, derivatives
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what are the fatty acid transmitters?
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anandamide(may be endogenous cannabinoid)
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what are some characteristics of neurons in alzheimers?
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brain tissue has fewer nerve cells and synapses
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what are plaques?
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abnormal clusters of protein fragments between cells
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what are tangles?
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dead and dying nerve cells contain them, twisted strands of proteins inside the cell
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where are neurotransmitters made?
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soma and axon terminal
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what is the process of neurodevelopment?
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neurogenesis->selection->migration->differentiation->synaptogenesis(presynaptic axonal growth and connections) -> synaptogenesis(postsynaptic dendritic arborization)
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what regions of the brain does neurogenesis continue in adules?
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hippocampus and olfactory bulb
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what are some causes of neurodegeneration?
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stress,depression,aging
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what are some ways to reverse cell loss?
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learning, exercise, antidepressants, psychotherapy
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what is neuronal selection?
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neurons are formed in excess, some healthy and some damaged, normal development chooses the good neurons, in some disorders the defective neuron is left and can cause disorders
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explain necrosis in neurons
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if a neuron is destroyed by poisons, suffocation, toxins, it explodes and will cause inflammation
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explain apoptosis in neurons
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normal process in which unwanted neurons are eliminated without inflammation, most happens in utero
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how do neurons get to their proper destination?
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trace glial cells, adhesion molecules are coated on the migrating neuron, forms a molecular velcro
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when is neurogenesis and migration complete?
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by birth, but dendrites and axons continue to grow upon activation for life
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what are some problems that can occur with neurodevelopment?
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the undeveloped neuron may fail to develop due to disease or lack neuronal or environmental stimulation OR it may develop normally and then lose the gains(adult onset neurodegeneration)
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what age are the most synapses present?
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age 6
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when are half of the connections removed?
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over the next 5-10 years
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what is a cause of disease states?
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under or over pruning
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what are the roles of glial cells(oligodendrocytes, schwann cells, astrocytes)
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structure, scavengers, buffer K+ ion concentration, during development guide and direct neurons, line the BBB, astrocytes may have communication role with neurons
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what can glial cells differentiate into?
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neurons or astrocytes
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what controls the number of mature and functional synapses?
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glia
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what mechanism is glial cell excitability based on?
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calcium signaling
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what are some processes that involve glial cells?
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drug addictions, pain, hypersensitivity, epilepsy
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what receptors does dopamine bind to?
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D1 family and D2 family (METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS)
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what is the effect of dopamine binding to D1 receptors?
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increase cAMP
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what is the effect of dopamine binding to D2 receptors?
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decreases cAMP, can suppress Ca2+ currents and activate K+ current
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what are the 3 dopamine pathways?
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nigrostriatal, mesocortical(neurons from TVA go to midbrain regions and then frontal cortex), and tuberinfundibular pathway
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what are partial agonists thought to be?
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stabilizers
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what are the functions of dopamine?
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motor planning and execution, reward procession, cognition, attention, working memory, motivation, mood, emotions, sleep, prolactin production
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what are some disorders that involve dopamine function alteration?
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schizophrenia, parkinsons, ADHD, substance abuse
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what are dopamine agonists used for?
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parkinson's
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what are dopamine D2 antagonists and partial agonists used for?
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antipsychotic and antimanic
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what are dopamine reuptake inhibitors used for?
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drug of abuse, ADHD
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what are releasers of dopamine used for?
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drug of abuse
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what are prodrug of dopamine used for?
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parkinson's
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what are MAO inhibitors used for?
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depression
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Is serotonin and inhibitory or excitatory NT?
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both
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what type of receptors are the 5HT1 family?
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metabotropic, linked to adenyl cyclase or K or Ca conductance, may be involved in temp regulation, mood, anxiety, drugs for migraine headache, anxiety, and depressive disorders
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what type of receptors are the 5HT2 family?
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metabotropic, coupled to G proteins and phospholipase C, mood, anxiety, enhancement of serotonin at these sites associated with antidepressants, and weight gain with antipsychotics
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what type of receptor is 5HT3 family?
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ligand gated ion channel, emesis and antagonists are antiemetic
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what is the function of serotonin?
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fear and flight rxn, sensory processing, pain control, sleep wake cycle, appetite control, emotions, hallucinations, stereotypy
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what is the lack of serotonin associated with?
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depression, OCD, other anxiety disorders and pain
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what is the function of antagonists and inverse agonists at 5HT2A?
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atypical antipsychotic, antidepressant
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what is the function of antagonists and inverse agonists at 5HT1A?
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atypical antipsychotic, anxiolytic
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what is the function of antagonists and inverse agonists at 5HT1A presynaptic site-autoreceptor?
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antidepressants
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what does ACh bind to?
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5 metabotropic receptors and to ligand gated nictonic receptors, action causes influx of Na, depol and increases presynaptic NT release
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what are the second messengers involved with ACh?
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K conduntance, cAMP and IP3/DAG pathway(Increase in cation conductance)
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where are ACh receptors present?
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basal ganglia, basal nucleus of Meynert to cerebral cortex and septal area to hippocampus
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what are the functions of ACh in the CNS?
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cortical activation, neuromodulatory effects on synaptic plasticity, cognitive functioning, stimulates REM sleep, motor coordination
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what are the functions of ACh in the periphery?
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muscarinic actions in heart, lungs, upper GI, sweat glands, salivation glands, pupil size, nicotinic actions in heart, blood vessels, NMJ
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what disease involves the loss of central muscarinic cholinergic neurons?
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alzheimers
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what does antagonists at central muscarinic sites cause?
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cognitive impairment, eg of drugs: benztropine, atropine, scopolamine
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what do selective M2 antagonists do?
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increase ACh release in brain
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what are some drugs used in alzheimers?
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donepezil and rivastigmine
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what is the function of NEPI?
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arousal, sleep wake cycle, pain, inflammation, emotions, learning and memory
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what is the pathology associated with NEPI?
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anxiety, depressive disorders, stress related disorders, pain
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what are the targets of drugs for NEPI issues?
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alpha 2 receptor blockers, inhibition of MAO enzyme, inhibition of NEPI transporter site
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what are the GABA receptors?
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GABA A ionotrophic receptor which increases Cl conductance and GABA B metabotropic receptor increases K conductance and are inhibitory interneurons at all levels
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what is the function of GABA?
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motor coordination, modulatory on excitatory neurons, wake sleep cycle
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what is the pathology associated with GABA?
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acute anxiety, sleep onset and duration, epilepsy
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what are the targets of GABA?
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agonists at benzodiazepine and barbiturate receptors on GABA A, antagonist at benzodiazepine receptors, inhibition of GABA metabolizing enzyme, agonists at GABA B receptors
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what are the glutamate receptors?
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acts and NMBA, AMPA and kainate ionotrophic receptors and increases cation conductance and acts at a metabotropic glutamate receptors, one family increases NMDA receptor activity and two families decrease NMDA activity and possible excitotoxicity
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where are glutamate receptors?
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pyramidal cells of cerebral cortex
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is glutamate inhibitory or excitatory?
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excitatory
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what is the function of glutamate?
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long term memory, learning, neuronal regulation
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what is the pathology associated with glutamate?
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neuronal excito toxicity, epilepsy, hallucinations, neurodevelopmental and degenerative diseases(AD, PD, ALS, drug addiction, MS, schizophrenia)
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what is ketamine?
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NMDA antagonist
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